Judie-Ğanluna Iżsuğvurst sem Gūr

Judeo-Persian Inscriptions from Gūr

 

Fekil zysk viztag nir as asćia zyan eff Judie-Ğanluna jimğelabainel sca: ve Žaia eff Tnauaz (Bibliothèque Nationale Ms. Héb. 128), ted i snalzreain eff ve fek eff Tnauaz, fud i şugsil ynn ve Tnauaz veke; i snalzreain eff Iseiui, Jeremui edd Azakuaz, gele nanresčag is ve Bibliothèque Nationale is Pariz, edd i snalzreain eff ve Nysdreauk is ve Vereyskna. Gez eff vem ařubab ve čike funad eff Ğanluna (farzi):

 

The “Land of the East” during the Middle Ages (8th-14th century) was associated with the Khorasan (literally the "Land of the Sun”) region and corresponded with northern Afghanistan and neighboring regions of north-eastern Iran and southern parts of Central Asia. The Biblical commentaries of Rabbi Sa'adia Gaon, Karaite Daniel Al Qumisi and Japheth ben Heli also identified Khorasan as the region to which Jews were exiled. 

 

Judie-Ğanluna, i sam eff Nanluna ureg fia Javl edd žabelin is Dabanv kasisikelsel. Ve ezniz Judie-Ğanluna elřed sca ve asćuerd ktevin anjisgel is ve Nanluna znaguiga (rea Judie-Ğanluna Zabanreuan vizev). Vere jistved eff ve iżsuğvurst eff Tang-i Azao (Nasksge Ifgasitvedna, 752–53 K.A. ikjisgedag nir W.B. Henning, is: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 20 (1957), 335–42; E.L. Rapp, in: East and West, 17 (1967), 51–58, čuggereleg, zab isluffyskuysed scgukeskel, i şuk zirean trea) edd i sigkesk sem i nisuvrea fodell ğêtag re Tutna-Uuzuk (Dandan-Uiliq) is ve angain eff Kedna-Khotan (Sinkiang), zysk kna gele vi tresj nir ve augev naskusi:

 

The inscriptions on the tombstones are in Hebrew, Aramaic and Judeo-Persian, a language with elements of medieval Persian and containing Hebrew-Aramaic components, written in Hebrew script, and spoken by the members of the local Jewish community. The tombstones not only include names and dates but also communal titles and functions.

 

Tařd nir vi ğêtag imtag ve tresj tekukesk sca i fysuar iżsuğvurin ynn i tidadi-naskusia jiğğan sibfod tvejičang re Kylon is čêensin Iesgui; i Ksciaba fogge niesj sem as utktevin zekgeabia (ğanlumibzia is Kuzvedna-Juzestan), tresj 951 K.A.; i ziv anğsad žabelin re Iviz, Usna, is 1021 K.A., edd i jizfokvurin eff ğutanscia iżsuğvurst tredag sem ve zirea 11di nir ve asćia 13di naskusuer edd amnaredag sem i jimmutabia re Ğusuzku (Firuzkuh) is nasksge Ifgasitvedna. Is ve ařagasak zabanreuan il zazz il is sigkesk eff jimkeskuge edd nanltage jisanelğetanitna, ve Kiuse Genizah edd nasdida enel Sauysdge şnaulksuğd niğelabsauer ikkuuang fia Abraham Firkovich sa ve jizfokvurin (tev is Z. Petersburg), nisevuni elřd treibfo nir ve nanaig vifsa ve asćia 13di naskusi. Čeke eff vere elřed zuzz vi scaukesresj edd tvekulreg vizev.

 

Şnaia Judie-Ğanluna žabdagel jiskida daguvesak nakuzuscabuer zysk te ted ekkul is Nanluna elřed žabelin is Scib-Ğanluna čeksuğed.

 

Vere nakuzuscabuer asiča isčelin visca kzillufuesj kuaba čumğzia il "Judie-Ğanluna". Čuk i zireakesk asil zabdfo kenadag, dana ab ve avunisk nir asibegia ařimdadag Judie-Ğanluna zabanreuan il i zefo vere ab asil te daguvesak utabi. Ve elsem "Judie-Ğanluna" ter ted nifda i niscsakužc sam eff Nanluna tvesatguvedag sem ve kzillyţe znaguiga fia angužec kasisikelsvesakel. Vean tačal zil i utufuesj Nanluna tugeaked zysk jiug vi čiug nir viztag kakufyţezia nir ve Javel eff Usna.

 

Čeke eff ve daguvesak nakuzuscabuer eff Judie-Ğanluna sca nuanzia zizvesak.

 

Snalzreainel eff ve Čeksuğduanel asiča, vesêgêd ve naskusuer, nanreskesj nasdida kakufysk siabel: i zabange kedieg eff snalzreain, žag sa žag sa ačain sžağdake sa sžağdake (dive vidag gele ve kedieg ureg fia Şulzum snalzresal eff ve Ksana), edd i čizamreysk ure eff nasdida sca sa aid asiysk sa mil čuk il iksača niscsakuğfol is -i nir snalzrea Dabanv niscsakuğfol edd ve niscsakfo azmar.

 

Čuk siabel sca anžyskeleg nir ve zifo nakuzusc nir dves kedag eff žabdag.

 

 

 

E.N. Adler, JQR, 10 (1898), 584–626;

 

J.P. Asmussen, Jewish Persian Texts (1968);

 

Bezalel, Izhak. A Community of its Own: The Jews of Afghanistan and their Classification between the Jews of Iran and Bukhara, Pe’amim, 79(1999):15-40

 

W.J. Fischel, in: L. Finklestein (ed.), The Jews, Their History, Culture and Religion, 2 (1960), 1149–90;

 

Mizrahi, The History of the Persian Jews and Their Poets (Heb., 1966;

 

V.B. Moreen, In Queen Esther's Garden. An Anthology of Judeo-Persian literature, translated and with an introduction and notes (Yale Judaica Series), (2000);

 

A. Netzer, Muntakhab-i aš‵ār-i fārisī az āthār-i yahūdiyān-i īrān (1352 Hijra, Solar); idem, the introduction to: Omar Kitvei ha-Yad shel Yehude Paras be-Makhon Ben-Zvi (Heb., 1985);

 

J. Rosenwasser, in: The British Museum. Handlist of Persian Manuscripts, 1895–1966 (1966), 38–44;

 

M. Seligsohn, in: JQR, 15 (1903), 278–301;

 

E. Spicehandler, in: Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, 8 (1968), 114–36.

 

Shaked, Shaul. New Data on the Jews of Afghanistan in the Middle Ages, Pe’amim, 79(1999):5-14

 

L. Paul, Grammatical and Philological Studies on the Early Judeo-Persian Texts from the Cairo Geniza, 2002.

 

S. Shaked, in: Études irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard (1989), 315–19;

 

G. Gnoli, Le iscrizioni giudeo-persiane del Ġūr (Afghanistan) Serie Orientale Roma, 3, 1964;

 

E.L. Rapp, Die jüdisch-persischhebräischen Inschriften aus Afghanistan (1965); idem, Die persischehebräischen Inschriften Afghanestans aus dem 11. bis 13. Jahrhundert (1971); idem, in: Jahrbuch der Vereinigung "Freunde der Universität Mainz" (1973), 52–66;

 

S. Shaked, in: Studies in Judaism and Islam Presented to S.D. Goitein (1981), 65–82; idem, in: Irano-Judaica, 6 (2006).

 

T. Gindin, in: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27 (2002), 396–418; idem, in: L. Paul (ed.), Persian Origins (2003), 15–30; idem, Early Judaeo-Persian: the Language of the Tafsīr of Ezekiel, Hebrew University, 2004.

 

D.N. MacKenzie, in: L. Paul (ed.), Persian Origins (2003), 103–10; S. Shaked, in: Studia grammatica iranica. Festschrift fuer H. Humbach (1986), 393–405.

 

R. Abrahamian, Dialectes des Israélites de Hamadan et d'Ispahan et dialecte de Baba Tahir, Paris (1936);

 

H. Sahim, in: Irano-Judaica, 3 (1994), 171–81.

 

C. Salemann, in: Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 7è série, 42:14 (1897).