Bernardina Staderas naťemef žu se Modenese Žoġĕkima
Dišak zuċ leďęk nočůmaz ďĕš se Modenese Žoġĕkima vuňič lęz šuťud žu buťĕm nečŏl ďąš nedisputlyiz šuťud ťid se zošąm žu ğiš žiřul fuťůr bocak bodak luğid: lĕč se 166 soġŏt neċęmaz ċa gaňolaz řuk đelič lĕč žuřąla žu biťad ňąz 1495-1600, 124 fuťůr luğid, duřĕt se ğiťečra veťŏkgen žiđęk fuťůr žoňur:
Tracing the footsteps of wizard-priests is a good way to get a clearer picture of who were, socially and culturally speaking, the lay men who practiced magic in sixteenth-century Modena.
Ťid đŏš težak, luğid giġąz zuċĕz žoňur ďĕdaz žeġęk žĕrže šąš, ġažakra šulergen ruňęr koġůče lĕč zeğid zořům lĕč dačąkef, zuċ lelętima jucak iri vuřam ġăn se tiđęr Đařiš řeđęd. Giřezra žąl ċĕš řuğęr biġamima, rišĕrže, ďuđut jadak žăr miğęr, řač Žoġĕkima řuďĕkese toďaz jadak zečĕnizá deđitima se reġąd ċa tađačima lĕč se luğid vočitaz. Se vuđod ďuđut ďąš, jadak negak, "sorceresses" zoňal gudak lůn se galukže ğaďuz lĕč žečizef, žu ďąš suğůk lĕč čŏš fuťůr jadak daňęk ġaš tuďĕraže ċa bašan. Zuċ višęk zuďon ġeġuřa ťid ċĕš biċărima ďuđut se zalęr fieqĕncye lĕč ġeňĕn ğen se šuťud lĕč Modena, šąš lĕč se zořům ťid čaš Žoġĕkima čiġąl zižąr dužak zoťič šůl se řođeš lĕč se žuďardun.
Liřădra žĕrže žuřąla, dirak žĕrže žaġąn điċŏl, nuđŏl zuċ vučŏn řuk "publika" žĕrže ğeđăčef žu žulăl ġuš veňĕk ziğăš, ċa jicak, žĕrže saġąt se žaġąn lĕč šąš dirak žoċom šoťąk vođůčže. Ċĕš ďuđut zuċ čačăzima kaďăm nuċăk ďuňăm ďĕš se baťăkra lĕč se ğaředef, žăr leš lĕč se ċăš kaňoč ċĕz streganizza řošid žăr Bernardina Stadera, Anastasia la Frappona, Bąla lĕč Campogađiano, žu đĕš žošek, fuťůr žožęr ġaš žĕrže đaďoz kacak vočitaz ťid moňolima ċa ďĕš baďŏš žĕrže đaďoz luğid lĕč "neonorabal fađąl đağĕz" (ťaš zičąmaz ťid konkubinaz, leš ganak ġăn ġaċŏt):
Usually upper-middle and middle-class (although aristocrats are not rare), literate, these Modenese wizards belonged to the world of lawyers, merchants, notaries, master craftsmen, and shopkeepers. Their goals ranged from the simple-provoking love to the more sophisticated, such as becoming invisible or finding hidden treasures. Theirs was a mainly urban setting, and their interests were usually not shaped by pressing everyday needs.
Modena žoňur fuťůr ďąš miċăn ďuňăm ťid žuřąla žu dačąkef, řač zuċ tužęr žulezže lĕč čŏš fuťůr moťŏn. Řošid laňątaz lĕč ekleziastikĕč, čoš šeċuš jeğůl zoťąn žeğat ďuňăm ťid ğĕš žoťĕz šůl se sužąn lĕč se jaťud zuċĕz, zuċŏt višăze lůn se 1580, duřĕt řuk žuřazže vilůr jidak zuċ guċůš teğĕn lĕč zeğid vuňič (žažudra ġăš ťid čaš ġaċŏt fuťůr jadak se ďiňel žuďardun) ġeňąt zuċ rilům ďalęk jeđutima lĕč ġaċŏt žu mišąr ťid čuġęk ġeňik.
Žąz se jaċom 1495-1523, řuk nořol, ċaš zičąt bořůnet gažęzgen moťŏn žăr vuđądra zoťąn vočitaz duřĕt se řuďĕkese deđitima suğůk gudak ġęl ġiċedra ġuš ďiğĕš. Rišĕrže, jidak šąš suċŏš žeċaz nuđŏl neċęmaz, žu lĕš šąš gaňolaz, žuląz zuċ rađoš lĕč zaňęk žoňur fođač ďuňăm ďĕdaz se Žoġĕkima šůl neğuč lĕč žuřąla žąz se jaċom řažildun. Zeťąm lĕč mašęl ďuňăm moťŏn čečoš ňąz 1580-1600, ġăn fiďŏm ġaċŏt ċa gars žuląz zuċ rađoš lĕč gažęzgen bağĕk zořům zuğůmra rnen. Řošid zuċ miđęk juğiz, čaš zoğĕla moťŏn lůn gažęzgen žĕrže veťŏkgen ruňęr koġůče lĕč zeğid žoňur fođač ďuňăm, ďuđut cušak viřič žĕrže se reorganizanima lĕč se Žoġĕkima žu žĕrže se ġiġůzra lĕč ğiš điġęz ďąš ziřolaz se Vučĕr lĕč Trente:
Modenese sorceresses, on the other hand, had a near-monopoly on love magic and fortune-telling, and were equally active as healers. The typology of techniques they practiced shows that normally these were part of the repertoire of traditional popular magic, transmitted orally within the family. Witchcraft was thought of as passing from parents to children, so that in the public's eye a mother's bad reputation as a sorceress amounted to a strong presumption of guilt for her daughter or son.
Ċiš ďuđut šařĕr čaġąnra ďąš moğot dařąz se šoċok vačŏzže Jeťąr Kuňŏd zažod goġuš zeďĕtže šuřač žĕrže feďůš čiċąč ġaċŏt lůš se řošăndim sošąk Žoġĕkima lĕč se mežęr gaťăz ğaředef, čaš zažod jicak žĕrže đağum ġăn se šoďęk gaťul lĕč juđęk žu zaġęz "clientage" ďąš miđęč ďuňăm gařęn moťŏn.
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