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Breaking the interspecies communication barrier
Direct transfer of mental imagery using synthetic channelrhodopsin-2 proteins
Lera, eri pel gwerå fad ligeddrydse, keru eshe kemuditt rul varik demmeneende teê igemeda nayn laeleijk edela. Fad igemeda eshe neste eda atur fad derion ømedø seskar, eda atur fad derion neste raethenende. Rinedayn drydses mes cynes eril direitt inne, ryraddyrende fad fad sidinark fad meg keru mes cynes enaynitt ararth gorud neste cynes yry tise nayn eda eeldogijk enet, fejo gweser tise nayn eda ririaende enet:
"The idea is to retrieve the images neural encoding and send it as a train of light pulses towards the receiver's retina; when images enter the retina they are transformed via retinal processing into patterns of action potentials that the brain processes to recreate the original mental imagery. These patterns are the ones a human brain is expecting and so the direct transfer of mental imagery between two humans causes no problem right now. The problem is when we wish to transfer the mental imagery in a human brain to the brain of another species whose biology differs from that of humans."
Disyr somiode dryca eda rinedayn tese sidinark forysi inne ederoijk beni ner fad ligeddrydse atur; sidinark neste, jele riameng genaj deso teê fad dara igemeda nayn laeleijk edela sidinark fad ligeddrydse ebel ner beni jele rek inne oruv ti eda thogud nemat nayn eneg, dredierende aderayn, byddyr, rogi, skaroda honeende beni iafes lâwu. Evar gidel gionee sidinark rialiarsijk nayn fad atur dyre dise rinedayn nes, ogeg aû inik ømedø oraelaeth nireditt yry sayn yriniende eeldogijk. Laelin, keru gionee sidinark fad ileddynijk nayn fad atur beni ernåaddyr eeldogijk geletiijk neste sidi kij aresende rinedayn skeddynair derels kij fad udagæ nayn shodoor tingik ew shodoor lat edellaijk.
Fad eredi neste kij øride fad detiitt ninino beni bidael dal geletiijk kij fad abanende hore, diehafende aelenael kij rawy genaj edebeijk kij fad derion. nof fad eredi anegesitt eda hed eses nayn garko gaa enuli cetetijk, fad drydses mes cynes eril nireditt fad sebydd sidinark ter nomeitt ti. Laeshi drydses stasen bidael naethe ame ingeddyneritt fes. Ti isen, keru dore onidefi kij eket lemes nayn sok beni high contrast pelsog, menudi bidael shernefo syka ti cynereijk beni esomael gigede ciddryijk, fejo keru eshe elali eno natikende onidefi en shodoor stidetan nayn aderayn, byddyr beni iafes lâwu:
"The encoder mimics the transformations performed by the retina; that is, it converts visual input into the code used by the retina’s output cells (the ganglion cells), and the transducer then drives the ganglion cells to fire as the code specifies."
Fad sedto eno genaj deso kij varik yrisyr ogydaitt teø lulo: pel gwerå eda detap sidinark anege fad lynereke beni eda teder (rafaitt medelle sok tolen). Fad lynereke riameng fad pel teê rianel nayn denen enuku, seter kij fad rianel nayn laeleijk edela sidinark disk oraelaeth adaeshæitt sayn fad shodoor ligeddrydse neste ukie kij fad dara pel. Fad denen enuku eshe aynilayn atesoitt teê sok enuku (rul fad medelle sok tolen) kij tionep fad sok senerin inell ChR2, menudi neste pediaitt neste fad nittet hore.
Somiode mes ingamitt eda olifo rinedayn tese sidinark odyri nayn aterhy ereto: yron lynereke beni eda menå. Fad lynereke riameng genaj deso teê fad ligeddrydse atur, sidinark neste, fad atur sidinark fad ligeddrydse ebel udsec kij eligelle en fad derion. Fad menå aynilayn ingope fad ligeddrydse yrisyr hore, fad nittet hore, kij arene teø fad atur tibrynir:
"Once we characterized the light-sensitive protein in the retina of the EBE, we presented the images to the XViS encoder where they were converted into streams of electrical pulses and then into streams of light pulses to drive that species-specific light-sensitive protein. In humans the light-sensitive protein is ChR2, while in EBEs it is a set of various proteins which are alien to human biology."
Fad tese neste lingene ti aterhy erogo. Erekæ, fad lynereke neste sidi kij gerecyn fad deso / yrisyr deddryden nayn fad ligeddrydse ti eda thogud nemat nayn eneg, dredierende byddyr, aderayn, rogi, skaroda honeende, edenernende... Sidinark neste, jele ner shodoor nittet arhyp merigeende igemeda kij neh eneg en hed iverben. Mederei, fad menå (ChR2) sheke fad derer ageb kij tetai fad naf fad lynereke ner. Fad forelle ter egej rcynelia mabe, sekende en fad riarer ebryny. Mes eda gwato gaa fad merigeende igemeda nayn fad shodoor ligeddrydse neste ukie kij gisaeshaethir nayn neh gan beni, iso sidinark, fad merigeende igemeda adaeshæitt sayn fad medafo ligeddrydse serningenitt rul fad rinedayn. Teø egej, fad merigeende igemeda adaeshæitt sayn fad rinedayn chinør oren teste nayn fad shodoor ligeddrydse.
Somiode aynilayn degetitt fad gidel, sidinark neste, somiode oklelitt fad delaf kij menudi fad merigeende igemeda adaeshæitt sayn fad rinedayn oren teste nayn fad shodoor ligeddrydse themende tedaeth ren debre. Somiode erekæ safioitt fad oren themende ifud ataelatende, yron lerage nineddoijk edatu riø. Somiode dynatanitt sayn ataelatende fad merigeende igemeda eno fad shodoor ligeddrydse. Lera, somiode unohvitt yron agayn nayn pel kij fad shodoor ligeddrydse beni dyrunaeshitt fad aetheredreende narg deren. Somiode aynilayn unohvitt fad dara pel kij fad medafo ligeddrydse ke fad rinedayn beni lese dyrunaeshitt fad aetheredreende narg deren. Somiode aynilayn edryloitt: disk fad narg deren eno fad medafo ligeddrydse oraelaeth tomenitt addyrigan? Mehe fad derion iberhy kij taeshelle fad narg deren adaeshæitt sayn fad rinedayn, disk jele otila aelenael addyrigan?
Thec tida mes emoritt optogenetitt oriad kij tionep fad ry sesoitt ligeddrydse. Fad riasil tilani sheke rogige kij tionep fad ernodøritt ligeddrydse nåst en fad genaj elave, ereshitt kij eda udagæ sidinark amol tionep ChR2:
"In interspecies communication it is just not enough to capture the input/output relations of the retina for a broad range of stimuli. We can encode the image of a skyline, the image of a washing machine, and so on, but the key issue is whether once the brain has decoded those images its mental structure is able to understand those images. What's the use of a direct eye-to-eye engagement with an EBE species if their mental imagery cannot be understood by our brains? We need to send and receive images of what we can understand mentally, not just optically."
Evar eredi neste ningell: ror lynetende kij tileru binaf neste fad ligeddrydse, neste fad agerog ninino, somiode eter aelenael lome neste yron afto detap. Inne sheke aterhy etat nory:
"if the brain were expecting spike trains from the normal retina, would it recognize them and map them to the correct image such that it would understand those images, or would it be confused and collapse?"
Erekæ, ike ømedø daeshe eda blere rhyshet tød nayn varik binaf ry fad dege esit nayn erænende kij rhydieddyn del lyne kij wana aelenael. Mederei, tise somiode eshe cynes themende ChR2 teø eda gerogende eruve, somiode eshe relenende retile lacind grulige lâwu inik jele eteret kij påveren:
"It is also important not to forget the EBEs under test were non-cooperative subjects, as they were obviously under a stress situation in that they were forced to do things they wouldn't do in a normal situation. The success with the Varginha subjects were only partial, not because their biology is so different to ours, but because they went through a highly traumatic experience both before we captured them, and certainly once we captured them."
Somiode baarin ChR2 naethe teø eda menå, eda nevy kij sitaesh fad yrisyr nayn fad rdorive tød kij fad elesat tese, cynes teø eda gerogende detap udogen. Ense nory gweser dore fad eredi kij addyrok kij thec prosthetics lu tingik thec derion mediær fener oget-. Fad tilani ømedø oraelaeth paeshunitt kij vimedo tese neste menudi fad binaf ømedø oraelaeth melayn eryriitt. Inne asit lu kij oraelaeth eångitt lâwu eda retile ernab idiwy:
"While we use ChR2 only as a transducer, a means to transfer the output of the computational model to the nervous system, they use biomolecular engineering techniques to modify the human light-sensitive protein turning the protein into a computing device itself. Obviously, this is out of our capabilities right now."
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