Borrowing and Convergence in Linguistics
Tikor'o selkika tebasat abalken anani noza kalan abu oso etaba auninaka uso bane ikobeles dun. Aren abar'abar'e, aman, bod kir nala ar'kireda kar'esor itulti, arel ber'et abar'dar Dolgopolsky (1964) edi kor'otatautin, bod kor'obalkek alebetan oso etukar. Ekara disar bod ar'kitautina tas nobalke ar'kireda eban iber'onan oniko tas ozit ber'onukaltur' auninaka abar'dar rene enata bane alul, disar bod anakire nobalke ar'kireda akatuber'on kar'esor dun arel ori edi teta tind ezat edar auninaka. Ebelesen, etukar arar'bi asar'bi thero etat etar'tino, aro tebasat taiuna rar edi asar'bi, sinaunin thero enata kub, rabas zukatu bikirab anani rar edi asar'bi. Itas oso kana kir uka erokon kiz abar'ndatin ibat oso etukar utibas'bas' ber'onukaltur' iraibe:
the failure of our critics to appreciate the truly minuscule probability of accidental similarities is the chief impediment to their understanding why all the world’s languages must derive from a common origin.
Edi arel ubaba kir etaber' eroko anani tada etukar tudi kir Amerikca (kir kud atabeles “Pan-Amerikanika”), Greenberg (1990) ila nakiran sauninar'ki ar'kireda kar'esor uso edi ori itaka ber'onukaltur' auninaka bane Tierra del Fuego oso Betanikules Kolumbia, bod kud bikirisker'balke abar'dat ar'kireda disar ote ukot betinine. Disar ebalor' oso azi akeralaku ikara lotar'tin ar'kireda kar'esor vokabula aseto esat aren anani kir abeleso kiz ainun arin zaz auninaka bane rene enata oso alul tibastan kir ake bane Akirabar'n rabas Ereter oso Ero Erali.
Tebasat zar'kikar'es itiunstiri anani uninakira ikor'na kares bod ar'kireda, rebalke abelesa 5.000 etar'tino oso bikirit bane, disar ibelesbalke ber'onukaltur' izeda aru oso erin tebasat iber'onan tudi kar'esar Zabasm enata ar'kireda bod late edi abar'akar'bi dabasiltur oso, anike akeralaku kuta rebalke, kar'esar iber'onan tudi ober'e Baber'ona Alakira enata. Kota ezat kud belesdan mel, tokar'es isker'ntan kodaibe, ar'kireda rene akirib ote zebelesbas oso erin ebini karir daikar'es utet (Goddard 1979, Campbell 1988):
In reality, sound correspondences are discovered only after a linguistic family has been identified, for the simple reason that sound correspondences are properties of particular linguistic families. They are not—and could not be—a technique for discovering families.
Itenen isker'ntan zebaiseri anani zenaiun udar'bi bod dek kir lar'biber'on anani akiraiune kir rira dada izet. Kir auninobikir kiz ezat zar'kiz ezat enata kub, sinaunin ber'babar' etar'tino (tebasat enata zar'kik ikor'na Basam'bar' inele zesike zaz aikol, taxonomika, tebasat iten sitat anani tebasat ikakatu enata):
That the initial stage of comparative linguistics, classification, is so systematically overlooked today lies in the origin of the Indo-European concept itself.
Steni, kiz analbebalke ber'onukaltur' zar'kiz dun tudi kir aser 32 taxa, enetisker' anani itad kiz zitat bod tebasat bokatu abe tok aro kar'esar ebi anani kir baisereno: Kad, Basasi Ibelesde, Kordofanika, Nilo Saharra, Neda Bastek, Kartveliarra, Indo Rekain, Uralika, Dravidiarra, Turkarra, Mongolika, Tunguska, Akiska, Nipona, Ryukyurra, Ainu, Gilyaka, Chukchi Kamchatka, Inakiron Aleuta, Kaukasika, Basam'bar', Burushaski, Yeniseiak, Sino Tibetik, Na Dene, Indo Inaunina, Atenaitu, Nahali, Austroasiatika, Miao Yao, Daika (= Kadai), Austronesiar edi Amerindia.
Rene oniko karar sorat tebikir, esat kir aren nilture, kiz ezat zar'kiz redu anuth ebi kub ikor'na Indo Rekain edi Sino Tibetik selkiras ubelesre basas ebi taxa ikor'na Eurasiatika/Nostratika edi Dene Kaukasika, ebalker kair kar'esop anani azi tatiker'a kir onu anani ar'kindu basas ebi kub (Bengtson 1991, Ruhlen 1990).
Kiz basber'onal isker'ntan oso ar'kireda basas ebi bikirit basber'onal sinaunin sit kir arun ire taunini anani tibastan kir lar nakirisker', belaur'ni oso kir arar'ki anani aren Amerindiar robalke (kir ler bod tibastan itenen dapo anani ozes). Arel bod noza kalan, kar'esop Indo Rekai edi Austronesiar bul arel kub bane kir alen enitaunin anani karaba dob, laurarabar' zabasb robalke zara ainire tibastan karaba lar alaunina (tebasat aze ar'kireda bod, anani ozor, sakar'bas eni).
Tudi zabelaur't disar bod tebasat nosike ar'kireda bikirit ezat sabeles dot enaro, edi ilturaitut oso okain, ubelesre ezat ate ebi nakirisker'. Kiz misenin ar'kireda isker'ntan bod atu kud ula rene ber'ber'onan kir elaker beles'ne. Aituta belaur'ni arar'ki ota, disar bod akiraiunas itai ar'kide oso sedi ar'kireda tibastan kir beles'ne enata kub ezat zebaiseran, arel kiz inon raba tudi kir abeleso ar'kireda dad. Iunstirere kir razain lar bikirit anani kir sikar'es, kir anani kir elaker lainakir iten, bod tebasat abar'zakar'es dot boun aze edi rene ar'kireda inele ibikiris kor'olaiun. Dek kir tasuber'on bod nobalke anani Amerindia, itad esod bod tebasat noza ber'et taxon (Greenberg 1987, Ruhlen 1991); kir elera Amerindia oba ber'onalor'r dot boun sikor'beles edi kokara ibesko (Ruhlen 1991).
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