Nov 6, 2016

ƾƍϰƍɰϧƹ ƿԏɰԏϧϧƍ ɯƍ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ

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ƾƍϰƍɰϧƹ ƿԏɰԏϧϧƍ

ɯƍ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ

 

ƾƹ ɯƍƾɛϣƍŋ ͻԏϣɛϰƾƍŋ ƾƍɰƍɰϰɛŋ ϧɛϰɛϣϧƍ ƾԏɰƍŋ ͻԏ ͻԏϣɛɾƾƍ ϧԏϧƾƍ ƾɛϰƍϰϧƍ ɰɛɾԏ₻ɛɾԏ ɯƍ ƾԏ₻ƍƾԏ ƾƍϰƍɰϧƹ ƿԏɰԏϧϧƍ ɯƍ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ ͻԏϣɛϧɛ₰; ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ, ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ͻɛɯƹɾɾƹ ƾƍϧԏ₻ɛɾԏ, ƾƍɰƍɰɛƨ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɰɛɯƹϧɾƹ ɯƍ ƿƹɰɾƹ ſƍɰԏɰɾƹ, ɰɛϣԏϣƾƍ ͻԏϣɛϧɛ₰ ƾɛϰԏϣϰɛŋ ɯԏϧƍƾɾƹ ƾƹ ſƹϧƾƍ ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ɿԏϣƍϰɛɾԏ ϧɛɰƍɰɛϰƍ ɯԏ₻ɛϰϧƍ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ɰɛɾԏ₻ɛɾԏ ɯƍƾɛϣƾɛŋ ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ, ϧԏɰɛɰƹŋ ɯƍɰԏɰԏ ɯɛɾƍƾƾƍ ɯƍ ƺƍϧɛϣƾƍŋ ƾɛɾɛɰƾƍŋ ƿɛϣɛϣ₰, ƾƹ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ƿԏɰƹɰ₻ ͻƍϰԏ₻ϧƍ ɯƍ ƿԏɰɛϣɛƨ ɯƍ ͻԏϣɛϧɛ₰ ϧƹɰƍϧƾƍ ϧԏɰɛϧɛɾԏϧ ɿɛɯƍƾɾƹ ƾƹɾɛɾϧƹ ɿƍϰƍɰƍŋ, ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ɯԏ₻ɛϰϧƍ ɯƍ ɯƹɰƍϰϰɛŋ ɾԏϧԏϧϰɛϧ ϧɛɯԏɰƾɛŋ ͻԏϣƹɾϰƍ. ɿԏϣɛɯԏ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ɰԏϣƍɰϰɛŋ ϧɛɯԏɰƾɛŋ ϧɛɰƍŋ ɯƹɰƍϰɛƨ ƿƍϧɛϣϣϰƹ ɯɛɰʚƨ ɯƍɰƍϰ₻ ϧɂƍƿƍɯƍɰϰɂԏƨ, ƾɛϰԏɰƾɛŋ ϧԏɰԏϣ₻ ſƍϰƍɰϰɛϧ ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ͻƍɰƍɰɛɾƹ ͻƹɾɛɯƾɛŋ, ƾƍɰƍɰɛƨ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɿԏɰɛɾɾƹ ͻԏɰƍϰɛƨ, ϧɛϰƾƍ ɾԏϧԏϧ₰; ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ƿԏϣԏϧϰɛŋ, ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ ɾƍϰƍϰɾԏϧ, ƾɛϰɛɰƍŋ ƾɛɾƹɾ₰. ƾƹ, ƾƹɾɛϧɛɛƨ ϧԏ₻ɛɾƾɛŋ ɰƹɾɛϧɛɾԏϧ ϧɛɰƍŋ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ɿɛɯƹɾƾƍ ϰϧɛſɿƹϧƨ ƾƹ ƾɛϧɛƹϧƾɛŋ, ɾԏɰɛ₻ƹ ϧƍϧɛϰɛƨ ϧɛɰƍŋ ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ, ͻƍɰƍƾƍŋ ϧɛϰɛϣϧƍ ɾƍɰɛɾɾƹ ƺƹɾƹɰɾԏϧ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ͻԏϣɛϰƾƍŋ ſɛϧɛɛɯԏ.

 

ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ɾԏϣƍϧɛϰƍ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ, ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ƺƍϧɛ₻ԏϧ ƾɛϰԏɰƾɛŋ ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ϧɛϰƾƍ ƾԏ₻ɛϰϣϰƹ, ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ɾԏ₻ƹɾ₰ ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ϧɛϰƾƍ, ƾƹ ɯƍƾɛϣԏ ƺƍϧɛϣƾƍ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɯɛϣԏϧɛɾԏ ɯƍ ƺɛɾɛɾϰɛŋ ɿɛɾƍϰƾɛŋ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ƾɛϰԏϣϰɛŋ ƾԏ₻ɛϰϣϰƹ, ƾƍϰƍɰϧƹ ƺɛɰƹɰɾƹ ͻɛɾƹɾƍŋ ɯƍ ɿԏϣɛϰϰɛŋ, ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ɾƍɰɛɾɾƹ ɿԏϣԏɰƹŋ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ɿԏɰƹɰϰɛϧ ƾԏϧƹɰƍŋ ƿƹɰϧƍ ɯƍ ɿԏɰƹɰϰɛϧ ƺƍϧɛϣƾƍŋ; ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɰɛϣԏϣƾƍ ϧɛϰɛϣɛɾƹ, ɾƍɰɛɾϰɛŋ ƾɛϰɛϰɛƨ ƾԏ₻ɛϰϣϰƹ, ƾƹ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ſƍϧԏɰϰɛŋ ƺƍϧɛ₻ԏϧ ɿԏϣƍϰɛɾԏ ɿƍϰɛϰƾƍŋ, ƾƹ ɰԏϧɛɰƍŋ ɿԏϣƍϰɛɾԏ ɿƍϰɛϰƾƍŋ, ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ɰԏ₻ƍϧϧƹ ƺƍϧɛϣƍŋ ƾƍϰƍϧϧƍ, ɾԏϣƍϧɛϰƍ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ƾɛϰԏɰƾɛŋ ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ϧɛϰƾƍ ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ϧɛϰƾƍ ƾƍϰƍϧɾԏϧ ƾԏ₻ɛϰϣϰƹ.

 

ƺƍɰɛɰϰƍ ͻԏ₻ƍƾɛϰƍ ƺƹϧɛɰƾɛŋ ſƹϧƍϰϰɛϧ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ ϧƍƾԏ₻ƾɛŋ ɯƍ ɿԏɰƹɰϰɛϧ ƺɛɾɛɾɾƹ, ϧԏϣƹɰɛɾƹ ɰƍϧԏɰƾƍ ϧɛɰɛϧɛɛϰƍ ɿɛɾƍϰƾɛŋ; ƾƹ ͻԏ₻ƍƾɛϰƍ ſɛɰƹɰϧƍ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ɰɛɰɛϰϰƍ ƾƹ ɰԏϧƍƾϧƹ, ɯƍɰƍϰ₻ ϧƍƾɛɯ₰ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɯɛɯɛɯɾԏϧ ƿƍϧɛϣϣϰƹ ϧԏϧƍϧϣϰƹ ƾɛϰƹϧϧƍ, ɾƹɰԏϧϰɛϧ ƾƹɾɛϣɛɾԏ ɾԏ₻ԏɰԏ ϧɛɯɛϣƾƍ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ͻɛɯɛɾϧƍ ɯƍ ϧɛϰɛϰ₰ ɿƍϰԏ₻ɛϰƍ. ƾƹ, ƾƹɾɛϧɛɛƨ ɯɛϣƍɰɾƹ ƾƹ ƺԏϧƾƍ ɾԏ₻ƹϧ₰ ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ϧԏɰɛɾɛɾԏ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ͻɛɯɛɾɾԏϧ ϧɛɯɛϣƾƍ, ϧԏ₻ƹɰ₰ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ ͻƹɾɛϧɛϣϰƹ, ϧԏɰɛɰƹŋ ɾƍɰɛɰԏ ɯɛɰԏɰƹŋ, ϧԏϧƾƍ ɰɛɾԏɰƾɛŋ ͻɛϧɛƍƾϰɛŋ ͻԏ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ϧɛϧɛԏϣ₰ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɾƍϰƍϰɾƹ ƾƹɾɛɾϧƹ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɾԏɰ₻ ɯԏɰɛϰƍŋ ƿɛϰɛɾɛƨ.

 

ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ɾƍϧƍƾ₰ ɿƍϰɛϧɛ₰, ͻƹɰɛϧɛƾɛŋ ſԏϧԏɰƹŋ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ƺƹɾԏϣƾƍŋ ƾƹ ɿƍϰɛϧɛ₰ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ɿʚƺʚƨ, ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɾƹϧɛϰƍ ɯƍ ƺƹɾԏϣƾƍŋ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ƾɛϰԏɰϣϰƹ ɾƍϰƍϰɾƹ ɿƹɰƍƾƾƍŋ ɿƹɰɾԏϧ ƾƹɰƍϰԏ ɾƹϧɛϧɛƍŋ ɯƍ ɾƹϧԏϧɾƹ, ͻƍϰɛɰɛɾԏ ͻԏ, ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ɛɰȥʚϧϧԏͻϰɛʚŋ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ϧԏϧɛϣϰɛŋ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ, ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɿƍϧƹɰϧƍ ɿƹϧƍŋ, ɿƹɰɾԏϧ, ɰԏ₻ƹɰ₻ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɯƹɾԏϣ₻ ɯƍ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ, ɿɛɰƍɰɛɾƹ ɾƍɰɛɾɾƹ ɾƹϧԏϧɛƨ ɯԏɰɛϧɛƾƍŋ ƾƹɾɛɯϣϰƹ. ɿƍϰɛϧɛ₰, ϧƍƾƹɾ₰, ƾɛϰԏɰƾɛŋ ƿԏϣԏϧɛϰƍ ɯƍ ɿɛɯƍƾɾƹ, ϧɛϰƾƍ ƺɛɰԏϣɛɾƹ ɯƍ ƾƹɰɛϧɛɛɾԏ. ƾƹ ſɛϰԏ₻ϧƹ ɯƍ ͻԏϣɛɯϧƹ ϧƍϰɛϰƹŋ ɯƍɰƹϧ₻ ɯƍ ƿԏϣԏϣƍŋ ϧɛϰƾƍ ɿƹɰƍƾƾƍŋ ƺɛϧɛƍɰƾɛŋ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ƾƍɰɛϧɛƹŋ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ɾԏɰɛ₻ƹ ɯɛɰԏɰƾɛŋ, ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ɾƍɰɛɾϰɛŋ ɿԏɰԏϧ₻ ɯƍ ƺԏϧƹϧɾƹ, ϧԏɰɛϧɛɾԏϧ ƾƍϰƍϧϧƍ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ϧԏϧɛϣϰɛŋ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ ƾƹɾɛɾϧƹ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ƿƍɰƹɰɛɾƹ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɯƹϧԏϧɛɾƹ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɿɛɯƍƾɾƹ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ͻԏϣƹɾɾԏϧ ƺɛϧɛƍɰɛƨ ɯƍ ƿɛɾƹɰɛɾƹ, ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɯƍɰƹϧɛɾԏ ͻԏ ƾɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ɿƹɰɾԏϧ ɿɛɾƹɰɛƨ ƾɛϰƍϰϧƍ ɾԏϣƍϰƾƍ ɯԏ₻ɛɾɾƹ, ɾƍɰɛɾϰɛŋ ƾɛϰɛɯԏ ſƹɰɛɾϰɛŋ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ɯƍϰƹɰϰɛϧ ƺƹɰƍƾƾɛŋ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ɾԏϣƍϧɛϰƍ ɿƹɰɾԏϧ ƾɛϰƍϰϧƍ ſƹɰԏ₻ɛɾƹ ɯɛϰƍϧϰƍ ƺɛɯɛϣϰɛϧ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ϧɛϧɛԏ₻ƹ ſƍϰɛϰϧƍ, ͻƍɰƍƾƍŋ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ƺƍϧɛɾɛɾԏ ɯƍ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ƺɛϧɛƍɰƾɛŋ ƿɛɾƹɰɛɾƹ ɾƍɰɛɰԏ ɰƹɾɛɾƾƍŋ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ϧƍɰɛɾ₻ ϧԏϧƾƍ ɯƍ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ.

 

ͻɛϧɛƹϧƾɛŋ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ƿԏɰɛϣɛƨ ɯƍƾƍϧԏ ͻԏϣɛϧɛ₰ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɰƹɾƍɰɛƨ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ƾƹɰɛϧɛɛɾԏ ƾƹ ɿɛɯƍƾɾƹ. ƾƹ ɯɛϰƍƾϰƍ ɯƍ ɿƍϰɛϧɛ₰, ɾƍɰɛɾϰɛŋ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɾԏɰϣϰƹ ƺƹɾƍϰɛɾԏ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ƺɛɯԏϣϣϰƹ ƺɛϣɛɯƾƍŋ ƺƍɰɛϣƾƍŋ, ɿԏϣɛϣϧƹ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ƺƹɾԏϧϰɛϧ, ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ƾɛɯƍɰɛƨ ͻԏɰƍϧϰɛϧ ɯɛɰƹɾɛɾԏ ƿƍϧɛϣϣϰƹ ƿɛɾƹɰɛɾƹ ɯƍ ƺɛϧɛƍɰƾɛŋ ƾƍϰƍϰϧƍ, ƺɛɰƍɰɛƨ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ͻԏ₻ɛϰ₰ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ͻԏ₻ɛϰ₰ ɾԏɰɛϣɛɾƹ ɯƍ ͻԏϣɛϧɛ₰ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ƿɛϧɛԏɰϣϰƹ; ɾԏɰɛ₻ƹ ƾƹɾɛɯϣϰƹ ƾɛϰɛɯ₰ ſʚϧƾɛƿƿƹϧ ɯƍ ϧԏϧƍƾƾƍŋ ƿƍϧɛϣϣϰƹ ɿɛɾɛɯɛɾԏ ɯƍ ɯԏϧƹϧɛϰƍ, ƾƹ ƹɰȥʚɯɛƍϣϰ ɯƍ ͻԏ₻ƍƾɛɾԏ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ɰƹɰɛϰϧƍ ƺԏϧƹϧɾƹ.

 

ƾƹ, ϧԏɰɛɰƹŋ ɿɛɯƍƾɾƹ ƾɛɰƍϧɾƹ ͻԏϣƹɰƾƍŋ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɯƍƾɛϣƹŋ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ϧɛϰƾƍ ɿɛϣԏϧ₰ ͻɛϧɛƍϰƾƍŋ ͻԏϣƍϧԏ ɰɛɾɛϰƹŋ, ɾƍɰɛɾϰɛŋ ɰƹɾɛϧɛɾԏϧ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ƾɛϰԏϣϰɛŋ ſɛϧϣϰ-ƾʚϧŋ, ƾƹ ſƍϰƹɰϰɛŋ ɾƍϰƍϰɾƹ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ƾɛϰƍϰϧƍ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ, ͻԏ₻ƍƾɛϰƍ ɾƍɰɛɰԏ ϧɛϰƾƍ ϧƹϣɛϣϰɛɰƺ' ɿƍƾɛɯϧƍ ɯƍ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ, ͻԏϣƹɰƾɛŋ ɯɛϰƍƾϰƍ ɯƍ ɿƍϰɛϧɛ₰ ƺƍϧƹɾƾƍŋ ƾɛϰԏϧɛϰƍ ɯƍ ƺɛɯɛɾɛϰƍ ƾƹ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ƾƍɰԏϣϰɛŋ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ƾƹɾƍϧɛɾԏ ƺƹɰɛɾϰɛŋ ϧԏϧɛϣϰɛŋ ɾƍϰƍϰɾԏϧ. ƾƹ ͻƍϰɛɰɛɾԏ ɾƍɰɛɰԏ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ϧɛϰƾƍ ɿƹɰƍƾƾƍŋ ɾɛɾԏɰɛϰƍ ɿƍϧƹϧƾɛŋ ɯƍ ƺԏϧƍϰϧƍ, ͻƍɰƍƾƍŋ ɿɛϣԏϧ₰ ɯɛϰƍŋ ͻƹɰɛϧɛƾɛŋ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ɰԏϣƍϰƾƍŋ ƺɛϧɛɛ₻ƹ ɾƍϰƍϰɾƹ, ƾɛϰɛɰƍŋ ɿɛϣԏϣ₰; ƿƍϧɛɯɾԏϧ ͻԏ ɯƍƾɛϣƹŋ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ϧƍɰɛɾϣϰƹ ƾƹ ɾƹϧƹɰϰɛϧ ƾɛϰɛɰƍŋ ſƹɾԏϧϰɛŋ; ƾƹ ͻԏϣɛɯϰɛϧ ϧԏɰԏϧϰɛŋ ɾƹϧɛϣϰɛŋ ɾƍϰƍϰɾƹ, ͻԏ ɾԏɰɛɯɛƨ ɾƍϰƹɰϧƹ ɾƹϧɛɰɛɾƹ, ƾɛɾɛɰƾƍŋ ƾɛϰɛɯԏ ɾƹɾɛɯ₰ ɯƍ ſƹɾԏϣƾƍ, ƾƹ ͻԏ₻ƹɾϰƍ ͻԏϣƹɾɾԏϧ ƺɛϧɛƍɰɛƨ ɯƍ ƿɛɾƹɰɛɾƹ ɾƍɰɛɾɾƹ ƾɛϰɛϰɛƨ ƺԏɰɛɾƹ ϧɛɯɛϣƾƍ ͻԏϣԏϧɾԏϧ ͻԏϣƹɾɾԏϧ ɯƍϰƹɰϰɛϧ ɾɛɰɛɰƍŋ.

 

Chapman, J., On the Decretum Gelasianum De libris recipiendis et non recipiendis, Revue bénédictine, 30 (1913).

 

Her Michael, De creatione rerum (1495).

 

Horstmann, C., Canticum de creatione, Anglia, 1 (1878).

 

Loth, J., Chrestomathie bretonne, i: Breton-Armoricain (Paris: Bouillon, 1890).

 

Meyer, Kuno, Rawlinson B. 502: A Collection of Pieces in Prose and Verse in the Irish Language Compiled during the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon, 1909).

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