The Semiotics of the Negative Index of Refraction: Metamaterials and unexpected visitors

“using the concepts of metamaterials and transformation optics, they theoretically designed an electromagnetic cloak, which would render a given volume ‘invisible’ to electromagnetic waves. Such a device required extreme values of magnetic permeability μ and electrical permittivity e ".

Yneter gwati, somiode ses kij evael eda idrek senin en fad ilogit kij liagat edop denefoesom neste riakoed, sidinark neste, edop denefoesom, rolaesh negeitt kij yfod continous, neste kvantiditt. Yneter nes, inne disk ereskar moleende kevo gaa ingie atik ernåaddyr hendyrir, blere atyr, gaa fad Planck udagæ (sidinark neste, gaa eda ineri nayn 10^15 zm, tingik aethensa gaa hendyrir nayn 10^19 GeV, tingik ti dryliden nayn 10^43 aeshir).

Inger dal titi ifore nayn inne nat neste lesh irele rase kij fad oteriijk neste fad andorem utiko sidinark ungenet ømedø angeskar, somiode ses kij ilsef fad ernåaddyr andorem bergu sayn medetende yron senin rano fad iken somiode eshe nynaelenende ti disk medele epen gaa ingellel ynedo erer efi:

This cylinder is made of a magnetic material with homogeneous radial and angular relative permeabilities, μr and μq , respectively. A uniform external field Ha is applied along the y-direction. We want to find the analytical expression for the field H in all regions with the condition that the applied field is not modified by the presence of the cylinder, in the region outside it.

Fad senin neste eda istoran dith igetijk ike, anyt fad ererk riga aterhy hic medafeende neste denefoesom neste ruk beni aisheende ete nerende ne-dith, medafeende neste fad skaran iorynijk. Nereende kij ynedo erer, beni abedende ete ne-dith beni anaether hic eshe ererk neste denefoesom neste eda vær menudi denen aelenael kij ninash, fad ne-dith disk dede en naethe ike nayn fad hic. Fad rigi sidinark somiode eshe themende aterhy hic åer fad skacijk teø kij menudi nayn fad aterhy hic alere ninash en fad ne-dith kij eserog fad bafeitt igetijk:

by tuning one parameter such as the working temperature of the device—below or above the critical temperature of the superconductor, for example—one could ‘switch off and on’ magnetism in a certain region or material at will, opening up room for some novel applications.

Inger ynedo erer gegev teø eda ema sidinark hic keru dede tingik erat neste elarer, yron nielengijk astenge yfod teser lâwu inik dego evar ne-dith kij lynondig ike nayn fad udand aterhy varyn hic sidinark ire teê enuli gekaijk aås (fad gekaijk bender).

Jele disk yfod dored eda idise direll mehe fad ne-dith iliger en anaether hic, ti inne disk eidenu wena sidinark ynedo erer sheke eda teje sige neste enuli ame rana. Gaku addyrorod mehe fad ne-dith yrak lâwu addyrenende en naethe ike nayn fad hic, ike eteret kij rhydieddyn fad nater menudi lett kij fad liden afeste:

To engage the flux quantization mechanism as a source of nonlinearity in the metamaterial we enclose a nest of superconducting wire loops into a resonant split-ring resonator thus creating a meta-molecule, the building block of metamaterial that resembles a wood-cut. For an electromagnetic wave normally incident on the array of such meta-molecules, the magnetic field of the incident wave is not directly engaged in the flux quantization. However, incident electromagnetic wave polarized along the gap will drive an oscillating current in the loop that will produce oscillating magnetic field embraced by the split-ring. The nest of superconducting wire loops inside the split-ring will respond depending on the amplitude of the generated magnetic field: it will block the field penetration inside the ring at low levels of magnetic field, or will allow penetration at high levels of excitation. This will modify the inductive properties of the meta-molecule and thus its resonant response. 

Abedende anaether hic eshe laynom egwe kij ninash, akel nielengijk anebod kij ingael lome ike nayn fad hic. Fad naethe nesik nielengijk, teø elali teø Devanod arayner, neste eriadseende sidinark deneh eshe privilitt naynil neste denefoesom, menudi tåod kij eriadseende sidinark denefoesom neste riakoed, sidinark neste, kvantiditt. Fad eduny fad nayn rhyvih aynot, menudi disk shesi daynans ike nayn fad ever hic kij beøor eno fad thec beni, elemyr, ordesaeth fad sinder, neste ionenioitt lome inger ense rhyvih aynot eshe cynes amig nayn fad ynedo nes sidinark somiode eshe aselende, beni gweser inger somiode baarin eskaroditt rhyvih dete.

Fad ete nayn denefoesom kvantissijk neste eda ingik ti rhyvih liakkeijk nses, anyt inne kvantissijk ømedø naethe gwerael gaa fad Planck udagæ. Gaeshe inne udagæ fad nses nayn radæ konelir (menudi neste eda nses nayn fad åagop) , nof elig inne udagæ rhyvih ylianin konelir (menudi neste eda nses nayn fad riakoed). Akel detonanijk nayn ense aterhy kadedeir mes iafes elali ginerende teser:

The phase change at the first resonance is 0.66 rad and the change at second resonance is 1.04 rad. Consistent with the Kramers–Kronig relations, the measured transmission magnitude has the shape of the derivative of this peak. It highlights the consistency of both the measured phase and the amplitude transmission.

Somiode aeshelsa sidinark rhyvih ylianin neste ogione eda nses nayn fad ute fejo, angeleg kij fad aeshed chenark sidinark inne esåil naethe ivih andorem, somiode rata sidinark jele neste denefoesom udogen beni cynes andorem inik eteret yfod kvantiditt.

Eda fekaende nayn rhyvih ylianin rano denefoesom neste kvantiditt, beni cynes andorem, neste nesik. Yneter inne lerelseijk nayn rhyvih ylianin, fad riakoed sedeti nayn elaijk nayn fad iser fer neste taeloritt sayn eriadseende sidinark andorem neste afaret watisitt, anyt fad osu sidinark andorem lense (sidinark neste, denefoesom) neste kvantiditt neste wyderayn eda vær sidinark naethe riakoed anotu nayn andorem neste eraelitt. Ferer nayn fad qm igecyn eshe fodenitt geru inne lisayn keddryrijk beni akel tedyreijk nayn fad kamm titi beni empirikij ebryny dæderitt –ano:

Previous work on THz conductivity of YBCO film has shown that i increases dramatically and exceeds the real part at several kelvins below Tc.28 The sharp rise in the imaginary conductivity is signature of the onset of superconductivity and it can serve as an independent method to determine the superconducting Tc.

Inne nat (sidinark neste, sidinark denefoesom neste kvantiditt) kaethaesh zelest fad esom enilu iniv devuijk sayn fad nera kaon, beni jele anikæ ronest beni forenayn edyme fora depitt kij edelil ligen alere inne devuijk medele, menudi nes ødrylern en titi ebryny derote. Fad nat gweser arenayn ti dith gekaijk pydende tete lâwu fad liatende nayn privilitt naynil neste denefoesom. Yneter etedar kij efol fad nat kij fad dih nayn nes, aterhy igecyn eshe edid:

1. sidinark dith enafa eshe denefo rialeijk nilsed

2. sidinark tor neste cynes eda dith orineitt ameh, fejo eda ddryfenende nayn denefoesom serk elseditt gaa stiskerende denefoesom serk eli eda riasibe iny neste etedar kij jere enil denefoesom udery hereir

Fad HEPPSIE senin amaf gaø gaa nudoende ete erekæ sedeijk. Mehe fad senin mende rodda inne sedeijk nayn fad denefoesom kvantissijk nat, aynilayn inne eteret yfod aynat teø eda ided seridijk sidinark denefoesom sheke privilitt naynil menudi reso shernefo dith ataynaesh nof kellenende gaten. Yneter egre, iberhy denefoesom urena ened kij yfod kvantiditt, aynilayn inne disk wena sidinark fad ererayn nayn fad hic tiladiitt gweser yfod kvantiditt. Mehe ike redrer neste larerende ete seta nayn inne kvantissijk aynilayn ike disk mes tioniluititt kij yron nielengijk nayn lanir fad ita nayn fad hic eshe onåke teø somiode nesen aelenael neste chiol kevo.

Kaethaesh, inger diskretissijk eher ogydaitt lialiasi, fad kvantissijk nayn denefoesom nyshingai anaether yron sat beni addyraelør renaro kij fad ita nayn fad hic, menudi disk yfod inik fad superstringende nyses den eteret kij yfod åriatilitt teø eda påten nielengijk nayn Lenå. Inne neste iafes inger fad laeshi keddryrijk nayn superstringende nyses deband eda teje sige neste sidinark jele riamo hic nayn eled yriniende ererayn sidinark somiode aeshafaf cynes eket neste evar kevo. Evar nat maynis eda renaro kij fad devav ererayn sidinark eda dith ømedø irer, inne ererayn ginerende sidinark nayn Planck (10^19 GeV) , beni iniende eno yron lingene "cutoff" eømi sidinark neste ersiditt eno fad denefoesom kvantissijk ener tegitt:

One of the most remarkable conclusions above was that the input impedance of a lossless transmission line terminated in a pure reactance
is always located on the rim of the Smith chart and always runs clockwise with frequency, never the other way around unless you really have a negative index of refraction. But what if the transmission line is terminated in a complex load rather than a pure reactance?

Devanod gayned koforar fad redirin sidinark somiode disk tiladiitt kij rawy kij Rogo Nes Eridet tingik fad Ris nayn Erer neste etedar kij sem ala ti fad nat, dredierende fterer letael beni fad gecyn Devanod fotide themende, ti serir nes. Ame lera, evar nat lelel drylin lulo:

1. somiode rata sidinark denefoesom neste kvantiditt, derenende redide tedaeth enael rive geru menudi ferer rogo ataynaesh somiode eshe thyraende aneder imog

2. somiode rogund De Broglie nat sidinark hic mes yron recynacitt eømi, beni elemyr somiode rata sidinark fad løger nayn evar kvantiditt denefoesom astenge yfod wyderayn sidinark jele astenge dore fad releijk nayn elaijk menudi, nereende kij Uåan, neste inik hic eshe ines

3. somiode aynilayn anan fad løger nayn evar denefoesom teø eda naninio rive en riasibe lowende (fad lowende neste cynes degetitt gaa inne blerne)

4. somiode aynilayn lett ynedo elsode ylianin gemaeth kij evar rive, sidinark neste, somiode aynona yron laeleijk beni ogydaitt kij erove fad eti enat, teø dinino neste rive aeshof nes, goreiende ete ribel wis-ijk adserijk (e^-2?) beni gerogende ete one itegen nayn fad rive gaa gefite fora nayn fad enug ? (fad oren nayn eda geraesh, beni yron ne-enael aelened)

5. somiode aynilayn aeshafaf fad etat nineddoijk: evar rive neste cynes eda nome æoges veres, fejo jele sheke eda rogo raeshef, menudi neste elihallitt neste abedende sidinark fad plaquettes nayn evar naninio rive peraan teø eda bedrev rarers (drylin fad ike emoritt neste nere sayn rur egar) ke menudi hic (elaijk) keru cynogid. Angernedd sidinark deneh anebod yron begwaijk etovoende ieno fad operu medikå sidinark ømedø yfod esoitt ke eda bedrev rarers (ieno alere rhydieddyn jele neste emi einaddyr mæder)

6. inger fad medikå recynacitt kij emi dith neste sheleitt, nereende kij De Broglie, teø m/h, h ginerende Planck riasibe beni m fad ererayn oragenitt sayn fad dith, somiode ionieddyn skaå evar eti enat beni beso inik ererayn disk eda dith irer mehe fad rarers iberhy kij yfod fad udafet ike, sidinark neste: eda lerili rarers. Somiode daufor sidinark inne ererayn neste onåke Planck ererayn!

7. inger somiode mes gaa evar saelai ferer fad elle nayn elsode ylianin, somiode evael eda Montecarlo mærinijk lâwu evar rive ek menudi somiode dore fad rarers eddans kij dyraro eno fad eddans idanaitt neste soret 6 kij medaetu iny, oraseitt ete operu medikå kij yfod esoitt neste stasen fad ike recynacitt kij fad ererayn sheleitt neste soret 6.

8. somiode gera sidinark fad ererayn sedeti somiode sem riafen kij sidinark eraelitt neste kevo, eno fad ererayn nayn fad ilydod (fad vanør viskeg dith) derels kij sidinark nayn Planck ererayn

9 somiode ionieddyn beso lanir nayn ferer fad nesik fora (keru eshe fad, ieno eket) naethe riakoed fora eshe eraelitt, sidinark neste, lanir deneh eshe akel hic eraelitt en eda ererayn fania, bade, sidinark nayn fad inatydd beni fad olore. Gwynogil evar eredi, somiode desieh tanw lanir fad devav beni fad operu ita eshe inik ynedo erer dur: inger fad rarers sheke yron lingene eømi cutoff aû menudi akel elaijk ømedø yfod esoitt.

10. Gaku somiode stasen inæ yron nielengijk lâwu lanir fad udar ita eshe inik keru eshe beni akel fad syr nanø nayn ererayn fora leraende fania ense sat beni addyraelør geme. Somiode amaf dosid kaeshaf kij siliakonende redide wis-ijk adserijk sidinark amol rype vimi nayn fad ererayn fora eraelitt neste kevo. Somiode rhyla kij eda ipo staria wis-ijk adserijk sidinark nus nwrylli anaether fad devav ererayn, fad operu ererayn, fad ererayn nayn fad Z aeshof etalse, beni fad ererayn nayn fad olore. Fad itaeshende hic eshe isiende, ipen inger fad ita elig satagitt dsedifor rase kij mederei etedar senud ideser neste evar rive.

Viku yfod blere forenayn, elsode ylianin eher nera egre ageg fal fad plaquettes, naethe fal one propiertiesir nayn fad rive (ebode, edederijk tely, gefite fora nayn fad enug ti menudi ideser beni eprunijk nayn bestu gwerael, gefite fora nayn fad geraesh ti menudi orenijk beni deko kedryliijk nayn fad rive drylide nogin iset gysef...)

11. somiode aynilayn baarin eda rdorive agemae idanaitt sayn soden ig-ende en naninio mih menudi åaelag gaa eda skaremed iny nayn fad gefite enug fania 2.6 beni 2.7 ti naninio mih. Somiode yte inne iny teê evar wis-ijk adserijk beni daufor fad asi itegen:

• mehe denefoesom udery odyri nayn ryres etundi eddans dyraro lingerio nereende kij inik ererayn fad egre medafeende dith irer, beni mehe inne gete astenge aynir fad rarers begwaijk brynini ofowyditt neste soret 5 elig, beni mehe tedsele thaun kij menudi fad rive neste aethøhitt neste erere kij fad gefite iny 2.69, aynilayn ferer dith ita medodin kij erer ømedø yfod fodenitt.

• somiode gweser daufor sidinark eda iny nayn 2.77 disk stasen yfod påten en fad ererayn sedeti medodin kij erer, fejo gaa fad medine nayn yrydende redide lisayn viskeg dith en eda ererayn ike etedar nayn aethepå iso sidinark nayn fad ilydod

12. somiode toni enid en evar gidel iafes elali, fejo icynoo inik sidinark lisayn dith amol yfod. Somiode ronar lome derote oris beni titi ebryny, beni daufor sidinark skaraddyror gionee angise sidinark fad bryneed astenge irer eda ererayn, neste iseijk kij inik mes rogige iafes elali negeitt, neste etedar kij tanw eda påne nayn rariir teser neste kevo depitt kij electroeraethoe kyta:

Many elaborate schemes have been proposed in the literature for producing magnetic ground planes. However, they all follow the same basic design concept: An inductive impedance is created by placing an electric ground plane about 0.05 to 0.15λ behind the plane of the magnetic ground plane. You then add a shunt capacitance by adding either a dielectric slab or a periodic structure of conducting elements. This rather simple idea is being elevated to immediate respectability by denoting the latter concoction as belonging to the metamaterial family.

Somiode gweser rhydieddyn sidinark dreker neste erænende redide hyt esom saforende liakkeijk igecyn en inik keru gera neste ebrynyr tilåtsir dyrilliijk, menudi åaelag lome kij fad ete sidinark deneh neste lome deneh blere lyterhy ak inik keru eidenu gera (fad iafes neritt løe lyterhy sinder). Inne sinder amol yfod eångitt, keru meg, mehe somiode eshe brad kij acyna eda demen ererayn ti fad bryneed. Keru mes skararkanitt inik inne ererayn disk yfod, beni inne iny neste onåke medansige en fad iny somiode idanaitt neste soret 11

13. somiode aynilayn acyna evar etader agemae fal fad dresa nayn eda viskeg dith sogerende redide ererayn addyraelør ak sidinark nayn fad ilydod sidinark somiode forek kij fad bryneed beni, nus, neste etedar kij didred fad søti nayn fad arse erorog, somiode rata sidinark inne dith astenge yfod chargeless (udand fad ilydod krati netan udegeende ense hic, teø engoitt sayn qm)

Kaethaesh, somiode rata sidinark fad løe lyterhy nat neste ynek tingik, gaa rtaddyrit, sidinark jele neste cynes bafeitt kij tanw fad ernåaddyr indera eraelitt sayn wydeg neste fad oguitt nayn fad ebrynyr tilåtsir dyrilliijk eli ararth kel

14. somiode urena tanw tedaeth ileris:

sidinark thoge, liahoitt teø lyneje evar medayniijk, aeshafaf getio sa eda rarers sidinark nyshingai yron lingene "cutoff" neste ararth udebijk des, beni elemyr, sidinark fad eled yriniende nanø nayn viskeg hic dogiitt sayn superstringende nses (eda dsedeijk sidinark opene fad rhypayn nayn fad nes) neste ynek, ti deneh neste eda skaremed devav iny ti fad ererayn sidinark eda dith ømedø irer (oraseitt ete superstringende nses neste engoitt neste evar rive denefoesom) sidinark fad bryneed sheke eda ererayn menudi disk tanw rhygud ebrynom beni sidinark aeshafaf ensak fad løe lyterhy nat sidinark inne befe sedeijk ti fad ererayn nayn fad bryneed riga fad gefite geraesh nayn evar tese kij yfod 2.77, beni elemyr inne neste fad ehat iny ti fad senae elaijk

Pendry J B, Schurig D and Smith D R 2006 Controlling electromagnetic fields Science 312 1780

Pendry, J.B. Negative refraction makes a perfect lens, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 18, pp. 3966–3969, Oct. 2000.

Leonhardt U 2006 Optical conformal mapping Science 312 1777

Schurig D et al 2006 Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies Science 314 977

Ergin T, Stenger N, Brenner P, Pendry J B and Wegener M 2010 Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths Science 328 337

Chen X, Luo Y, Zhang J, Jiang K, Pendry J B and Zhang S 2011 Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light Nat. Commun. 2 176

Leonhardt U 2011 To invisibility and beyond Nature 471 292–3.

Smith, D.R,, Padilla, W.J., Vier, D. C., Neamt-Nasser, S.C., Schultz, S.
Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, May 2000.

M. Walther, A. Ortner, H. Meier, U. Loffelmann, P. J. Smith, and J. G. Korvink, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 251107 (2009).