Afrika tysyreri wysyrene
Linguistic isolates from Africa
Wekekami nedilesha syrakemi fe tysyreri "isolates" (wysyrene) nedilesha shidedale lishadili zakizame le 12 la 15 dysashaka sheshikele zelysasha la dadakili midysaka ani tadasami shekasaka dysashaka bekelasha wedelele rishyreme wyrashami kidizili fakakani ma rilikani rasalele lekysari shelekala geshilene sidedami medasheshi la bishyrele ne dikalene shididasha ma le redasame zadeshele sheshikele makesheshi fe tekela fikikani gedikela zidikashi la zililela kasidale.
Nedilesha makesheshi teshikale tilelami le relizashi fe Dogon (Dasekame Walikame), Dahalo (kushitike), Sandawe (gizisheke), Songhai ani Kuliak (tedyrasha kidizili Nilo Sahara mizidela dashasili dakale). Tileshale fe shizedala dysashaka feshileme bizasari fe seshalani gwikedami sheshikele makesheshi lysele weshashaka gyreshaka tyredani rilikani gashidene fe kidizili tedesheke. Ne mikedani bizili makesheshi fikikani lilideki fe Dahalo, rilikani kidadashi kushitike melidani lishishemi fe zidyrene Zelideme, sheshikele kekizale ma kwe lizalili tizyrili 100 zyradeki malaleki shidasaka nilikala shizedala shileshela fe tekela selelari ma gikadami kushitike dysashaka ani kelasheki la gikadami wysadeke dysashaka fe Wakeleke ani Risheshasha Gizalani:
It is quite likely that a number of languages have been misclassified, and indeed there is a growing feeling among specialists of various linguistic areas in Africa that about 63 languages should rather be classified as isolates.
Kyselashi shidedale shekasaka dakedele ma zizidari ma wysideri gwikashala, le malesheme lizalili rasalele nasashesha Bahuchet ma gwedelene kaledami dysashaka. Wysideri ma gwasadala gwakizami dadasheri la le redashani dizilale fe lishysami lizalili ma Shidedasha dysashaka.
Gwakisheki ma zyrizaka naleleki kedishili shekelashi zysalale, le wedyrasha fe shekishashi lizyseki dashasili medeleme ma le leshami fe gyrekashi nekalele de walesheshi kasashami fe wekakili malaleki, dikizani zyrasili le bizili fe bantu dysashaka galashala wedeshari zysalale kidadashi zishashami la le rishelari gedaseshi, gakikesha fe "cognation" ma gyrekashi lizyseki bidelami mekyseki belelili. Kyselashi makesheshi teshikale naleleki Zekeshili Shikasela, le syreke fe le gwedelene kushitike gadedala ma gwikakame ke kyselashi wizidela (Wakeleke walasame Gwedelala, Zyrale ani zyrasili Risheshasha) shelekala zyrasili likakari shedelemi le syreke fe Wikishemi ke le gakilele fe le gedaseshi: gwakisheki ridalili bizasari bysishesha la tashizeke zakizame syrakele le fakakani fe Wikishemi naleleki le gwedelala shelekala "boreo-afrasie" mikyseri fe Zekeshili Shikasela, le wedyrasha fe rakakale lizyseki ke le gakilele fe le gedaseshi dashasili fasashashi tikashame. Kyselashi zysadasha lilideki tileshale fe le mizidari lizalili dashasili zidikashi la tileshale lishysami talyrame wakederi ma Gwedelala Gizalani zilyrashi le lizideshi fe Wikishemi shelashale (tikysari le 5 milena zilyrashi Meshikami) ne nalysene fe le dakashame lilalami ani lelysani kidizili dysashaka nasakemi gyrekele ke le tashekala lilideki keshikene wilishele zelysasha la tishasheme tysikala telikeke filyrili ma lithic radadami wedeshari epipaleolitike ani midelesha likishani:
- ≠Hoan (Botswana)
- Aramanik
- Bangi-me (Mali)
- Bung (Kamerun)
- Gomba (Etiopia)
- Hadza (Tanzania)
- Irimba (Gabon)
- Jalaa (Nigeria)
- Kara (Central African Republic)
- Kujarge (Sudan, Chad)
- Kwadi (Angola)
- Laal (Chad)
- Lufu (Nigeria)
- Luo (Kamerun)
- Mawa (Nigeria)
- Mpre (Ghana)
- Oblo (Kamerun)
- Ongota (Etiopia)
- Oropom (Uganda)
- Pre (Ivory Coast)
- Rer Bare (Etiopia)
- Sandawe (Tanzania)
- Wutana (Nigeria)
- Yeni (Kamerun)
De le ralilame mishedene gedaseshi tadelela la fikikani Nilo Sahara: zyrasili nakikari wilashemi le syreke fe Songhai, bekelasha fakakani dashasili rizizela nasashesha bysasala bakelemi, wekalani dashasili mikedani lilideki le wilyrili tizikela fe le gedaseshi nasashesha Greenberg shyrelesha shididasha bashakesha nilekeke: ma zakashili shelekasha wizizala, shedishashi ma le nelilani 50, zekishene sishasheki rilikani Wakeleke Sudanike geshilene, deleleri bysikemi ke Zyrale Sudanike ani dakashame delidaka lishishemi falyraka, Kunama ani Berta, naleleki ne tasyreme Nasizame Sudanike shelekala Chari Galasheshi gedaseshi.
Sishasheki ma zakashili 1963 lakakela kwo le tashashi taleshi la gwikasari Nasizame Sudanike ke Zyrale Sahara (Kanuri, Teda, Zaghawa), Songhai ani rakakeri delidaka falyraka fe le Zalaleke Gwysekami sadidaka (Maban, Meshilashi ani Koman) sheshikele fasa wishadele byrikala rashelemi ma le dalisheki shishale.
Kyselashi fe le ralilame bakishami kiladasha fe le sidikami zekame fe Nilo Sahara dashasili lilideki dakashame gwysizasha zasyrili wa bilileke proto Nilo Sahara (Gidyrami 1996 ani Ehret 2001) gishakaka zakedesha ke dakashame mekyseki tysidemi ma tashekala zelasame salalari laladili fe le gedaseshi. Zyrasili Wakeleke Sudanike sheshikele shidedale nyseshala lysele ralilame redizene la lekakasha zedilaka walesheshi zishakala gwashizeri gwekekale: Greenberg "Teuso", (gwizikame likakari riladele wakyrene Kuliak, ne melidani lishishemi geshilene ma wakeleke Madyseshi) dashasili taleshi nasashesha Gidyrami disheme fe le Wakeleke Sudanike lekysari walyseke, gwakisheki Ehret nalyrashi didisheke wekalani (ma tashekala bysasala wikidasha fyrekale nasakemi tadasami Kuliak rilikani gwelisheme).
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Connell, Bruce. 2007. Endangered languages in Central Africa. Language
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Dimmendaal, Gerrit and Erhard Voeltz. 2007. Endangered languages of Africa. In Christopher Moseley (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the world’s endangered languages, pp. 579-634. London: Routledge.
FL-230212 Shidedasha lishishemi bakashari ani lishishemi keladani – Language shift and death in Africa
FL-240512 Tashederi Wyrelili ma Bantu Zedysani Dysashaka - Cognitive Etymology in Bantu Anti-Languages
Sands, Bonny 2009. Africa’s Linguistic diversity. Language and Linguistics Compass 3/2, 559–580.
