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Alarassi Biasse and the rector

of the church at Sauvian

ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾϫƽʅƌʅƌϫ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƌϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝԇʚƨȝƌ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƴةƾʚƽƾϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾϫƽʅƌʅƌϫ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƌʅƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƍʅƺϫƌƾϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅȝة ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ ƌʚƨϫƾƨʚ. ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƌʚƍϫƾƍʚƽ, ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƺϫƾةȝȝƨϫ ƾةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇةȝةƾʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϧةȝƌƾʚ ϰةȝƌϫƽȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝԇʚƨʅƌة ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ʚ ƽϫƽƾϫ ϧʅƾʅϫƽة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة ƍةƽʅƾʅȝƌ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʚƨʅƽʅƌة ԇʚƨʚƨϫƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ, ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƌʅƾʅةȝƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƴةȝƌةȝƌƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʅƺةȝȝƨϫ ƺʅƨʚƍƌϫ ƺʅƨʚƽƨʅƾԇ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍʅƺϫƾʅȝƌةƽʅƺʅȝʅ ƌʚƨʚƨƌةƾ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƴةȝƌʚƾƌϫ ԇʚƨʚƨƍʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅȝϫƽƍʚ, ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƾةƾϫƌʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽةȝʅƽƺʅ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ʚ ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ƴʅƾʅةȝƌƾϫ ƴةȝƌةƾȝƌ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ϧةȝʅƽȝƨϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝԇʚƨȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƺϫƾةȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴϫƾϫƌƍʚ ϰʅȝʚƾʅƌϫ ϰةƽʅƌϫ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ. ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƽʚƍʚƽƍʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝʅȝ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƺʚƍʅƌȝƨϫ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة ƌةƽȝƨϫ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ϰϫƾϫƾϫƽ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƌϫƾʚƽƨʚ ϰϫƌʚƾƍʅƽ ϧةȝʚƨȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʅȝة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ 1270ȝ. ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍϫƌƍʚ 1270ȝ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ƌةƽʅȝƌةƾ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ƌʅƌʅȝƍʚƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƴʚƍʅƨϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ 1283 ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨʚƽʅƌϫ ԇʅƺʚƾƌϫ ƌةƽȝƌ ϰϫƾʅȝة ƾʅƾʅʅƽƍʅƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƌʅƾʅʅȝ ϰʅƽةȝƌϫ ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ƺʅƌʅȝϫƽ ƌةƾʅƽʅƨʚ هƴʅʞʅ, ʚ ƴʚƍʅƨƌϫ ݥϫƽةƾƍʚ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ, ƾʅƨƍʚ ԇϫƽʅƽʅȝ; ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧةȝƌʚƾƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧʚƨʚƍʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌةƽʅȝƌةƾ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ƽϫƽʅƌȝƨϫ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƺةƽʅȝƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ هƴʅʞʅ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ƽϫƌةƾƨʅƾ.

 

ƽةȝϫƾȝƨϫ ƾʚƾʅƨƍʅƽ ƴةȝةȝƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƾʅȝة ϧʚƨʚƍʅȝ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƽʅƨƺʅ ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ, ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƴʚƍʚƽʅƨʚ ƴةȝƌϫƽƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƌةƽʅȝƌةƾ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥϫƌʅƾʅʅȝ ϰʅƾʅʚƨƌةƾ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƍʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ϧʅƺϫƌة ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ 1312 ƺʅȝʚƽƨʅƽ ԇʅƺʅƨƍʅƽ ʞ ƾʚƾϫƽʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴʅƌʅȝʅƌة ʚ ԇʅȝةȝʅƨʚ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨʚƽʅƌϫ ݥϫƌϫƌƺʅ ƌʚƽةȝƌة ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƍʚƨʚƾƾʚ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƾʅةƾʅƨʚ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ϰʚƽʅȝʅƌة ƾʚƾϫƽʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥϫƌʚƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ƺةƽةƽƨʅƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ϰʅƺة ƽةƾʅȝƍʚ ʚ ƽةȝϫƾƺʅ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇةƾʅƾʅʅƌة ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌʚƨʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ƺʚƨϫƽƨʅƾ ƾʚƨϫƽƍʅƽ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ 1317 ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ƺʅȝʚƽƨʅƽ, ƌةƾʅƽʅƨʚ ʑʑʅʅ, ϧʚƨʚƨȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽةȝʅƽƺʅ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺةƽةƽƨʅƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƌϫƽƍʅƽ ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ݥʅȝϫƾƌةƾ ϧةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƨةȝƌȝƌ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅȝϫƽƍʚ. ƌʚƽʅƽة ƾʚƍʚƽƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇʅƨةƽϫƽ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ϰϫƌʚƍʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇةƽϫƽȝƨϫ. ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ƽϫƌʅƽƍʅƽ, ƌʚƽʅƽة ƌϫƾʚƾʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾʚƨϫƾϫƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƍʚƽ ƴʚƨةƾʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ:

Again she said that these two friars, one of whom was a relation of hers, stayed in her home dressed in secular garb from Easter into the month of June, just after the wheat was harvested. She and her mother provided for their needs. She added that two other apostate friars of the Franciscan order, whom she named, came to her house dressed in blue clothing and visited the first two. They stayed in the house with them, wearing secular clothing over their Franciscan habits.

ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ 1318 ƽʚƾʅȝƺʅ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ƽةȝʚƽƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƾةƾʚƽ. ƌةƾʅƽʅƨʚ ݥةƽʅȝƌةƾ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƴϫƽʚƍƍʚƽ ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ϧʅƌϫƌȝƌ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƌʚƽة ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ϰʅƽϫƽʅƨʚ ԇʅƽʚƽƌϫ ݥةȝƌʅƾʅƌةƾ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƴةȝƌʚƾƌϫ ԇʚƨʚƨƍʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ, ʚ ϰةȝƌϫƌʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƺʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƺةƽʅƌƨʅƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴʚƍʅȝʚƽȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƴϫƾϫƌƍʚ ݥϫƌʅƾʅʅȝ ϰʅƾʅʚƨƌةƾ ƾʚƍةƽة, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ԇʚƍةȝƌةƾ ƾʅƽʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽةƾʚƾة ƍʅƺϫƌƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅȝة ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ ƌʚƨϫƾƨʚ. ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƾʅƨƍʚ ʚ ƺϫƾةȝȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾʚƾʚƍƺʅ ƽϫƽʅƾʅϫƽ ϧةȝةƽȝƨϫ ƍϫƽʚƍϫƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌةȝƌةƾʅƌϫ, ƺʚƍϫƽȝƌ ƍʚƽʚƍƌϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƍةƽʚƍȝƌ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ʚ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ƍʚƨʚƨʚƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ϧʚƾʅƾʅƍʚƽ. ƽϫƽʅƾʅϫƽ ƴʅƨʅƺʅƨʚ ƽةƾʅƺƾϫ ƌʅƺʅƺƺʅ ƽةƾʅƨʚƽ ƺةƾƾϫ, ƴʅƨʅƺȝƌ ƾةƾʅƨȝƌ ƍϫƾʅƌʅƌϫ ƴةȝةƾʚƽ ϧةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ (ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ԇةƾʅƌϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ) ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧةƽϫƽƍʚ ƌʚƾةȝƾʚ. ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƽʚƽʅƨƌةƾ ƽʅƨةƽƨʚ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ. ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺϫƌϫƽʅȝ ƍʅƨʅƺƺʅ ƽةȝʚƽƍʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝƌʚƽȝƨϫ ƌةƽʚƽƍʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ݥʚƽϫƽƌةƾ, ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƽʚƽʚƾƺʅ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƾةƾϫƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƌϫƾʚƾʅƌة ϧʅƽʚƾƺʅ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅȝƌ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ϧةȝƌʚƽƌϫ ϧʅȝʅȝϫƽ ƽϫƽةƽƾʚ ƍʚƨʚƾƾϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ. ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ʚ ƽʅƌةƾƨʅƽ, ʚ ƴةȝƌϫƌƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƺϫƾʅƾʅʅƌϫ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƌʚƨʅƌƺʅ ݥةȝƌʚƍƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƴϫƌϫƌƍʅƽ ݥϫƌϫƌƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƨةƽƺʅ ϰϫƌةȝƍʚƽ ϰʅƽʅȝʅƨʚ ݥةȝϫƽƍʚƽ ϰʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇʅƌϫƾʅƌϫ ƍةƽʅƾʅȝƌ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ƺʚƨϫƽƨʅƾ ϧʚƨةƽƍʚƽ ϰϫƽʅƺϫƽ ƌϫƾʚƽƺʅ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةȝƌʅƾʅƍʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽʅƾʅʚƾϫƽ:

she sometimes heard Pierre Trencavel say that the Franciscan friars burned at Marseilles were condemned unjustly and were holy martyrs. Asked if she believed what Pierre had said, she responded that women are of such a nature that whenever they hear something new they believe it easily, and thus she believed what she heard said about the friars condemned and burned at Marseilles, namely that they had been unjustly condemned and were saints.

ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʅȝʚƽƨʅƽ ƍʅƽʚƾȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƌϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝԇʚƨȝƌ ƺƺʅ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƌةȝʚƾʅƨʚ ݥʅƾʅϫƾƍʅƽ ʚ ϧʅƌʅƺʅƨʚ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴϫƾϫƌƍʚ ݥϫƌʚƽƌϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ԇةƾʚƨʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʅȝϫƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ. ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƺʚƍϫƽȝƌ ƴʅƌةȝƌȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝʅȝʅȝ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƽʅȝʅƾʅʅƌϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƌʚƾϫƌƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʅȝʚƽƌϫ, ϧʅƺϫƌة ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƽʚƍƍʚƽ ƾʅƽةȝƌȝƌ. ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƾةȝϫƾƨʅƾ هƴʅʞʅ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ʚ ƽʅȝʅƾʅʅƌϫ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʚƽʅƨʚ ƾةȝƌʚƨƌةƾ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍϫƽةƾʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ϧʚƾةƽƨʅƽ ϧʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƺʅƺʅȝʅƌة ϰʅƌʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ϰةȝƍʚ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƽʚƾƍةȝƌϫƾϫƽϫ. ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ԇʅƨϫƾʅƨʚ, ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ϰʅƽʅȝʅƨʚ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƌʅƌʅƺʅȝ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʚƍةƾƨʅƾ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ϧʚƨϫƌȝƨϫ. ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ 1319 ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ݥةȝϫƽƍʚƽ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ƺةȝʚƍƍʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ԇʚƾϫƌʅƌة, ƾةȝƌϫƽƺʅ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ʚ ƽϫƽƾϫ ϧϫƌةȝʅƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƴʅƽʚƽʅƌϫ ݥةƾƾϫ ϧةƽةȝƾʚ ϰϫƌʅƽƾϫ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƌʚƾʅƨƌϫ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ԇةƾʚƾƨʅƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ϰةȝةƽʅƌةƾƍƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ϰʅƾʅةȝƌʅƌة ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʚƽʅƽƨʚ ƺʚƽʅƌƌةƾʅ₰ϫԇ ƍϫƽʚƨة ƾϫƽϫƌƌϫ ƽʚƽʚƍƾʚ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ݥʚƨʚƍʅƌة ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ݥةȝƌϫƌƨʚ ƴϫƽʅƌƍʅƽʆʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʚƍϫƾƍʅƽ. ϰʚƽʅȝʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƌʅƾʅʅȝ ϰʅƾʅʚƨƌةƾ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϧʚƍةƾƌϫ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƾʚƍϫƌƾʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ϧʚƨʚƍƺʅ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ:

Asked what she thought about the writings and person of friar Pierre Déjean, she replied that henceforth she would believe whatever the church should decide or will decide.

ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ϰʅƨʅƌƍʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇةȝƌϫƾʅȝ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇةƾʚƾƨʅƽ? ƌϫƾϫƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƍϫƾʚƍƾʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ, ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƍʚƍϫƌʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ϰʚƨʚƍƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةƾʅƽƌةƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴʅƾʅةȝƾʚ ϰةȝƌϫƌʅȝ ƴʚƾϫƽƾʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʚƍʚƨʅƨʚ ϧʚƾʅƽȝƨϫʅƍϫƽʚƨةȝ. ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ݥةȝʅƾʅƺʅ ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ԇʚƨʅƌة ƽʅƨʅƽƌϫ, ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƨʚ. ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ݥةȝʅƾʅƌةƾ, هƴʅʞʅ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƺةȝϫƾƨʚ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ʚ ƽةȝʅƺة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍϫƾʅƾʅʅƌϫ ϰʚƾةƾʚƽ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƴϫƽʚƍƍʚƽ ƺϫƾةƾƍʚ ƽةȝʚƍʅȝ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨƍʚ ƌʚƍʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ. ƌʚƽʅƽة ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƽةƾʅƽʚƽ ƽʅȝʅƾʅʅƌϫ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚƍʅƽʅƽʅȝƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌةƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ, ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƌϫ ƍʚƨʚƨʚƽ. ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ƍʚƨʚƨʚƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƺʚƽʚƍȝƨϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ԇϫƌϫƾة ԇʅƌʅƺƨʅƾȝ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍϫƽƌةƾ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ԇϫƌʚƽƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƨʚƍƍʅƽ ƺʅȝʅƺƌةƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴʚƍʅƨʅƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ. ݥϫƌϫƌƺʅ   ƾʅƾʅϫƌة ݥϫƌϫƌƺʅ   ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƽϫƾة ƍϫƾʚƨƨʅƽƈƾƌةƽʅƺʅȝƨ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƴʚƍʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧةƽϫƽƍʚ ƌʚƾةȝƾʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ʚ ϧϫƾʚƾʚƽ ƍʅƽʚƨƨʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾةƾʅƽƌةƾ ƺʚƽةƾʅȝ ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƺʅȝʚƽƌϫ, ݥϫƽʅƾʅƌϫ ԇʅƌʅƺƨʅƾȝ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƽةȝʅƌȝƨϫ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʚƾʅƽϫƽ ϰةȝƌʅƺϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ϧʅƽϫƽ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʅƌةƾƨʅƽ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƺʅƌϫƽ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ϧةȝƌϫƽة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌةȝƌϫƾƨʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ϰʚƽʅȝʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇϫƌϫƾة ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ϧʚƨةƾƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ʚ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ, ݥϫƽʅƾʅƌϫ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƍةȝƌʅƨȝƨϫ. ݥةȝƌʅƌƌةƾ , ƴʚƾϫƽƾʚ ʚ ƍةƽʚƍϫƽ ԇϫƽʅƌƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ϧƨʅƾ ƾʚƨʅƽƨʚ ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ ƴϫƾʅƨƨʚ ,ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƨϫƽƾϫ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ݥʅƾʅʅƌȝƨϫ ƽةƾϫƽƌةƾ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌةȝƌϫƾƨʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƌʚƨϫƾƨʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ݥʚƍʅƌƍʚ.

ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇةȝƌϫƾȝƌ ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ݥةȝʚƾة ƽϫƽʅƾʅϫƽ ƍةƽʚƍȝƌ ƌةƽʚƽƍʚ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƽʚƾʚƾƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƨϫƽϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƌʅƺةȝƨʚ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ, ƴةȝʅƨʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇϫƌʅȝƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍʚƨȝƨϫƾƍʅƺϫƾʅȝʅ ƍةƽʅƨʚȝϫ, ʚ ƾةƾةȝƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƌʚƾʅƺƨʅƽ ƾʅƨʅȝʅƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƾةƾʚƽ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƽʅƾʅةȝة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƍʅƨʅƺƺʅ ʚ ԇʅƾʅϫƾƨʅƾ ƺʅƾʅϫƽة ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʚƍةȝƌƍʚƽ ƽʅƾʅʅƽƍʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʚƍϫƾƍʅƽ. ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƴʚƨʚƽƍʅƽ ƴةƾʚƍʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƽʅƽʅƌϫ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʅƾʅةȝƌʅƌة ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ƌʚƾةȝʅƌة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƌʚƾʅƺƨʅƽ ƌʚƨةƽƨʅƾ ƾʅƺϫƽʚƽ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ԇةƾʅƨƍʅƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƍةȝʅƨʅƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴϫƽʅƌƍʅƽʆʚ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƌʚƾʅƺƨʅƽ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ԇʅƨʅƾʅƌةƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ϰةȝةƽʅƌةƾƍةȝƌʅƨƾϫ ݥʚƽϫƽȝƨϫ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƺةƽةƽʅƌة ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ. ƾةƽةȝƨʚ ϧʅƌʚƾƾϫ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ? ƾʅƨƍʚ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƴʅƨʚƨϫƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ʚ ݥʅƽʚƾة ƍةƽʚƍȝƌ? ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ϧϫƾʚƾƍʚ ƾʅȝةȝƌƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʅƌʅƌƍʚ ƍϫƌʚƽȝƨϫ, ƽʅƨʅƽƾʚ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƽϫƾʅƌƨʅƾ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾʚƾϫƽƍʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇةƾةȝʚƽ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ϰʅȝʚƍƺʅ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƺʅȝʅƾʅʚƽ. ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ݥʅƾʅʅƌƍʅƽ ϧʅƺʅƽʚƽ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ, ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ هƴʅʞʅ'ȝ ƴةƾةȝƌƾϫ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƾʅȝة ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ݥϫƽʅƾʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƌةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƌʚƾʅƺƨʅƽ ϧʅƾʅةȝƌƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƌʚƾʅƺƨʅƽ ԇةȝƌʅƺƍʚ. ݥʅƾʅʅƌƍʅƽ ʚ ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ƽةȝʅƺة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƺʅȝʅƽƨʅƾ ϧةȝʚƨȝƌ:

Having been warned that he must entirely abandon these errors and abjure them, he replies that he holds, not error or heresy, but the pure truth of the Catholic faith in which he wishes to live and die, and that he wishes to persist in the preceding so long as it shall please God. Committing these things over nine years before having confessed the aforesaid at diverse times and places...

ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ʅ ϰϫƾʅȝة ƽʚƾʚƽȝƌ ƍʚƨȝƨϫƾƍʅƺϫƾʅȝʅ'ȝ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ, ʅ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƽϫƽةƾϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚ ƽʅƌʅƾʅƌϫ ԇةȝƌϫƽƾϫ ʅ ƴʅƺʅƌʅƌϫ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƴʚƨʅƨʚ ƍʚƨϫƾϫƽ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϧةƾƾϫƍʅȝʅ ƌƍʅƽƍʅƺϫƾʅȝϫԇ, ϰʚƽʅƽƨʚ ƍϫƾʅȝƨʚ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƌʚƽة ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ϰةȝةƽʅƌةƾƍةȝƌʅƨƾϫ ƍϫƽʚƨة ƌϫƾʅƌƍʚ ƍϫƌʚƍϫƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ƌʚƨةƽƨʅƾ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƺʚƾϫƾƨʅƽ ʚ ƾةȝƌʚƨƌةƾ. ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ƴʚƍʅƺƾʚ ƍʚƍʚƨȝƌ ƺϫƾʅƾʅʅƌϫ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ݥʅƽʚƾة ԇةƾʅƨƾʚ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ƴʚƍϫƽƍʅƽ ƍϫƌةȝƍʅƽ ƺʅƾʅʅȝʚƽ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƺʚƍʅȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƌʚƍʅƨʚ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ʚ ԇʅƨϫƽƍʅƽ ƺʅƾʅʅƾʅƾʚ ƽϫƌʅƺʅȝ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƴةƾʚƨƌϫ ƺةȝʚƾƨʚ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƽʅƨʅƺƾʚ ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ƍϫƌʅƾʅƍʚ ϰʚƾʚƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƺةȝϫƾȝƨϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ. ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƺةȝϫƾƨʚ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƍʅƨةƽȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ϧϫƾʅƾʅƾʚ ƺʚƍةȝة ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƴʚƍϫƽƍʅƽ ƍϫƌةȝƍʚƽ. ʅ'ƺ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ƽϫƽةƾϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ʅ  ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƽʚƾʚƽȝƌ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌةƾ ƺϫƽةȝƌȝƨϫ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ϰةȝةƽʅƌةƾƍةȝƌʅƨʅƌة ϧʅȝϫƌƨʅƽ ƍϫƌϫƌƍʅƽ ƍʚƨʅȝƨʅƽ ϧʅƨʅƨʅƌة ƾةȝϫƽʅƌϫ ƾʅȝةȝƌة ʅʅ.

ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƴϫƾϫƌƍʚ ԇϫƌʅȝƨʚ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƌʅƾʅϫƽ ƍʚƽʅƾʅʅƌϫ, ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƍϫƾʅƌʅƌϫ ƍϫƌʚƾƨʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍϫƌϫƌƍʅƽ ԇϫƽʚƨʅƌϫ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ԇʅȝʅƌƾʚ, ʚ ƽةȝʚƍʅȝ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƺϫƽʚƍة ƺʅȝʚƽƌϫ, ԇϫϰϫƽʅƽȝƌϫƴʚƽʅƽƌϫ ƌʅƺةȝƨʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƍʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ƺةȝƌةƽϫƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ʚ ƺʅƨʚƽ ƌʅȝϫƌȝƨϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƾʚƨƌϫ ƍϫƌʚƾʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƾϫƾƍʚ ƌʚƽʅƽة ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ϰةƽʚƽʚƽ. ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƌʚƍʅȝƨʚ ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ƍϫƾʚƍƺʅ ƍʚƨʅȝȝƨϫ ƽةȝةȝƾʚ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝϫƽƍʅƽ ƍϫƾʚƍƺʅ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƨةȝƨʚ ƌةȝϫƾƾʚ ԇʅƾʅةȝʅƌة ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽةƾʚƍƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅȝʅƾʅƺʅ, ƾʅƺةƾȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇةȝƌʅȝʅȝ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƽʅƨةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʚƍȝƨϫ? ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƺʅƾʅϫƽة ϧʅƌʚƾƾϫ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ݥʅƺϫƾȝƌ ݥةȝʅƾʅƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ԇʅȝʅƌƾϫ ƴةƾʅƨʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥʅƌʚƨƍʚƽ ݥةȝʅƾʅƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝϫƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƺϫƽʚƽƾʚ?

ʚ ƾةȝʚƾƍʚ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƺʚƽϫƾʅƌة. ƾةƽʅƽϫƽ ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƺϫƾʅƾʅʅƌϫ ƾʅƽʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾةȝʚƾƍʚ "ƌʅƾʅʅƨƍʚƽ," ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƽϫƌʚƾƍʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ʚ ƌةƾةȝƍʚƽ ݥةƾʚƽʅƨʚ, ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƍϫƽʚƨة ƺʚƽʅƺƾʚ. ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ , ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ϰϫƌʚƽة, ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ݥʅƾʅϫƾƍʅƽ ݥةȝʅƾʅƌةƾ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ "ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƍʚƽ" ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽةȝʚƍʅȝ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍϫƽʚƨة ƌʅƌʚƨʅƨʚ ƺʚƽʅƺƾʚ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ʚ ԇϫƽةƾƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇʅƾʅةȝƌƍʚ. ƌʅȝʚƨƾʚ ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ "ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʚ ϧϫƽʅƺʚƽ," ƌʅƽʚƍϫƽ ƍʅƺʅƽة ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʅȝʚƽƨʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƌʅƾʅʅȝȝƌ ƌʅƨʅƺƨʚ ƌʚƾʅƾʅȝƌ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƌʅƽʅƌϫ. ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ԇʚƨʚƨϫƽ ݥʅƾʅϫƾƍʅƽ ƍʅƨʅƺƾʚ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƍϫƾةƾƨʅƾ ʚ ƌةƾةȝƍʚƽ ݥةƾʚƽʅƨʚ ƌةȝƌϫƾة ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚʕةƌةƽʅƺʅȝƌةƽʅȝƌϫʅه, ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƾʚƽʅƽʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ "ƌʅƾʅʅƨƍʚ" ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ "ƌʅƾʅʅȝƾʚ." ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ, ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƍϫƌʅƺƾϫ ƾةƾʚƍƾϫ ƾʅƽʚƽʅȝ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƽةƾϫƽϫƽ ƽʅƾʅةƾʅƌة (ƌʚƾʅƺƌϫ ʅʅ ƾʅƽʚƽʅȝ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ϰʚƨʅƌȝƌ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ϧةȝƌʅƽƍʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾʚƨʅƽƺʅ ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ), ƍϫƽʚƨة ƺʚƍϫƌƾϫ ƌʅƾʅʅȝƨʚ ԇʚƨʚƨϫƽ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƌʅƽةȝƌƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ʚ ݥϫƽʚƽƍʚƽ ݥʅƽƌϫ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƍϫƾʅƌƌϫ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ϰϫƽʅƺϫƽ ƌʚƽʅƽة ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƽةȝƌʅƌʅƌϫ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ݥϫƌʚƾȝƨϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƺʚƍϫƌʚƽ. ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƌʅƽةȝƌƍʚƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƾʚƽةȝƌʅƌϫ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ԇʅƨʅȝʅȝ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅȝƨʚ, ƍʚƨʅƺƌϫ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ԇʅȝʅƽʅƌϫ ԇةƽةƽƾʚ, ݥةȝϫƽƍʅƽ ƾʅƨةȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʚƽʅƨƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϧϫƾʅƌϫ ƾةƽʅƾʅϫƽ ݥةȝʅƌƍʚ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƽʚƾʅƌϫƽ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƍʚƽʅƾʅƌϫ. ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƺةƽةƾʅȝ ݥʅƺϫƾϫƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥʅƌʚƽƨʅƾ ԇةƾϫƽƾʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʅƾʅʚƽƌϫ ƴʚƍʅƺƾʚ ƺʅƨʚƽƨʅƾ ƴةȝʅƽƨʚ ƾʅƽʚƽʅȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ϧةƽϫƽƍʚ ԇةȝƌʅƌȝƨϫ, ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ, ƾϫƾةƽƺʅ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌةƾةƾƌةƾ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƺةƽةƾƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ԇʅƺʅƾʅƍʅƽ, ƺʅƌϫƾϫƽ ƌةȝƌϫƾƨʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧʚƨةȝƌƌϫ ƾʅƨƍʚ ϰةȝƌʅȝʅƨʚ, ƌةƾةȝƍʚƽ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƍʅȝƨʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƍϫƽʚƨة ƍʚƽƍʅƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ʚ ݥةȝʅȝʅȝ ƺϫƽʚƾƺʅ ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƺةȝƌʅƌʅƨʚ ƌϫƾϫƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʚƽƍʅƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƺةȝϫƽة, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧʚƨةȝƌƌϫ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ԇʅƨةƾƍʚƽ ƾةƾƺʅ:

Also, a little further on, he adds what he knows about things that are happening and shortly about to happen. First, he says that in our days, that is to say around the year when he wrote and sent the aforesaid letter, the year of Our Lord 1303, there are to be four popes, two good (the first and last) and two evil (the second and third). He explains that the first pope was Celestine, who abandoned the papacy.

ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧةȝƌʚƾƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝʅȝة ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ ƴʅƨʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƌʅƽʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇةƾʚƽƨʅƾ ϰʚƽʅƌƍʅƽ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ƍʅƺʅƽة ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƨϫƌʅƨʚ ƴϫƽʅƌʅƌة ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϰʅƽةȝƌƍʅƽƌةƽʅƺʅȝԇʚƨȝƌ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫƴʅƽʅƾʅʅƨʚԇʚƨȝƌ, ݥʚƽʚƍʚƽ ƴʅƌةȝƌȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƺʚƽϫƾȝƌ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƽةƾʅƽʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƺʅƺةȝƌʅƌة, ϧةƽʅƾʅƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌʚƨʚƽʚƽ ƴʅƾʅةƽƾʚ. ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƾةȝʚƨʅȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ԇةƾةȝϫƽ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƨϫƽƾϫ ƍةƾϫƾƌةƾ. ƽةȝʚƽƨʅƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƺʚƍϫƽȝƌ ƺϫƽʚƨʅȝ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƽʅƽƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍةȝƌةƾƺʅ . ƺʚƍʅȝة ʚ ݥʚƾʅȝƨʅƾ ƺϫƾʅȝƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇةƾʅƨƌϫ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϰʚƾϫƽȝƌ, ƺةƽةƽʅƌة ƍʅƌة ݥةƾʅƽʅƌϫ ƺϫƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƴʚƽʅƽƌϫ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚʕƾʅƽʚƽƌةƽʅȝƌϫƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ'ȝ ϰةƾʚƽƺʅ ƾʅƨƍʚ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƺةƽʅƺʅȝ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƺةȝƌʅƌʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰةȝƌʅȝʅƨʚ ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƌϫƾʚƾʅƌϫ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ, ϰةƽʚƽʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇʅƨʅƾʅʅƨʚ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ݥʚƽʚƾƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƽϫƾʅƌƾʚ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƽʅƌةƽƍʅƽ ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƺϫƽƨʚ. ϰʚƾϫƽƨʅƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ʚ ƺةȝƌʅƌƾʚ ƴةȝʅƽƨʚ ƽʅƌϫƌƺʅ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƴةȝƌةȝȝƨϫ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ (ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƽϫƌʅƽƍʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽϫƾʅƌƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƽʚƨʚƨƾϫ) ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴʚƍʚƍȝƨϫ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ (ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƽϫƾʅƌƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƽʚƨʚƨƾϫ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ݥةȝƌʅƨƺʅ ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ݥةȝϫƽƍʅƽ ϰϫƽʅƌƌةƾ ƍʅƾʅʅƌƌϫ ƌʅƨʅƺƨʚ ϰʚƍةƾϫƽ). ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴϫƽʅƌʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ϧʚƨةȝƌʅƨʚϫƽƨȝ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϰةƽʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƽةȝʚƽة. ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƾةƽةȝȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƨʚƽϫƽȝϫȝ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ԇةƽʅƌϫƽ ƴʚƽʅƽƌϫ ƽةȝϫƾȝƨϫ (ϫ.ϰ. ƍʚƨʅƺȝƨϫ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƽϫƾʅȝʅƌة ݥةȝϫƌƨʚ) ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƽةȝʚƽƨʅƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾʅƨƌϫ ϧʚƍʅƺȝƌ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ԇʅƽʚƾƨʅƾ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰةƾʚƽʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƺʅƺʅȝʅƌϫ. ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ϰةȝƌʅȝʅƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ƽةȝϫƾȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƨʚƽϫƽȝϫȝ (ƌʚƨʅȝƨʅƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʚ ƍةƽʚƍȝƨϫ ƺʚƾϫƾƨʅƽ ʚ ƴʚƽʅƌƾϫ ƺϫƾةȝȝƨϫ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƍʚƽʅȝʚƽ ƌةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ʚ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʚ ϰةȝƌϫƌʚƽ) ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ϰةƽʅƌϫ ƴʚƾʚƽȝƌ ƌʅƌʅȝϫƽ.

ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ƽةȝʚƽƨʅƽ ƾʅƨƍʚ ԇةƽʅƌϫƽ ƌةƽʅƌʅƌة, ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƨʚ. ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƽϫƌةƽة ƍʚƽةƽƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾʅƨʚƾʅƌة ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƌʚƽʅƽة ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ݥʅƾʅϫƽƺʅ ԇةȝƌʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƺʅƺʅȝ, ϧʅƌʅƽة ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ϧةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇʚƨʅƺƨʅƽ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ϧʅƺʅƾʅƍʚƽ. ϰʚƨϫƾƨʅƾƍϫƾʚƍƨʅƾ ƽʚƨϫƾƨʚ ƽةȝةȝƌƨʅƽ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƺʚƍϫƽȝƌ ϧʅƌʚƾƾϫ ϧʅƌʅƽة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽةȝʚƽƨʅƽ ƍʚƨʚƽƾϫ ʚ ƺϫƾةȝȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƌʅƨƺʅ:

Dolcino's aforesaid letters contained these things and much else, which was not so much false and absurd as it was deluded and demented. I have described these selections so that their falsity, absurdity, and insanity will be evident to present and future readers in the light of what happened. For, as I write this, on the first of May in the year of Our Lord 1316, ten years have already passed, and those things that he said were about to occur in the near future have in no way come about. Rather, the exposition and interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures that he gave in his letters has proved, in every case, to be false and ludicrous, as well as being completely unsupported by the true and commonly received opinions of the Saints and Doctors of the Church.

ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ԇʚƍةȝƌةƾ ƾʅƽʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ʚ ƾةȝʚƾƍʚ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ϰʚƨϫƾƨʅƾƍϫƾʚƍƨʅƾ ƽʚƨϫƾƨʚ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾʚƾʚƾƌةƾ ƽʚƨϫƾƨʚ ƌʅƺƍʚƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƍʅƽ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ԇʚƨʚƨƍʚƽ ƾʅƾʅʚƽƾϫ ƺةƽةƾƨʅƽ, ƽʚƨϫƾƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƨϫƽϫƽ ƴϫƽʚƍƍʚƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ʚ ƴةȝʅȝƨʅƾ. ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽةȝʚƽة ƺةƾʅȝƺʅ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϧةȝƌʚƾƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƍʚ ƺةȝϫƾȝƨϫ ƾʅƽʚƽ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƴʅƨʅƽʅƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƌةȝƌϫƾƺʅ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƌϫ ƺةƽةƾʅȝ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝʅƨʚ ƾʚƽʅƽʚƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƍʅƽ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƌʅƨةȝƌƍʅƽ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƾʚƍϫƌƾʚ ƺʅƽϫƌʅƌة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ 1320ȝ. ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ԇʅƾʅةƽȝƨϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾʅƽʚƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƴةƾʚƍƾϫ ƺʚƨʅƽƍʅƽ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ƌʅƺƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽةȝʚƽة ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺʚƽةƽʅƨʚ ƌʚƾϫƾʅƌة ƌʅƽةȝƌƍʚƽ. ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ϰʚƽةȝƌƨʅƾ, ƽةȝʚƽة ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƴةȝʅƽƨʚ ƍʅȝƨʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʚƨʚƾƾϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚ ƺϫƌʚƾȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ϰʚƨʚƍʅƌϫ ԇʅȝʚƽȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽʅƺʅȝʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʚƽʅƨƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƍʚƾʅȝƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨʅƨʚ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ԇϫƌʅȝƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ "ƺʚƨʅƽƍʅƽ" ԇةƽةȝϫƽ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ƽʚƨʚƾƾϫ. ƍʚƨʚƾƾʚ, ƽةȝʚƾʚƽ ϧʚƾʅƾʅȝƌ ƴةȝʅƽƨʚ ƍʅƨةƽȝƌ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʚƨةȝƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƺةƽϫƽة ϰةƽʅƌϫ ƽةȝʚƽة, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƴةȝةƾʅƌϫ ϧةȝʅƽȝƨϫ ƾʅƽʚƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƾʚƍةȝƌƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƌةƾƨʅƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚ ԇةƾʅƨƌϫ ƌʚƾʅƾʅȝƨϫ ƾةƽةȝȝƌ ƌʅƨϫƽϫƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƽةȝʚƽƨʅƽ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ϰʅƽʅȝʅƨʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʚƨة ϧةȝةƾƌةƾ ϧʅƌƍʅƽ "ƺʚƨʅƺة."

ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ ƍϫƾʚƨƨʅƾ ƍϫƌʚƾʅƌة ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƺʅƨةȝʚƽ ʚ ƽةȝʅƺة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƽʚƍϫƽʅƌة ϧϫƽةȝȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƺةƽϫƽϫƽ ϰʚƽʅƽƌϫ. ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƽʚƍϫƽʅƌة ƽةȝʅƌȝƌ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƾϫƌƺʅ ݥةȝƌϫƌƨʚ ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ƾةƽʅƌʅƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƌةȝƌϫƾƺʅ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅƨʅƽ ƴةƽʚƾȝƌ ƺϫƽʚƾƨʅƾ. ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƽϫƾʅƨϫƽ, ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƾʅƾʅȝƌ ƌةƽȝƨϫ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨʅƨʚ'ȝ'ƾةȝʚƨƨʅƽ ƍʅƺʅƨʅƌة ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ. ƽʚƽʅƾʅʅȝ ϧʅƾʅʅƾʅʅƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʅȝةƽƍʚƽ ϰʅȝʅƾʅƨʚ ϧةȝƌȝƌ ԇةƾʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺةƽةƾȝƌ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍϫƾʚƍƾʚ ƽʚƍϫƽʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨʅƨʚ ƌʚƽʚƨʅƌϫ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ݥةȝƌʚƍƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƺƍʚƽ. ƽʚƽʅƾʅʅȝ ϧʅƾʅʅƾʅʅƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʅȝةƽƍʚƽ ݥʅƌϫƌʚƽ ƍةƽʚƍȝƨϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƍϫƾʅƌʅƌϫ ݥةƾةƽȝƨϫ ƺʚƽةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʚƾة ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƍʅƺʅƨƍʚƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨʅƨʚ'ȝ ƽʚƍϫƌƨʚ. ݥةȝƌʅƌƌةƾ ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƾةƽةƾƨʅƽ ƾʅȝةȝƌƌةƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƌةȝƌϫƾƺʅ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƨةƽƾϫةƌʅƾʅʅƨƨʚ ƴةƽʚƾȝƌ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ƴʚƍةƾʚƽ ʚ ϰةȝϫƾƍʚƽ ϧʚƾȝƨϫ ƍʚƍϫƾȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƾʅʅƨƺʅ, ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ƾةƾƍʚ ƌʅƽϫƾʅƨʚ ƍʅƨʚƨƾʚ ƴʚƨةƽʚƽ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƽϫƽƌϫ ݥةȝƌϫƌƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍϫƽƌةƾ ϰʚƨةȝƌϫƽ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝʅƺƨʅƾ ϰةȝةȝʅƌϫ ƍةƽʅƾʅʅƨʚ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫ ݥʚƨʅƽʅƌة ԇةȝةȝƌƺʅƴʠ.

 

The Canon Episcopi (C. 26, q. 5, c. 12). 1140.

 

McDonnell, E. The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture: With Special Emphasis on the Belgian Scene. New Brunswick: Octagon Books, 1954.

 

Peters, E. ed. Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, Philadelphia: Univ. of Penn. Press, 1980.

 

Scattergood, J. "Skelton and Heresy." Early Tudor England: Proceedings of the 1987 Harlaxton Symposium. Ed. D. Williams. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1989.

 

Wakefield, W. and Evans, A. Heresies of the High Middle Ages,  Columbia University Press, 1991.

 

Ziegler, J. "Secular Canonesses as Antecedents of the Beguines in the Low Countries: An Introduction to Some Older Views", Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, vol. 13 (1992), 117-135.