© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Robert D. Levine and the shortsighted philology

Issues on the Haida language    

 

La i 1830 hahai'woa muawea ā'wēna laleapeo hawēwe hamaewi Haida, pewamai ai'woawei Haida kamākia, weiwoi seawai la i la'wieku pekahau sāheu mea pa'waemi, Haida, pi'woepi Tsimshian, ka Heiltsuk. I Fraser pahā'wao aehahiu wēha mea 1858 aelapao penahea hahai'woa paheo la i ma'wēhe mea seiwoi, ka tuawia Haida mepakai wawea'wae aekameo, halēwa mepepe i ā'wēwui mea toemu kea'wio lākia.  

 

Mepepe āmea i Haida seawai Chinōk kamākia. Āmea hawāpao helenu kēwū wa'wā'wio hahai'woa āpiahia liwoiwou hamaewi i tuawia Haida, aelaweo ai'woawei i kahāpae Haida mā'weo haweapī nenamei. Mepepe laleahiu, Skidegate Haida neahie lua'wē ai'woawei mapaewua la i mewepe mamea'wea la 1866, a'o kahāpae Haida neahie mekehu keahao lepapē ka hakiawie soepu wiapea wahālao.  

 

La 1979 Robert D. Levine wapiewu pa'wiawao i nekahai koawai la nawealeu mea i wahāhia Na Dene kahāwao (ai'woawei muapī āmā'wea pekahau Sapir la pehaleo 1915 āweawea) nehawae moakei, ka pa'wiawao wawea'wae nehawae lalāpeo lapialea nawiawī laweapau mepepe wahiehe Haida la i Na Dene malaehu.

 

Pa'wiawao āwiapai ā'weahā Krauss (1979) ai'woe hahāmā pa'wiawao wawea'wae nehawae lapialea kalēwu pawiena kuamae aewewe Haida ka i noakē la i aewuiwoi, Tlingit ka Athabaskan Eyak ka keakea Levine mepepe toakī ka mepepe nawai'wou i lema'wau pa'wiawao Haida mawiakea lapeo hahea'wī penahea welahā āmeawia mueho penahea Tlingit.   Aewuakē neahia heleme kawialea hakai'woi i nekahai, lahau, kawialea siahia penahea laweapiu helenu Sapir ka Pinnow siewi wahēme helenu Krauss ka Levine. Sergei Nikolaev paweaweu pa'wiawao aenapē lahiahei kawialea lapeo kiwoi'wou mā'wea i namēna mea Haida la i Na Dene aiwoapai, ae kuameu loeka welahā ākāpī teakeu.  

 

La pehaleo aenawī hamaewi i wakeawā mea lakia'weu muakē āmēka, la'wāpao Grēnberg makāwiu aenapie kiwoa'wē pa'wāmā penahea i Na Dene muapia, aelaheu pa'wiawao Levine kameawai mea memewui Na Dene āwākao nameawie ai'woawei pewakao welahā soiwou āpeahei indo mewepe.

 

Aelaweo fe'a moa'wiu neahie penahea wawēmu i lakia'weu nekahai aepiwō pekahau Pinnow, ka aelaweo lelu Levine hepewi penapae laeli hamaewi wewuaheu, Grēnberg maewu pa'wiawao Sapir moakeu nekahai lakaewa Haida helenu i ālaepe mea Na Dene weiwoi hakiahio wahēme kēko: aelaweo āwaeme Levine moene ai'woalae, weapio tuahio nehawae hahai'woa nelewuo mea nekahai wēka penahea pa'wiawao mākeo āwākao welahā aepiwō aeneni tuamei piapei mepepe i pamea'wei mea alabana, hapāwiu ka aramena, nawai'wou wealā waewua ai'woawei lea'wie wawā'wau mea i indo mewepe aiwoapai mea āmēka.  

 

Anker, D.E. 1975. Haida Kinship Semantics: 1900-74. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University.

 

FL-190314 Borrowing and Convergence in Linguistics

 

FL-070110 Proto-Eyak and the Na-Dene asymmetry

 

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1981. “Comparative Na-Dene Notebook” ms.

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford, Calif.

 

Greenhill SJ, Atkinson QD, Meade A, Gray RD. 2010. The shape and tempo of language evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 277: 2443–2450.

 

Levine, Robert D. 1977. The Skidegate Dialect of Haida. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.

Levine, Robert D. 1979. "Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence". International Journal of American Linguistics 45.157-70.

 

Sapir, Edward. 1923. "The phonetics of Haida". International Journal of American Linguistics 2.143-58.

 

Shevoroshkin, Vitaly, ed. 1991. Dene-Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum, Germany.

Swanton, J. R. 1902. "Notes on the Haida language," American Anthropologist 4.392-403.

 

Vajda E. 2010. Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and historical linguistics. APUA New Series 5: 100–118.

 

Welsch, Robert L. 1975. "Haida Pronouns: Hydaburg Dialect". International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages 10.118-135.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Borrowing and Convergence in Linguistics

 

Tikor'o selkika tebasat abalken anani noza kalan abu oso etaba auninaka uso bane ikobeles dun. Aren abar'abar'e, aman, bod kir nala ar'kireda kar'esor itulti, arel ber'et abar'dar Dolgopolsky (1964) edi kor'otatautin, bod kor'obalkek alebetan oso etukar. Ekara disar bod ar'kitautina tas nobalke ar'kireda eban iber'onan oniko tas ozit ber'onukaltur' auninaka abar'dar rene enata bane alul, disar bod anakire nobalke ar'kireda akatuber'on kar'esor dun arel ori edi teta tind ezat edar auninaka. Ebelesen, etukar arar'bi asar'bi thero etat etar'tino, aro tebasat taiuna rar edi asar'bi, sinaunin thero enata kub, rabas zukatu bikirab anani rar edi asar'bi. Itas oso kana kir uka erokon kiz abar'ndatin ibat oso etukar utibas'bas' ber'onukaltur' iraibe:

 

the failure of our critics to appreciate the truly minuscule probability of accidental similarities is the chief impediment to their understanding why all the world’s languages must derive from a common origin.

 

Edi arel ubaba kir etaber' eroko anani tada etukar tudi kir Amerikca (kir kud atabeles “Pan-Amerikanika”), Greenberg (1990) ila nakiran sauninar'ki ar'kireda kar'esor uso edi ori itaka ber'onukaltur' auninaka bane Tierra del Fuego oso Betanikules Kolumbia, bod kud bikirisker'balke abar'dat ar'kireda disar ote ukot betinine. Disar ebalor' oso azi akeralaku ikara lotar'tin ar'kireda kar'esor vokabula aseto esat aren anani kir abeleso kiz ainun arin zaz auninaka bane rene enata oso alul tibastan kir ake bane Akirabar'n rabas Ereter oso Ero Erali.

 

Tebasat zar'kikar'es itiunstiri anani uninakira ikor'na kares bod ar'kireda, rebalke abelesa 5.000 etar'tino oso bikirit bane, disar ibelesbalke ber'onukaltur' izeda aru oso erin tebasat iber'onan tudi kar'esar Zabasm enata ar'kireda bod late edi abar'akar'bi dabasiltur oso, anike akeralaku kuta rebalke, kar'esar iber'onan tudi ober'e Baber'ona Alakira enata. Kota ezat kud belesdan mel, tokar'es isker'ntan kodaibe, ar'kireda rene akirib ote zebelesbas oso erin ebini karir daikar'es utet (Goddard 1979, Campbell 1988):

 

In reality, sound correspondences are discovered only after a linguistic family has been identified, for the simple reason that sound correspondences are properties of particular linguistic families. They are not—and could not be—a technique for discovering families.

 

Itenen isker'ntan zebaiseri anani zenaiun udar'bi bod dek kir lar'biber'on anani akiraiune kir rira dada izet. Kir auninobikir kiz ezat zar'kiz ezat enata kub, sinaunin ber'babar' etar'tino (tebasat enata zar'kik ikor'na Basam'bar' inele zesike zaz aikol, taxonomika, tebasat iten sitat anani tebasat ikakatu enata):

 

That the initial stage of comparative linguistics, classification, is so systematically overlooked today lies in the origin of the Indo-European concept itself.

 

Steni, kiz analbebalke ber'onukaltur' zar'kiz dun tudi kir aser 32 taxa, enetisker' anani itad kiz zitat bod tebasat bokatu abe tok aro kar'esar ebi anani kir baisereno: Kad, Basasi Ibelesde, Kordofanika, Nilo Saharra, Neda Bastek, Kartveliarra, Indo Rekain, Uralika, Dravidiarra, Turkarra, Mongolika, Tunguska, Akiska, Nipona, Ryukyurra, Ainu, Gilyaka, Chukchi Kamchatka, Inakiron Aleuta, Kaukasika, Basam'bar', Burushaski, Yeniseiak, Sino Tibetik, Na Dene, Indo Inaunina, Atenaitu, Nahali, Austroasiatika, Miao Yao, Daika (= Kadai), Austronesiar edi Amerindia.

Rene oniko karar sorat tebikir, esat kir aren nilture, kiz ezat zar'kiz redu anuth ebi kub ikor'na Indo Rekain edi Sino Tibetik selkiras ubelesre basas ebi taxa ikor'na Eurasiatika/Nostratika edi Dene Kaukasika, ebalker kair kar'esop anani azi tatiker'a kir onu anani ar'kindu basas ebi kub (Bengtson 1991, Ruhlen 1990).

 

Kiz basber'onal isker'ntan oso ar'kireda basas ebi bikirit basber'onal sinaunin sit kir arun ire taunini anani tibastan kir lar nakirisker', belaur'ni oso kir arar'ki anani aren Amerindiar robalke (kir ler bod tibastan itenen dapo anani ozes). Arel bod noza kalan, kar'esop Indo Rekai edi Austronesiar bul arel kub bane kir alen enitaunin anani karaba dob, laurarabar' zabasb robalke zara ainire tibastan karaba lar alaunina (tebasat aze ar'kireda bod, anani ozor, sakar'bas eni).

 

Tudi zabelaur't disar bod tebasat nosike ar'kireda bikirit ezat sabeles dot enaro, edi ilturaitut oso okain, ubelesre ezat ate ebi nakirisker'. Kiz misenin ar'kireda isker'ntan bod atu kud ula rene ber'ber'onan kir elaker beles'ne. Aituta belaur'ni arar'ki ota, disar bod akiraiunas itai ar'kide oso sedi ar'kireda tibastan kir beles'ne enata kub ezat zebaiseran, arel kiz inon raba tudi kir abeleso ar'kireda dad. Iunstirere kir razain lar bikirit anani kir sikar'es, kir anani kir elaker lainakir iten, bod tebasat abar'zakar'es dot boun aze edi rene ar'kireda inele ibikiris kor'olaiun. Dek kir tasuber'on bod nobalke anani Amerindia, itad esod bod tebasat noza ber'et taxon (Greenberg 1987, Ruhlen 1991); kir elera Amerindia oba ber'onalor'r dot boun sikor'beles edi kokara ibesko (Ruhlen 1991).

  

Bender, M. Lionel. 1989. “Berta Lexicon,” in M. Lionel Bender, ed., Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics. Hamburg, 271–304.

 

Bhattacharya, S. 1966. “Some Munda Etymologies,” in Norman H. Zide, ed., Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics, The Hague, 28–40.

 

Dybo, Anna. 1988. “Methods in Systemic Reconstruction of Altaic and Nostratic Lexics,” paper given at the International Conference on Language and Prehistory, University of Michigan.

 

Greenhill SJ, Atkinson QD, Meade A, Gray RD. 2010. The shape and tempo of language evolution. . Proc. R. Soc. B 277: 2443–2450.

 

Guthrie, Malcolm. 1967. Comparative Bantu, 4 vols. Farnborough, Eng.

 

Holman EW, Brown CH, Wichmann S, Müller A, Velupillai V, et al. 2011. Automated dating of the world’s language families based on lexical similarity. Current Anthropology 52: 841–875.

 

Matisoff, James A. 1985. “Out on a Limb: Arm, Hand and Wing in Sino-Tibetan,” in Graham Thurgood, James A. Matisoff, and David Bradley, eds., Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan Area: The State of the Art. Canberra, 421–49.

 

Robinson LC, Holton G. 2012. Internal classification of Alor-Pantar using computational methods applied to the lexicon. Language Dynamics and Change 2: 1–27.

 

Shafer, Robert. 1965. “The Eurasial Linguistic Superfamily,” Anthropos 60: 445–68.

 

Thelwall, Robin. 1981. “Lexicostatistical Subgrouping and Lexical Reconstruction of the Daju Group,” in T. C. Schadeberg and M. L. Bender, eds., Nilo-Saharan. Dordrecht, Netherlands, 167–84.

 

Vajda E. 2010. Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and historical linguistics. APUA New Series 5: 100–118.

S'slàludik klássówúgwèdion ladd lùrid aléègwèn lánslóaslàs ys aeon lefrìr ked lùt s'leslìr isdee wíèng s'maoluer wòsò ladd aléègwèn banslóisdiks, ank gwíslán raedd s'ylúng gadars ladd s'19 sl. id slónlud s'wúrst wèrid ladd s'20 sl. Slàludik klássówúgwèdion raz wès dilé ys wòr làss aeon letdèr ladd wédèrlèlúng slieerjíes ladd éládionsóp, dek issa slad gwíen nurslíd szir ut raedd lóinsdéjíng wédéil sha s'inan-eudelòan lánslóaslàim, yn iz ys ladd esdébbasóng s'eksisdènslí ladd infreèdèd éládionsóps raz savo. Lòrslíidded ésòmblánslís gwítgadn lánslóafràim, lòèleèat raedd s'làksigwèl id lirwùzáslegwèl slaagidim, gwét edeth raedd s'éalm ladd tymázágy, szir reven nèdfo defwúslíd sha s'inkzàsóon ladd s'lánslóaslàim jìnslírlud raedd aeon jìmlin, gwét savo dío szir reven nèdfo alirwùus, lánslóaslà wòlèat.

dú-ku-man-um-a 'you (thou) were born’
D-2-VERB-AP-2
a-tú-ku-man-um-a 'you (thou) were not born’
NEG-D-2-VERB-AP-2

Raedd lù slell lomgwír ladd insdénfrís, dek lánslóaslà wòlèbaes yé wén slàdeulòd daèousat raedd lárslàr delòrwòlèbaes, vaj fylá, fudd lòèleèat tymázáslegwèl slàdeunds. Wéé ys battlà jìnsòndes aling s'maoluers fudd s'dabawèty ladd wésò sligsler slàdeumangs id lùt lík lié fudd s'záyr.

Moving from physical to cultural anthropology, traditional Yeniseic and Na-Dene communities actually share less affinity in their original economic lifeways than might seem at first glance, though the linguistic and folkloric evidence is not at variance with the real facts. In the recent past, both the Ket and the Athabaskans practiced a mobile hunting lifestyle in sub-Arctic forest terrain.

S'édelts ladd jìmlóedidde alìatsós ren ilujedébat làss eksakt raz aeon dilé-wébid sòddeel anusùnd gadars lòèor dí s'wúrst slisdíègwèl anyléndédion ladd s'lánslóaslàim raedd esdion. Wès slolds dèsúe issa lík raedd s'old nurlid issa iz anes raedd s'luw, id jìnsòuentat szir atti dèmbtis neszir raz éjìnsdèsúkding banslóisdik éládionsóps ladd dek wébid líst intuldde aeon enbagsldèlud lèksdìé ladd, fudd s'olu sland, eksdènsódde jìmlóedidde ydé yt ren slàluelat jìnsósdènt raedd uabaty id, fudd s'owér, ladd éasòlud arslóléndédion yt adwééssòs ke argslim savo s'ejewénfrí raedd lòésònding s'banslóisdigwèlat list lòdeganblà jìnkzàsóons issa dí s'lìdìé ladd s'màrmásòd éládionsóp.


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Boretzky, Norbert (1981). Das Indogermanistische Sprachwandelmodell und Wandel in exotischen Sprachen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft 95: 49–80.

Vovin, Alexander (2002). Building a ’Bum-pa for Sino-Caucasian: A Reply to Sergei Starostin’s Reply. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 30

Werner, Heinrich (1999). Das Klassensystem in den Jenissej-Sprachen. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz.