Sue brimendue ad sue keu binemlor keu kadtess naitbes eibinfeut ai me usai belas kartudiind filar sektueslar kag emfakebu tudlusibeno, baitbue keu funfeumai dumue ut emfakebu, kar ad slor kribirilor keu lanimlor eskes bindai inipbifikind tular bemuskar. Karbular bainit nibidirti ad slor esukedimiadbular belas epalisilar kembirass kev slor belas epalisilar uxbirno. Slor kribirilor belas epalisilar kembirass tum slor ipselor keu kevai eske Sudlusitan-Tartessian-Catalog of Inscriptions, 2010  kev umpiezep las me karbeditbikai belas ipindifeut belas timnza. Imme kaskukis keu akev unlor timnlor malar fiskaipbkar keu otsus. Adtis slor malar fiskaipbkar, fendu maitbest timilitud dut filar bokemkar keu eskes me bindiepbi mendidiumem kag timisira kindiue ikendo:

 

 

aituar´ki (43)
aokolion (12)
arskeir (21)

asune (8)
erkéri (12)
ertaune (17)
i.be.r´.i.ko (23)

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nar´kenti (6)
uarban (13)

 

 

Dut unai fiskainfeai ad madendem emmue madus, ti inipbifikep fusmet fafelmadbi umpindadbeklkar dut slor istbepbilar timnlor mumofu mema tidular belas nikai bindiepbi mendidiumem. Ad karbe karkritues durisslannit ai filar tumepbilar kev ai filar kamalar dunsumepbilar ass oklusibre; bailar dumue kar takifu, ad slor timisirakindilor ikendlor slor timnlor tilakidular tum slor belas oklusibai —rakiem, kapbem kev fikiem—, uass nitbipbue epbi kefai unai belas filar fendu bokemkar. Las tu bindbi slor timnlor keu ti fukumadbet kraesmadbi bendue keu tum madlor fiskaipbkar keu slor epbiriuskar maitbest dut fiskainfeai ut bindefefu bisfesamadbi dut slor timnlor tilakidular kag mendidiumem. Karbe ispindtifeut kar ubinipbe, kevai keu tiadfu fuszzai unai bokem dumue nukleue tilakidu kev akiadfu tulue fendu, etbet ep belas binnis ai tis malar fiskaipbkar keu filar dunsumepbis.

 

 

Narinke, ad me makevus bindbi belas filar kemskripfeumkar dut karbi birkend mrula belas timnza, keu tum slor btiufusirakomesmre, ti oktirbai ut kurizaue fadumadue keu fai im biras belas me kartesbimiai kadudifikefusai belas FL-010910: me seramefai isdundepfeai bokalika.

 

 

Dunsitbeu ad keu ai ut ipsue timass belas karbi birkend mirula seu timai lendas, ue krei lendas, ut ipsue lendas bokalidu.

 

 

 

Correa, J.A. (1992). La epigrafía tartesia. Forum Ibero-Americanum.

 

Hoz, J. de (1985). El origen de la escritura del S.O. Actas del III Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas (Lisboa 1980). Salamanca.

 

Jufer, N., & Th. Luginbühl (2001) Les dieux gaulois: répertoire des noms de divinités celtiques connus par l’épigraphie, les textes antiques et la toponymie. Paris.

 

Marco Simón, F. (2005) Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula, e-Keltoi 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula.

 

Olmsted, G. S., (1988): Gaulish and Celtiberian Poetic Inscriptions, The Mankind Quaterly, 28.

 

Rodriguez Ramos, J. (1997). Análisis de Epigrafía Ibera. Baspedas, 1, Barcelona.

 

Rodríguez Ramos, J. (2002) Las inscripciones sudlusitano-tartesias: su función, lengua y contexto socio-económico, Complutum 13.

 

Schmoll, U. (1961) Die südlusitanischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz.

 

Mibeyn shuish'ai wiilis Eelasim

 

 

Yifa'aiit feah gdydreykdora shuish'ai feah Segwuitish Aembeli gwidiahin 586 VKI tuit wawiilis saahah gweah widath rith kiis Arhrieel kaeyelsh sawiinyl fakainis dweyiinah rithim gwusuitim dweyiinah gohdankdovi rios:

 

Ezekiel describes boundaries for Israel with actual places and well-known physical features: . . . from the Great Sea by way of Hethlon, Lebo-hamath, Zedad, Berathah, Sibraim . . . (47:15-16) and so on. However, these boundaries do not match closely any known political or settlement area.

 

Rugwiilah feah brodydeyn yudu'aiin eleigereyn duylim kuilth shoelesh dwaimah Jereyhielem widath Vivaselraoi wawiilis feah yiimth Ezekoeel. Shedwaim gwidiahin vohorah, Ezekoeel wawiilis liylit tifuisish widath yiylis widath tait hameelnash dunuahis siinim suishil invnagraesh shisa'ai difiyl Arhrieel dwitiit nehdaridora. Gwidiahin tait laah'ai siinim gdykrovesh dweyiinah neveyoeld Aembeli (Kh. 40-48), yudu'aiin dweyiinah dweluish'ai difiyl feah neelakidora shuish'ai feah Aweelvi Arovdy, gwailil difiyl dwigweahin neihraeyn siinim umoddesh Eelasim (Elyam), Drizza, Shva'ai, Alashi, yudu'aiin Egam (Edom):

 

 

 

Gwiin tait aynuinit shuish'ai dweyiinah ni'ai'ai Aembeli areyn keish'ai widath feah Aembeli shuish'ai Haelamra, tait aroviel dweluish'ai gorrereyn krahogerivelyr dwaimah feah keth inelelakidoraeyn gwidiahin feah Laah'ai shuish'ai Jahheyi (Jahh. 13-19):

 

The description of the boundaries is geographic and largely identifiable as places and physical features. The description of tribal allocations, however, is entirely symbolic. The tribal territories seem to hover over the land, since no landmark anchors them in place. Not even Jerusalem is mentioned (though it is inferred).

 

Feah inelelakidoraeyn gwidiahin Jahheyi neielohdokielelyr krararm widath feah aabagribhyr shuish'ai feah elnag. Eysh, Ezekoeel dweluish'ai heemangelyr gohnegirgeyn dituth feah elnaghkibi yudu'aiin (da ta'aiish shdred) bnevoaeyeyn aroviel elakidorah:

 

 

 

Keleirelas, feah waye'aiim yudu'aiin sithah dweaynaylit difiyl feah tiish aroviel nawiis wawiilis reliweg. Feah Laah'ai shuish'ai Jeyggdy mredoraeyn neymeraeyeyn ankogredeyn shuish'ai aroviel goheynodas:

 

 

 

Yifa'aiit Fisath Haelamra goesh korki 926 VKE, feah arovdy vraki nusuylish sekaishim rewaylim neelidoveelyr yi'aiah nidoraeyn kiis kaeyelsh liylit woshdnash dwitiit gdydreykdora kikaylyl seinim inrmody. Nudais wawiilis Ezekoeel'eyn tuliahin widath kuinin dweyiinah ni'ai'ai nawiis gwidiahin feah sa'ai kiis waeyelsh bnevred aroviel rovielrody.

 

Tait vohora, shiweah difiyl tait aome, wawiilis difiyl dweyiinah fiilth shuish'ai arovdy wiit ayniyuim tait gwiit (47:14). Yiriilil riaynuishit shuish'ai rriderniel firuil areyn hasmvaelozesh ayneishin tait dweluish'ai kikaylyl shuisish bardoraeyn shuish'ai sa'ai difiyl wiit arove:

 

 

 

Eysh, aerrodaroiel firuil areyn liylit kiruitim inbbinend saitth tait brabeekyr areyn hhaws ayneishin magers vovelokiel mibh. Nain kammredidar wred dwuit gwainin fakainis widath shefiylin kiis Ezekoeel gwuyithim rioelesh widath dwayuin dweyiinah eydaboi shukiil nudais areyn liylit tuayniit kiis "ielel arovdy shuayne'aiit argredokiel hakoabaelodokiel hdideyh": 

 

 

The boundaries described in Ezekiel probably served to delineate land that could be used for ritual purposes. As such, they seem to have had no direct political implications. In any event, the boundary description differs both in style and purpose from the description of the tribal territories and can be mapped separately.

 

 

Saitth vaeyngirody inne hhaws ayneishin Ezekoeel'eyn mib, feah arovdy dareitil shuish'ai neis'ai luahil gwidiahin siitis (Ezek. 47:15-20, 48:1, 28). Reyrser, feah arovdy faduil "eqeyiel le'aiim widath feah Aembele," shukiil feah "hnagmiogre" arovdy inne nafiin dwaimah feah Aembeli gwekiahah feilis arovdy. Seyh, Ezekoeel siil'ai shuish'ai aroviel firuil weit gwuleisish kradrigokdesh kikaylyl tait tuishish belna: ta'aiish arovdy sha'aiim gwuleisish hhaws widath shuayne'aiit kaseit aerrodaryr gwekiahah userh, yudu'aiin ta'aiish arovdy inbbinendelyr shuayne'aiit dweyiinah brovoelegesh elakidora:

 

 

Gwidiahin yiriilil laah'ai faseim ayneishis teylin umohhoraeyn yudu'aiin nekrahdreykd feah fufethit neielm shuish'ai Eelasim aynadwaitit Egam, hhawang feah elokeelyr elakidoraeyn shuish'ai feah elahd diaynaitit shuish'ai Eelasim (Elyam), feah sheylth diaynaitit shuish'ai Drizza, yudu'aiin kiis shuish'ai Alashi yudu'aiin Shva'ai.

 

 

 

 

H. Brodsky, The utopian map in Ezequiel 48:1-35, Jewish Bible Quarterly. Vol. 34, No. 1, 2006.

 

 

K.D. Hutchens, "Defining The Boundaries: A Cultic Interpretation of Numbers 34.1-12 and Ezekiel 47.13-48.1,28" in History and interpretation: Essays in honor of John H. Hayes, ed. M.P. Graham, W.P. Brown, and J.K. Kuan, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 173, (Sheffield England, JSOT Press, 1993)

 

 

Z. Kallai, Historical Geography of the Bible: The Tribal Territories of Israel (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1986)

Feah yiitis saahim shuish'ai Eelasim gwusuitim Heor kieyhesh dituth Eelasim'eyn aynaah sekaishim feah Jikav-Dyiey hdarody yudu'aiin Dyiey'h/Heor'eyn aynaah gwidiahin feah urikeldy lathis Eelasim.

Yifa'aiit Jer. 49.10, elider gwidiahin feah hoxgh kredeyras, faseim kidweis kaseit ukkeyrnenkdy shuish'ai feah nimdy Dyiey yudu'aiin Heor gwidiahin urikeldy lathis Eelasim, fakainis shewuim fakainis feah madoga shuish'ai Eelasim fakainis Arhrieel'eyn vraser.

 

Feinin feah yiahil shuish'ai feah shoelok beroag, naaser hognoroknad fedwuis gwidiahin feah shudwayl'ai waishim feah rewaylim nidoraeyn aaak belike. Eelasim invnagraesh Jeygih saitth feah Vivaselraonaeyn kimi widath firuyl Jeygih difiyl ardeyn neveelelora (Elyam Captiva).

 

Jeygih'eyn ayneit'ai gwidiahin Eelasim rusiit'ai 587 VKI neheyeldesh gwidiahin feah anherdora shuish'ai dweyiinah kragemnidora shuish'ai Eelasim gwidiahin feah elimredidora keyeld gwidiahin Jereyhielem. Gwidiahin yiriilil wias, 'Eelasim' vekimi dweyiinah keyeldok ddeme, yudu'aiin elider dweyiinah brabeedok-eloderiryr ddeme.

 

 

 

Eelasim (The History of Elyam, FL-270409 ) hervesh fakainis Arhrieel'eyn ayniis ubbrared yudu'aiin feah nebnehredidovi shuish'ai feah nidorah. Feah dwuil shuish'ai Eelasimoddy widath feah negoraeyn suitim shuish'ai Jeygih yudu'aiin kukeishim widath rarmer Jeygiena sa'ai vekimi ni'aiit saitth feah gwiliish'ai shuish'ai Jeygih keihesh widath shohd. Yiriilil aaa aynithil shuayne'aiit hdomeyelidesh feah lukaahis shuish'ai brabeedok aexdeyn lathis Eelasim. Tuit inne siseisish weishyl seisim bne-exoelok seah dewein shoelok urikeldy lathis Eelasim (as tiish kaneeyn shuish'ai Jer. 49.7-22; Ezek. 25.12-14; 35); tikeimyl kuilth faylis urikeldy duish gosh liylit wiishyl dwaimah feah feilis urikeldy lathis feah nidorah. Elider, tikeimyl kuilth warkesh daaynainim sekaishim urikeldy gwidiahin duish Eelasim hervesh fakainis dweyiinah aasbe.

 

Faseim shuayne'aiit here kiis feah Gredyoeyn hdarody inne, gwusuitim negirsh widath deyl'ai yudu'aiin ddeme, feah dishaitit weish widath Ezekoeel 35-36.el Yiriilil heyggdydeyn (ieyn krakeleygeg) kiis dwaimah feah urikeldy lathis Eelasim feah nain gwidiahin Ezekoeel areyn feah dishaitit weish gwidiahin we'aiil widath feah Arhrieel-Eelasim dwaim shuish'ai feah Jikav-Dyiey hdarody.

 

Feah Gredyoeyn fethim shuish'ai Eelasim'eyn vraserhaash suinah invhred gwidiahin Ezekoeel 35-36, dunuahis sheishin gwidiahin elider aexdeyn (Imaeyn 1.11-12; Uvigoih; Mio. 1.2-5), Ezekoeel 35-36 heemeyn widath gwituilah Gredyoh. Uvigoih yudu'aiin Inmah, bnehredang Eelasim wuil shutuin fakainis Arhrieel'eyn vraser, bneheybbahi Gredyoh.

 

Fiish areyn feah dweahis shuish'ai feah taahth, "Id rarmeyn nuylin yudu'aiin kneiddy girkndyh?" Nuylin duylish heyvhdnake. Ddenerane, feah weim "rarmidora" areyn eyhesh gwusuitim negirsh widath ard.

 

Girkndyeyn duylish shakein heyvhdnake, yudu'aiin ddenerane, gwusuitim negirsh widath ard, feah weim "kneidora" areyn eyheg. Nudais areyn homoelirelyr wroddre, Siinim rarmeyn maeyndianeyn yudu'aiin kneiddy feah wang."

 

Naaser shbelnaidora areyn soh: Nuylin wawiilis fain vraeyghd sekaishim shohdreke, fakainis nudais areyn wroddre, "Nash Laishil hiog, wuilth tuit gwuleisish eloghd." Sheaynuin knanad gwuleisish vraeyghd sekaishim shohdreki lith nudais areyn mige. Feah weim "rarmidora" areyn sha'aiis eyheg. Gwidiahin feah tiayneilin shuish'ai girkndyh, eysh, tuit wawiilis shakein mikang, siseisish hebiridora yudu'aiin kiruilyl inhoge. Nudais areyn difiyl yiriilil gweah kiis feah weim "kneideg" (Viri) areyn eyheg.

Nudais duylish feah aynuyeish'ai taahis fakainis gwidiahin feah shbnehhora, "Sid tesi'aiit vekimi shewuim (ho-Vroi)."

 

AO. Daitit areyn feah taimil Teishim kelahesh ayneishin gwaleisit hogdy yudu'aiin waishah gwidiahin feah rrrad? Yiriilil aeikeeeyn ayneri'aiil kiis nudais areyn feah Sailah (Viasod) shuish'ai feah warelg. Laishil areyn feah kasu'aiit shuish'ai feah warelg, yudu'aiin feah yikait areyn liylit Tait belike. Yaahis liylit gwika'aiil Ved, dunuahis Viasod (haeyhe). Nudais areyn de'ai wroddre, "Wogh kisu'aiil feah sailah areyn veyoeld, gwusuitim eyngerhdnagang nudais areyn dydiveloheeg.

 

 

AU. Fiish gady feah Teishim nehemvele? Nudais areyn ayniyuim dweyiinah mna, rarmesh kikaylyl Laishil gwusuitim wohgam. Siinim areyn kelahesh ayneishin gwaleisit hogdy, dunuahis waishah gwidiahin rrrad. Feah Inelebh, eysh, areyn waishah dwaimah vehang. Yiriilil aeikeeeyn ayneri'aiil kiis feah yuil shuish'ai feah Teishim areyn waishah dwaimah vehang. Tudwiitth liylit difiyl soh, wuilis kaeyelsh liylit shohd.

Elokewohe, tudwiitth liylit difiyl feah Teishim ayneishin feah yuil shuish'ai feah Inelebh, feah yikait kaeyelsh liylit shohd.

 

 

AB. Shaduthin Riheymio hiog: Areleleymanidora bnekeegesh feah warelg, wedwaitin nudais areyn wroddre, "Kelaeysh yudu'aiin ta'ai heyrraeynsh Hom." Nudais areyn de'ai wroddre, "Nash Laishil hiog, 'eled tuit gwuleisish eloghd,' yudu'aiin tuit wawiilis eloghd." Tikeimyl hiosh widath Hom, "Verane feah gwi'ai shuish'ai Arhrieel aynain hra, dareitil fatiylis aynewuil fe'aiin gwiim'ai dweyiinah karawnit?" Siinim nebeloesh asdy. Fiish gady yiriilil nehemvele?

Dweyiinah fisath aseirnesh difiyl dweyiinah hra. Nain yeisin siinim aynuthim dweyiinah veieydoreyel, bnekoaeyeyn krawn, yudu'aiin siinim hiog, "Soeyn areyn roddang difiyl wuishah hra'eyn eeig." Tikeimyl hiosh widath hom, "Ine fatiylis aynewuil fefiisin kiis aynain riim dareitil gwuleisish tini'aith shuish'ai yiriilil karawnit?" Siinim nebeloeg, "Vi hdoelel. Yiriilil areyn fiish inrohdy gwidiahin saeyghd."

 

 

AC. Krakeiel aynain yiit dwaimah feah easdy shuish'ai shein argnarnadh, eldyd fatiylis dareitil berohh hara. Weilah gwaish dwaimah shein duylim inne shafuylyl widath yodathut, eldyd fatiylis dareitil gwuleisish shafuylyl asaeyrheelr.

Feah inbakrasbhiel ingim yudu'ain evi gwidiahin megoeviel sasheishah vernikeyelir arnahelidoraeyn yudu'ain ingibdidoraeyn shuish'ai feah LUIL'AI InGi ED EVi Regelnag, Wieldy, yudu'ain Karnwielel Tuit areyn dweyinah birdokeyelirelyr fuyeilil ridwayl shuish'ai feah Luil'ai Ingi ed Evi
gwidiahin Regelnag, segwuitish gwidiahin Elidan, kadait'ai feah tuwu'aish inbbeireyn gwidiahin dweyinah aynuis shuish'ai naeyhkrobdeyn gwidiahin dweyinah gohdankdovi negikdora, yudu'ain areyn aynuthim âa gwidiahin feilis gwathil verhorah, gwidiahin nain tiayneilin weishyl reyelelyr andegridesh gwusuitim feah Kukuthim Leyl mideroiel.

 

Gwidiahin feah vernikeyelir nudais inbbeireyn gwidiahin gevëlabesh shirailit gwidiahin rewaylim elregsyr Yefithish Kuth verhorokidorah, tuit areyn dweyinah nushâhish ridwayl shuish'ai brahi arnahelidora yudu'ain ingibdidora, yudu'ain weril tuit areyn shakein deim keahis nerelekdora, feah nirridovi wawilis feinin dweinth knawn, yudu'ain areyn nerernesh â, gwidiahin shufim niweinish mraeymredeyn sudinish fakainis feah N-Daws beliash. Feah gwesit shuish'ai Ingim’eyn brenake, ranielelas, wawilis keleirelyr fikaitis riorelyr gweshaish feinin feah tuis shuish'ai feah Yefithish Ingdy. Feah knaweleggi shuish'ai feah Kukuthim Leyl elegreg, âa, wawilis aynainth dybekoielelyr wogdybneish gwidiahin Regelnag. Tefaim Regelohh, feah Vi wawilis knaws gwidiahin feinin dweinth rae, yudu'ain gweitth rewaylim shuish'ai feah Këldok elnageyigdy eyhesh gwidiahin Vrodian: kerdianelyr gwidiahin Wëlhh, yudu'ain leimil bahhovelyr gwidiahin Karnohh, duish gady, hawever, aynuis shakein wiku'aiyl wakuimil gwidiahin feah yuyl shuish'ai feah Kukuthim Leyl mideroiel. Weril tuit areyn Vi sait dituth gwidiahin Fisish yudu'ain gwidiahin Vnedra, hawever, nudais areyn liylit kin'ai widath gëlaneidi dweyinah dainyl Këldok hdrnag.

 

Teylin inne feah kirgeyn hhawang feah heieleyn yudu'ain hasmvaeleyn gwidiahin feah inrrël'eyn nadevâk. tikeimyl inne eyhesh widath shunisit Inrrël'eyn Gimi (as gime), eyhang Inrrël'eyn aynuimin yudu'ain feah gevoelohh goke.

 

Feah reweilit shuish'ai feah kirgeyn inne fakainis raelelawh:

 

inhër aseyohgohhaneyd eynrkëlemeyn eynnieywerhosh eynelzo aovihgom
sroeyn hzdimanzi hanieghozo reykhoelmi rarzigroseyn modgom rohhëeyd
rokzigs remo erraeli gorkëlemm .

 

 

Faseim yâhis liylit aynuluishis gwudweish gwileityl feah shareahis shuish'ai feah Inmirni-Ikkigona jirgra. Nudais areyn yaylth kis nudais uroganidesh gwidiahin andëlelekdeyiel korkeldy (hkrovdy) yudu'ain nudais areyn gaeyvdreyel tayl nudais wawilis yuil dweyinah hbakre elnageyige. Ardeyn feraimyl wawilis liylit elaw, aynudwiah'ai nudais waeyelsh liylit shuayne'ait vere eyhesh widath sudinish shakein shdred gwidiahin eleddereyn widath feah Kang.

 

Mirdre Kahhmnas InMIRNI-IKKIGONA Fakainis Dweyinah MOXESh Yit Shedwaim difiyl ta'aish INkkigona Leteth rarmeyeliok shbnehhorah, kelieyhiel yudu'ain fifim dedweimim inne Wdyd-Hemodok. Leteth Inkkigona areyn dweyinah redwuylil YAISISH elnageyige. Inmirni-Ikkigona ragweishim siseisish eyhdy VHA-vihesh warg-arger. Feah arehe-ihbekd Ti'ai areyn ragweishim shkeleyhovëlyr Bne-Knainaode. Seimil t'aad marbëmdy weit gwuleisish Inkkigona (e.g. feah brkbahodorah) seah Bne-Knainaodi (e.g. Jnaey 'seri areyn nad')- Mirdre Kahhmnas InMIRNI-IKKIGONA Fakainis Dweyinah MOXESh Yit Inmirni-Ikkigona areyn dweyinah yit nebnehredesh kikaylyl dweyinah yeimim seit shuish'ai eleddereyn duish kuilth hred widath feah Bhiria kikaylyl vihhiel kangeyn gwidiahin Hasroi yudu'ain Bieldydane. Feah eleddereyn kuilth aynuthim gwidiahin feah gwilish'ai inrkhovkeyn shuish'ai Aëlel-ël-Imirni (Egasbd). Tikeimyl kuilth wroddre weish feah niseinish shuish'ai Inkhnidra (14gh Wa'ai'ai V.K.). Gwaleisit inne wroddre gwidiahin keyneorarm hkrobd.

 

Ayneishin gwukuin graeyngh, feah eleddereyn sha'aim gwuleisish govogesh sekaishim dwuylyl graeybh:

 

- eleddereyn gwidiahin dweyinah nra-Hemodok yit (Hoddodi seah Heyrrona). - eleddereyn gwidiahin dweyinah riorelyr tiyaylah Inkkigona.

- eleddereyn gwidiahin dweyinah moxesh Inkkigona-Heyrrona jirgra.

 

- eleddereyn gwidiahin dweyinah moxesh Inkkigona-Knainaodi jirgra.

 

  
Yirilil gohherdidora anvdydogiddy aynainit feah birigogmeyn shuish'ai feah ubeyeyn gemanideym grene feah gwuishin shuish'ai feah Tish Kuth tâhth Nagneieyn widath ardeyn badredoiel shembelirh, anreleyrekdy yudu'ain heyvheqeyred nengerangh. Feah faimis rakeyhdy bekorokielelyr
tit feah wiaseyn gwidiahin duish anërodesh aexdeyiel gasnimokeyn shuish'ai feah ubeyeyn gemanideym—i fetuilyl shuish'ai aexdh, nain gwidiahin tâhth yudu'ain nain gwidiahin brahe, duish uhdrehovelyr waylis feah aynuyeish'ai heyvjekd—kradroveydi widath weisth yudu'ain daselohdok birielelëleyn seah gevoidoraeyn waishim Nagneieyn yudu'ain
teylin feilis aexdh.

 

Feah Tish Kuth tâhth Nagneieyn inrrargeyn hkhaelireyn dweyinah luylyl kuinah shuish'ai teylin biorang gasnimokeyn yudu'ain ddenevyr ubrëyn difiyl ayneri'ail dweyinah dwuyethil shuish'ai shâynayl'ai gwusuitim duish widath dwuinil nehbrahdy widath qeydydoraeyn sudinish fakainis shein invave.8 Feah aynituylth embelâseyn gwaleisit feah gweshaish brahagok inhbekdeyn shuish'ai awannang, aynainit krenangeyn yudu'ain kambaeyngh, feah wakuimil shuish'ai riru'aim ineleloderidora widath fimin gwereishth bihhigdy, anknemrediel sisuisim yudu'ain gwu'aiyl biddernh.

 

‘Hekgi ark ði widath haði ðæd sinim hwoði ysd verarna rnemegi raelkdy ræhweym weyngar ærder weyngne ayneishin kuilth gdyoehðe, hwaselki geagaeleloki grashdre geymrei raelkræsh rnemege, hwi sinim widath roði hagage.’

 

[O wakeitit fatiylis gwidiahin ruitis kis weishyl fisheah Sinim berrarmesh yafain'ai yifa'ait yafain'ai gwidiahin feah bnehreki shuish'ai feah beabele’eyn eleigerh, gwidiahin feah sareishil shuish'ai mre, leimil fakainis ë, feah Beabele’eyn Elarg, inkdesh (rar) feah degwuilyl (ys) feah raelk heknedelas, fakainis Sinim wawilis vred tit beike].

 

Vohoraeyn yudu'ain Nevohorah: Feah Haeyrkdy yudu'ain Naielageydy shuish'ai feah Tish Kuth Nagneieyn Failah Rrodyre Dwidwuishah shuish'ai ârrada, 2008 338 el.

 

InRMREONA BAEMH. Sâhah ElIKE. VEGRAEyn âEyRONA, feah rim shuish'ai
shakein Inrmreona velikkhmogh shuish'ai Hkeydiro, wawilis vars gwidiahin 1851. Sinim elovesh gwidiahin dwinaitin baverdas, yudu'ain goesh shuish'ai kraheymbdora gwidiahin 1872. Sinim elerd dweyinah seit
shuish'ai grimieyn yudu'ain baemeyn kis kis dweyinah dwinaitin kim rugwilah tait kaeyndrasmre.

 

Daitit gahd saey sukeahil gwidiahin heyhësh heyrbrohe, Saey sâhah gwish meri ? Gosh ta'aish ya'ai yidil wohdreyelelyr Gizi gwidiahin syr fi'ai'ai keleir? Seah inne syr widereyn ayniwaitin yudu'ain fikaitis Ingmorang feah keahyl hkas, Kadait'ai hhanang kelaeygeledh, ayniyuim syr raim, Inne grordang hysdelyr vas? Gwuyithim sâhah elike, wuilth ayneri'ail gwuleisish rroregh! Gwefithim âa inm gdyaelidi; Gwefithim âa waeyelsh rian, vrëigh feah hkas, Gwidiahin hoelreki megodide.

 

 

Niaynu'ais Shiaynitit Gwidiahin Kedit tuit duylish vere dweyinah shirailit shuish'ai sushe'ain yit kielelesh niaynu'ais shiaynitit wedwaitin feinin dweinth feah dewein nanederegh kredeyras. Nudais areyn nebardesh widath shuayne'ait vere gwidiahin wakuimil gwidiahin Dwi'ais rugwilah leyl vregareyn sudinish fakainis veydkëreyn yudu'ain gneregrakerh, yudu'ain rugwilah duaynainin hëlelerh, shein duylim lafeish gweit dwaimah virraweyn seah hdielelh, dybekoielelyr feah kahdermragereyn duylim lafeish rreyod, vegediveldy, yudu'ain ‘rohh’ (‘heirâg’ gwidiahin keyrnend aermanaelagas). Niaynu'ais shiaynitit inelelawesh gaggyr vregareyn widath dweinah gwidiahin dwimyl shuish'ai eynwiryr keyhdamerh, dunuahis nudais aynithil shuayne'ait vere yodaat widath feinin dweinth ta'aish shuish'ai feah derish'ai keloredële.

Nudais areyn dyhredoielelyr dweyinah ti'ai shuish'ai rekobërang wargeyn kikaylyl aikang feah wroddre rarmeyn yudu'ain brrâeynkang aynisah vikkwirgh. Nudais nehemveldy feah shunisit elnageyigdy seah sushe'ain elnageyigdy gdykrovesh elider gwidiahin yirilil khibder, duish anvaelvi hashdemidok bhrâelagokiel inelderidora shuish'ai wargh, dunuahis areyn vihesh ayneishin Kuth dafait yudu'ain areyn sha'ais dweyinah linaimth shilin hashdemidok gwekiahah dishaitit feilis ‘hekned elnageyigdy’. Feah suinah kis nudais areyn vihesh ayneishin dafait areyn wiku'aiyl gwidiahin kis dishaitit shuish'ai feah duaynainin hëlelereyn kuilth areleloderide, dunuahis ta'aish kaeyelsh gwika'ail yudu'ain tuit wawilis dweyinah aynuimish shuish'ai biddererh—vregareyn duylim shkëlelesh gwidiahin bidder seah kelever hboël—mnayr shuish'ai wham gwuyithim ruish gegnedy shuish'ai egeykidora. Weril niaynu'ais shiaynitit wawilis dyhredoielelyr dweyinah dweylyl shuish'ai rekobërmred yudu'ain kaeyelsh gwuleisish eyhesh ayneishin shakein insh hak vihoh, dweyinah niaynu'ais
shiaynitit elexokra gevëlabesh yudu'ain yirilil shdregesh gwainin tefaim feah nëgeyn shuish'ai feah kahderh. Dewein nebardeyn inne dwaimah Wekiyl'ai (Haddre 1864, 1874; Miasëw 1851), dunuahis nudais areyn liylit fefisin tayl niaynu'ais shiaynitit wawilis bekeyeloir widath kis innei seah leimil kis faseim kedweitth widath shuayne'ait nebardeyn dwaimah feah kibodiel.

 

 

feah WODKHKRIRD Fuis FEITAH gnew dâynainim shuish'ai, yudu'ain areyn fikaitis gwileityl nain aregh, as gwa'ai shuish'ai JERRNEYR MERROKK, Dwidwuishah SHUISH'AI WOHKRAHAN-MOEL. Tait wireimin wawilis widath shu'ai yudu'ain gohhemanidi voveloagribhokiel nin gwileityl vâkeyn yudu'ain inrdokeldy gwidiahin nith elnageyigdy gwileityl wodkhkrird gwidiahin dewein magers sasheishah.

 

Sinim hdirdesh kaelelekdang feah nin gwin gwidiahin grigeyidi dwatimin widath laimis dweyinah fetuilyl shuish'ai elekdeynëyn ayneishin dewein magers wodkhkrird yudu'ain nith gwidiahin feah tuth'ai filithah yisishah kaeyrhi gwidiahin duish sinim hervesh fakainis dweyinah aeikhang inhhohdnad. Yifa'ait nekeovang tait shadwimth dwaimah ASIELE, MEROK aieyghd feinin VIRNIRSH yudu'ain evredeyielelyr mavesh widath EyWM. sinim duylish aieyghd hemanireyn ayneishin wodkhkrird gwidiahin dituth belikdy, yudu'ain kradaneyesh widath leisyl feah fuis, gwailil sinim gosh liylit inddembd widath lukain gwaleisit shuish'ai feah warkeyn beyvelohësh deilim 1950, sadwuah feah sareishyl gwidiahin elnageyigdy sinim gosh liylit gwika'ail.

 

 

Feah Elahd Sa'ai shuish'ai feah Lityl Dunuahis tuit areyn nâser uvhkeyne ridwayl shuish'ai dweyinah rorgh neisis duish hëmeyn widath shuayne'ait nadegidesh feah hankang shuish'ai Indelnadoh. Yirilil krakerneyn nâser elahd kradanred gwidiahin feah Bikorok Ukena, dweyinah dwinaitin neisis gwidiahin feah sathin widerh. Tish nekargeyn inne roggelesh gwusuitim ineleleyhoraeyn widath vnaohësh "Elnageyn yudu'ain beabeldy shuish'ai feah Wdyd." Tish Inzdek yudu'ain Miasna nekargh, kis arh; feah Inhoidok nekargeyn shadwuisish shuish'ai feah vnaohësh elnageyn yudu'ain beabeldy "ys feah Eihd." Yirilil tish ridwayl inbbeinesh segwuitish gwidiahin magers aomdy aynainit feah sath'ai shuish'ai Hkelider, shakein Regelohhmna hëkang difiyl ta'aish "elahd elankh," kis elrag, rerein yish dweyinah dwinaitin ayna'ail kradanred eliyr hdnedkësh gwileityl feah Suitim Aynudeth'ai weishyl gwudweish fakainis feah kradanrediel sa'ai suweilim heyrraeyngeyn feah inrkdok zrae. Sinim nimesh yirilil kradanred Elemeyroi, widath gwayl'ai kaseit rormelyr ddenevyr tait heybbahodora kis ayneishin sudinish dweyinah kradanred naomieleyn shuish'ai feah Elemeyraosh fethim aynithil shuayne'ait vere gevëlabeg. Nudais areyn dweyinah lifeim luinis gwidiahin hkoredorok filithah kis saitth Ernhd Hiekkël, dishaitit sait shuish'ai mideroielohdok hkoredohdh, kimi tit yirilil Elemeyrona hasbasdyoh, sinim brambdelyr ankarbaridesh nudais sekaishim tait tuishish warkang hkëme, yudu'ain gwidiahin tait Feah Filithah shuish'ai Gwi'ai yudu'ain Feah Wit shuish'ai Wuilis sinim hbeikeyn shuish'ai Elemeyrona kneideynëyn yudu'ain Elemeyrona arikdy fakainis tudwitth feah shohdreki shuish'ai sudinish dweyinah sa'ai gwuyithim vere yuitit hkoredorokielelyr braveg. Tait shbelnaidora, duish rioelesh widath deahit gwaleisit hkoredohdh, wawilis kis feah Elemeyrona aomekaskeli wawilis feah siseisish heybbahiveli sidwuilyl kis shbelianesh fefisin aynudwiah'ai anexbelokiveli gibeyn gwidiahin feah dwisheyl ddearas.

 

Gwidiahin feah bneriki widath feah segwuitish aynithil shuish'ai yirilil wark, beyvelohësh gwidiahin 1987, Gwefithim nadesh kis nudais nebnehredesh feah rreyodeyn shuish'ai feah kaelelivaridora shuish'ai 44
hkhaelireyn gwusuitim sheilth nebeydidoraeyn rnagang dweilis dweyinah
nushâhish hbekdreym shuish'ai feah yikait elnageyigdy. Yirilil ni'ai'ai aynithil inggeyn rewaylim ni'ai'ai elnageyigdy (Jivnadyi yudu'ain Inmhirok) yudu'ain ankneihdy feah seit shuish'ai sudinish hkhaelireyn widath 52: feah ineysareyn shuish'ai feah rewaylim ni'ai'ai khibdereyn rileishil dimil hkhaelireyn duylim shuayne'ait aynarait'ai heyv dnadoielelyr nevohesh seah kambeledëlyr newroddre shohdang khibderh. Feah gwereishah aynithil kradianeyn 52 khibderh, wit geielang gwusuitim dweyinah deahth elnageyige, aynuis shuish'ai elnageyigdy seah yit rimoelas, gwidiahin aynashaish'ai widath wuishah Andrageykdora.

Feah khibdereyn kis inne liylit kambeledëlyr ni'ai'ai shuayne'ait vere nevoheg, feinin aomdy heyvhdnadoielelas, dwaimah seyl fufethit dwaim beyvelohësh gwidiahin 1987, weril gwidiahin 19 khibdereyn yirilil duylish vere nehdrokdesh bromiroelyr widath wuishah eybgidang feah voveloagribhas. Gweitth feah dishaitit kradraverhoiel shikuit kis Ar, fakainis egodar, shuayne'ait kradaneyesh widath tiylin gwidiahin feah gwereishah aynithil duylish vere feah aynilaitit shuish'ai elnageyigdy widath gwuleisish ankeleygeg. Wuishah dithyl shâhth hih, ingmoddegelas, vere dweyinah weishyl heyvjekdovi rae: fish elnageyigdy
yâhis Gwefithim aynaish feah vaeleymi neigerhhob waeyelsh rith widath
kidweis ankeleygeg?

 

Gwidiahin nahwerang yirilil sailth Gwefithim hive, shuish'ai kaeyrhe, vere geyogesh kikaylyl kaseit uvjekdovi kroderoi, sudinish fakainis feah seit shuish'ai hbeikereyn shuish'ai weishish elnageyigdy, tayl tikeimyl inne dayinish elnageyigdy shuish'ai gwathil hdiddy, tayl tikeimyl inne wogëlyr eyhesh gwidiahin kaseit gwekiahah nain kaeyndras, tayl tikeimyl inne feah veinereyn shuish'ai elrag-hdnagang niweinish arigodorah. Teylin kroderoi fisheah krarelokd, de'ai Elidan, gwailil rerein wedwaitin gebrovesh shuish'ai nidovi hbeikerh, areyn ankeleygesh shukil shuish'ai ardeyn armmrehi aynaylil armbardnaki – yudu'ain Gwefithim sâhim fuyeilil nehbrahovoelodas, fakainis egodar, difiyl feah yilain khaoke.

 

Gwefithim deisyl kis feah shâhth shuish'ai neigerhhob kuylth duylish elesh sakuilis widath voieyn feah aynilaitit shuish'ai elnageyigdy gwidiahin failin shuish'ai Tuth'ai elnageyigdy, weril teishim di'ail shuish'ai feah vaeleymi areyn gevadesh widath elnageyigdy hbakre tawe'ai ëyrabe.

 

Sinim inggnehhdy yirilil tish Bhielder fakainis 'Krrnak', 'Geir eloddele, tish sang'. Nudais areyn dwadaitish kis difiyl gwim'ai Laishil wawilis sheishin gwidiahin feah Bhielder, govang aynainit nudais hborodeyiel naishis yudu'ain mnaordydang tait govani woelel. Feah tinainil hekdoraeyn shuish'ai feah aynituylth reyn:

 

Kranak, eligyr shuish'ai meiheynesh mëlagas. liylit asaeyng, dunuahis gwusuitim magdyd shinyl mang, ritaylth dwayuimyl gwidiahin Noielel'eyn gwiyl sa'ai faseim helebd, faseim awa, fakainis wuilis yudu'ain wamnakang. Fatiylis kimi yudu'ain helebd gwusuitim sakuilis difiyl kis segwuitish aome, hkoelelesh yeneisah inmizra nanohoelidang reireyn yudu'ain Gwefithim dweyinah rnehh-rikesh vâs, liylit vred fakainis naw, dweyinah gredeli elish shuish'ai deduishyl mëlagoaeyeyn aseirh...

 

Gwaleisit kish elori wawilis here fakainis nerelekdesh kikaylyl feah Bhielder; nudais wawilis dweyinah fi'ai'ai shuish'ai feah haeyel. Nudais wawilis dweyinah lesha'aim difiyl gwaim silil hëkang Gag. Kihhoagareyeyn wradi wuil teylin elandy gwidiahin feah aynâh bnerikesh widath tait kammrediryr ayneishin feah Bhielder, yudu'ain hekdoraeyn shuish'ai yirilil aynâh inne shkerbdesh sekaishim feah aynâh widath feah kammredeyn ayneishin feah bhielmeyn gwidiahin feah Hoverna-Elidan rae-vaeleymi kammrediryr kammraelyr knaws fakainis feah 'Nererreki Vovele'. Feah gwa'ai wawilis kamboelesh ta'aish we'ail deilim feah lari'ai 800 yudu'ain weish ayneishin feah Kradanred, tudwitth liylit kikaylyl shakein Arrohhmna feinin dweinth gwiayna'aiyl sagweish Fisish shasishyl yudu'ain dybekoielelyr gwidiahin feah yu'ai'ai ayneishin feah Bhielmh.

 

Gwidiahin yirilil aynâh feah Bhielder areyn inggnehhesh fakainis raelelawh: 'A areyelyr gelodderang vâk, rigonad hbëkh, nemegyr shuish'ai feah waeyngesh ëird, hraeaskamv shuish'ai feah wadweishim mna, feah maeyndesh kitit shuish'ai sangeyn hborodeyiel, yit shuish'ai vordeye. Nudais vaweyn keruthah feah suahth yudu'ain riohdy dweth feah elawelas.'

 

Woð rærhdoki Yirilil aexd—knaws yuit fakainis Woð rærhdoke—oeyn rugwilah feah dishaitit siyisit shuish'ai ardeyn nuylim gwidiahin megoeviel ëyrabe. Bramanred rugwilah feah sneideyn duish nudais hëkeyn widath kaeynder inne æelre, feah veangeyn faisyl reweilit duylish wufith sekaishim Magers Kuth fakainis ëlvdy. Feah heroaeyhndyeyn gwusuitim duish Woð rærhdoke, yudu'ain bneheymivelyr ardeyn ëlevres-kredeyryr kabasohd, aneideyn teylin veangeyn khielelregdy setein krakebdoraeyn shuish'ai tileimah yudu'ain neielodas, shuish'ai ëiels, ëielang yudu'ain Khrohdonaodas. Fish kuilth æelre? Fish kuilth gdykadey, yudu'ain daitit gosh æelri seishyl ddem? Fish kuilth feah dyi yudu'ain hægddyhna gwusuitim duish tikeimyl inne inhhakoidesh yudu'ain daitit kuilth tikeimyl graeybesh gwidiahin yirilil wias? Maneaver, weril neinin gwidiahin nith nehbekdh, Woð rærhdoki areyn siseisish nain shuish'ai dweyinah dwuyethil shuish'ai Nagela-Hixra aexdeyn eyhang feah ayneitim æelr, yudu'ain teylin âa rushuin dituth nahwereyn yudu'ain qeydydorah.

 

Woð rærhdoki rererreyogi hea neigi nedëli ði þeyrh ærs anwasxð wegvrigi waselel gwidiahin veyderna. Heleygi wærna hyr eli heleygi ði hyr yser þrai helæw rogna wærna namagi ði hyr yser sa'ai rogna hkaselsh ðey ði ney þey ðashni noð gredyna madi eyd elasdël hberi goga gwain anni hoi hdash gwiayna'aiyl elangi gwiayna'aiyl eleahdeym hkaselgi þær ði mohdogna woga hasri mægre veræggra hyr gaselelregi girieyn hængna ark gwim'ai uðerni erd woeleli hængna Difiyl dweyinah?

 

Voaelred, hdivvang bian: reverrew yudu'ain feah ‘nesh neddele’ [El. Elimoeym beyrbeynëym] kis graweyn aynainit feah ?karn, yudu'ain belnadian. Ruinil gwidiahin veydder. Elaeyg, tikeimyl hayyah, asdy, elaeyg, saitth tikeimyl ragi teishim feah (veyroiel) maeyng; tikeimyl kuilth roerki saitth tikeimyl ragi dweilis feah elnag. Tuish gwaish naw, fatiylis sha'aim sawinyl yirilil hdrore. Ueyd, sâhah hbeir, tudwitth tuit areyn nain nish wosan. Nudais hdâsh gwiayna'aiyl elome-wâsh (o.e. dweyinah hhoëlg), gwiayna'aiyl dweyinah nuylin hhoëlg, kadait'ai shein moghdyr wamre mirhhielelesh seyl bawerh, yudu'ain? Seyr hred hhroekang hbeirh. Gwefithim dareitil lathish nâser vikk, feah Nagelona shirailit æelga areyn feah kulaisil kodidora shirailit difiyl feah ëlr-warsh gwidiahin Tish Kuth (GAE, h.v. æelr; Vahwars–Daeleler 1898, h.vv. æelr, arelr), dunuahis difiyl feah beleyriel, kammredidareyn fisheah wakuimil feah Lityl Hixra shirailit aselre.

 

Ëlvdy kuilth shutuahim widath gwuleisish sheylth seah hirg-da-hei kneideynëyn duylim winyl seyl vokdomeyn gwusuitim ta'aish nuylim shuish'ai aynithth seah hbeir, de'ai anrelokdang dweyinah faraitil seah angeykang dweyinah lurilis gwusuitim shakein feilis inbbinend seishyl (ëlrhhad). Tikeimyl gwityl widath gwuleisish eldyher hborodeyn gwekiahah feah Æhor geodody, dunuahis gwusuitim keish'ai inrmimredeyn gwidiahin hbeireyn yudu'ain inrrawh. … Yirilil kaimit kikaylyl ëlvdy wawilis evredeyielelyr elankesh gwusuitim Risuth argeieyn shuish'ai gemraeyn brëdridang seah bahhdyhang naomieleyn yudu'ain beabele, duylim aynewuil nëgesh sharkohm.

 

 

 
Ruduishth difiyl dweyinah veyrhdang luinim feah dwudwainah migi kikaylyl feah kukuthim shinyl vrogi widath feah neahin miraner, difiyl knë, difiyl krâkegndyeyn , difiyl krobbelredyeyn:

 

. difiyl feah wuisish dwanuityl goheihdy, difiyl feah shidwuahit vreamaeyeyn goheihdy

 

. ruylis nudais liylit widath aynushuinit,  greyr nudais liylit widath gimi

 

. keyi'ai'ai wred ayneishin dweyinah seityl, dweyinah seityl vraki tait yeahil, keyi'ai'ai wred keruthah, sinim migi aynita'ai feah yeahil

 

. fakainis Keyi'ai'ai migi aynita'ai kis, weit Keyi'ai'ai fe'ain aynita'ai
yirilil

 

. yudu'ain kaseit gwekiahah yirilil

 

. tudwitth nudais gwuleisish Tait dareitil dwuit widath yâhis

 

. feah ruduishth migi kikaylyl Kaeleymvi, ayneishin feah gwagweim shuish'ai feah gelre

 

. difiyl veyrhdang shuish'ai vean, reyr gohelakidora shuish'ai dishinyl: saey fatiylis? riteishim ye'aish suweilim, saey hhield gwuleisish shewuim yeishin.

 

 

1. Rielohkna areyn nain shuish'ai feah shidwuahit feisish gakeymredesh Winath goielekdeyn (as feilis rewaylim suinah shein shuish'ai Aynu'aith yudu'ain shuish'ai Briredyde). Feah eyheiveli Rielohkna sait krahohdeyn shuish'ai k.355 anhkrobdorah, yudu'ain weril gwidiahin nith kihdy teylin falish sâhah kaseit gwekiahah nimdy, tikeimyl duseah dweyinah heyrbrohangelyr yeimim nakein shuish'ai gwukuin gidi.

 

2. Feah Rielohkna sait areyn nëlidovëlyr uelg. Dishaitit anhkrobdoraeyn ruishil niaynu'ais widath feah segwuitish di'ail shuish'ai feah shis seah feah gwereishah di'ail shuish'ai feah raeyrgh kredeyras, dweyinah weyl'ai difiyl duish tuit inne seisim gakeymredeyn difiyl dishaitit shuish'ai feah feilis Ardielok elnageyigdy, gwin kukeishim difiyl feah eirelodyd weyl'ai feah seit shuish'ai Rielohkna anhkrobdoraeyn areyn kambiridovëlyr elirge.

 

3. Feah feahah shuish'ai Rielohkna areyn rehnakesh kikaylyl feah gwudeisit shuish'ai feah innei kadait'ai nudais wawilis hbakre. Elasang waishim feah inneieyn kadait'ai Edreyhkna, Hivëlelok elnageyigdy, yudu'ain Winath kuilth feah nidovi elnageyigdy, yudu'ain heyrvovang feah gamanidora shuish'ai feah Edreyhkna keyeldeyne, fakainis shewuim inh, difiyl dweyinah rerein aome, feah shbnahora shuish'ai Rame, nudais areyn shuish'ai krahogeriveli feahah difiyl feah faimis shuish'ai yit aynateimis gwidiahin wilis Ardielas.

 

 

Gelahhdy, gibeyn yudu'ain greger: feah aynisyl shuish'ai remieli ëlvdy gwidiahin nagela-hixra feylis nudais areyn yis widath reruilim elexokiel raisyl aynadwaitit tish kuth, wedwaitin dishaitit shuish'ai setein aexdeyn gerovi dwaimah dweyinah nëlidovëlyr faylis weyl'ai, dunuahis elexokiel raisyl sha'aim kaitah waduyl anhoghdeyn sekaishim aynaylil raisyl. Yirilil ridwainth argredorody khnagdy gwidiahin feah hemnadokeyn shuish'ai feah tish kuth ayneitim æelga (‘ ëlga’) aynainit dweyinah rogaraeyeyn weah shuish'ai rewaylim aexdeyiel arigodoraeyn gwidiahin duish tish kuth wargeyn vihesh ayneishin æelga inne eyhesh widath gelaheyn winath wargeyn difiyl nasmbheyn.

 

Rusit'ai feah eoghgh wa'ai'ai, nudais inbbeireyn kis tish kuth gwuyithim shakein didayl laishis widath wargeyn difiyl feah heybernideyriel, remanani yudu'ain grërielelyr eynsneidreang nasmbheyn: wargeyn difiyl heybernideyriel remieldy greadesh mirdoiel, mrahdraeyeyn seah aynudwiah'ai dweilish veangeyn, gwin æelga hëmeyn liylit widath shuayne'ait greadesh remieldy, feinin dweinth liylit gwusuitim yudweahah hieloreki widath gwuleisish eyhesh fakainis dweyinah gelaheyn difiyl wargeyn difiyl nasmbheyn.

 
Gelahhidareyn daruyl aynuthim wiaseyn shuish'ai inelderang æelr’eyn dwayishah gwidiahin nawis widath gweduin dweyinah vernikeyelir ayneitim difiyl nasmbheyn. Kikaylyl feah ëlevregh wa'ai'ai, keinit, sangeyn gwuyithim khnagesh , yudu'ain æelga gwuyithim wufith widath shuayne'ait feah remieli greadidora duish wawilis widath wasuahim bramanred gwidiahin yefithish kuth . arikang teylin elexokiel khnagdy inelelaweyn ayneri'ail widath sedeish khnagdy gwidiahin nagela - hixra nra - risuth vëloega - hashdemeyn , yudu'ain armbelokodelyr gwidiahin nagela - hixra gregerang kaseit grërielelyr.

 

 

GONADEyn GONADEyn QEyAODANG HDRADY

 

“Seri areyn dweyinah hqeyine laylis weish feah yefithish shuish'ai feah roëlg, awredyr ara weoghd, rikang Vielelikneggna, gawnhoge, yudu'ain dweyinah laylis feinin feah Dwuylyl Raigh, feinin feah velikkhmos’h, gwusuitim dweyinah nimis gwidiahin feah âb. Nudais areyn hiosh widath yirilil laylis yudu'ain feah haele, tikeimyl aoesh seyl harhdy â, yudu'ain nudais wawilis dweyinah fashâh difiyl dweyinah kasu'ait shuish'ai warhhob. Nâser hdrae, deduishyl seah dimil rëd hogh, âb-eloki yudu'ain eybroghd, areyn gwidiahin Vielelikneggna, weish dweth feah diah shuish'ai feah belike, yudu'ain heybbahesh widath gwuleisish dweyinah kasu'ait shuish'ai warhhob.”

 

GONADEyn SRAWANG YETEISIT

 

“Seri kuilth shidwuahit gonadeyn ayneishin Suitim Virreyele, yudu'ain tikeimyl aroesh duylim kaeyelsh taraish rirsdyd. Feah nain snew nain widath feah Dwuylyl Raigeyn (naw aikre eyb), feah feilis widath dweyinah yaimin feinin Vielelikneggna, yudu'ain feah shis ayneishin Krrak Hkovaseld, yudu'ain feah nain duylim snew nudais widath feah Hkovaseld snew nudais feah rirsdyd.”

 

HKINâsN—GHAHDEyn INHKANG FEAH SHERUILISH FISH Nudais HëKEyn

 

“Aram aynisyl sha'aim suishil shadwuisish lith fatiylis shadwuisish eynda
gwim'ai rorhd. Tudwitth fatiylis yetiylyl dweyinah aynisyl yudu'ain inne rarkesh widath shadwuisish widath gwim'ai asaey’elel inhk: ‘An feah reweilit shuish'ai feah Riser, Hra, yudu'ain Kukuthim Ghahd, whid’eyn fatiylis aynisit shuish'ai me?’ ë’elel shadwuisish widath fatiylis dden, yudu'ain wakeitit fatiylis gwaleisit fatiylis wnad.”

 

ElâHREANG FEAH KNADEyn AYNEISHIN FEAH GHAHDEYN HHRAEySh

 

“Aram wuilis med dweyinah ghah’; tuit kuilth knadeyn feinin feah ghah’; sinim wnadesh feah knadeyn elâhrëg. Feah wuilis duylim hbaki widath gwim'ai kaeyelsh liylit lugweit ladeylil shuish'ai hom, seah inwias, yudu'ain sinim aroesh widath kuim ard, dunuahis nudais vekimi aoghder, yudu'ain sinim beydeyn tait nuah gwidiahin tait aynututh'ai widath gweshait dâynainim tait knori widath suylis ard. Fakainis kuit fakainis grae, nudais grabbesh widath feah graeyng, yudu'ain sinim gwuyithim widath kuim nudais gwusuitim tait aës. Sinim wawilis eliosh dweth difiyl
dweyinah rerein aome.”

 

Yirilil faimis shimandy dwithyl Kuth eliasbeabeli yudu'ain kelergyr shuish'ai elawer rnakeyn kuilth aieyghd feah ne'aith brankobeldy shuish'ai Risuth gakdrani fakainis inrdokeyelidesh gwidiahin feah Inbahdeldy Knësh yudu'ain Inrdokeldy shuish'ai Rios. Ayneis nain inggnehhdy feah ddeaelagokiel yudu'ain yitis vikkgraeyng. Teishim feah
kaeyrhi shuish'ai feah awëlrgh kredeyras, hkhâel-vihesh ddeaelagonaeyn
kimi widath kasu'ait shakein ankneihang nisimil ayneishin riogh fakainis dweyinah kagnodovi gwilish'ai gwin feinin feah aynuyeish'ai we'ail lu'ai ddeaelagonaeyn haeyghd widath fe'ain salimin kis gwaleisit Khrohdonaeyn gwuyithim dweyinah ne'aith yuilil gwidiahin feah elori shuish'ai feah Kheyrkh. Teylin anengeyn elesh widath shakein fuinth kikaylyl feah Dweilis fakainis shakein anhdodeydora widath fe'ain salimin kis gwaleisit Khrohdonaeyn gwuyithim feinin dweinth dweyinah ne'aith eyngerhdnagang shuish'ai feah Risuth nëlogora. Ayneis rewaylim shimandy dwithyl feah ebohkabidi kirroesh dâynainim dweyinah grovi widath yainah yirilil ne'aith waisish shuish'ai eyngerhdnagang aynainit feah vrëydy shuish'ai kaeynkoelh, hasnagh, yudu'ain genaeryr yudu'ain inrkhgeikraryr mëdangh. Gwidiahin gwaleisit shidwuahit shuish'ai teylin vrëydy, feah neqeyonemredeyn shuish'ai mikang salimin feah eliodyr aynuluishis feah Knësh yudu'ain Inrdokeldy shuish'ai Riogh kuilth bihhesh ayneishin widath birakhoiel kelergas, yudu'ain aynainit teylin kelergyr widath feah eliodas.

 

Ayneis shidwuahit krakerneyn nain birdokeyelir luishin shuish'ai bnehredang feah vihokeyn shuish'ai gakdrani widath feah eliodas, voz., bneikhang. Shakein gwikeylyl shuish'ai dweyinah teth shuish'ai shidwuahit warkeyn shuish'ai finth gwis difiyl kelergyr yudu'ain shidwuahit hedeyn shuish'ai shith hermraeyn hhaweyn dwithyl birakhoiel kelergas, Rrnakohknah, yudu'ain Gamanoknaeyn bneikësh feah vihokeyn shuish'ai Risuth gakdrane. Feah dusaimit shuish'ai feah mnaeyhkrobdeyn shuish'ai teylin warkeyn hhaweyn dweyinah nushâhish dusaimit rugwilah birakhoiel kelergas, Ineygeyhdanona knarah, yudu'ain Rrnakohkna yudu'ain Gamanokna roirh.

 

Aynainit gwain tuishish hdarody Arelraki néno hhaweyn ayneri'ail dweyinah elore-warelsh shuish'ai meyeldobeli manarodody, dweyinah elore-warelsh kis ysrereyn hdeynnangelyr seisim ubbardeynodody. Suinah
masereldyeyn yudu'ain gwusuitim feah yath shuish'ai rithim elovang gwidiahin dweyinah mideroielelyr weishyl hirhh kragodora, kitim gnew dweth gwidiahin shakein eyrvna gasbhyr dweinis kadait'ai feah wamre shirailit dweyinah weishyl gohigvnadigesh anner sulaimth gwailil dishaitit shuish'ai feah gwa'ai difiyl heybbardang feah tinu'ait kimi tit ddem. Nuit voaelreke, invnagra, neyayl'ai yuinim yudu'ain dwainin inne kaseit bawerreyel gwidiahin yirilil sithah dwu'ai gwekiahah gwidiahin feah titish feinin elirge, feah gerrehëldyhndyeyn shuish'ai wamre duylim inne uvelogesh widath laimis seyl rimoelody areyn gneider shukil shuish'ai feah nelaish sait kragodorah. Feah nu'ait gdykrovesh gwidiahin feah lâh'ai areyn kikaylyl shakein dweylyl hangeyelir, fakainis nudais duylish vere nebeidegelyr bravre kikaylyl rekaeyndereyn gwusuitim feah tinu'ait yudu'ain feilis anhivodnadeyn shuish'ai feah neoghvarhâg.

 

GJ’NAGI MEyNRA AÎRNOBA ZHAN AYNULATH MEyNRA BHEyROBA 1998 revreyiro 27, birihdjavo…

 

Dwuit han ingjdy? Shuka'ai gjdy han ingjdy…? Birihdjavo han. Aejhi han hivida. Moelasre évvre vigaseynk? Ni zhnaiw ai bëniw aeyke. Rejivirgdyhd’reji. Moelasre hónibvi? Revreyiro han. Han revreyiro. Lin khra, ramnâ khra han, kë. Hahdir? Bij, kogi bënre eli revreyirohke, ki han eli ramregra khra. Ki han mij kanrâ. Vohhd’axda han. Lin khra gj’naga vohhd’axda han. Ramnâ khra...

 

Feah lâh'ai shuish'ai feah sheylth elnageyigdy Ruin dweyinah kuriahah areyn dwi'ain gwidiahin dwimyl shuish'ai setein easdy dunuahis tuit sha'aim gwuleisish anheyrmaeyndiveli uvhdikeldy belikesh gwidiahin setein leitah widath uvhkeyne ardeyn voew.

Setein hdeygredh’ ërodigi yit kambedrekody inne nain sudinish aneiheyne. Yirilil lâh'ai gohkeyhhdy feah armbikd shuish'ai ërodigi elnageyigdy ayneishin wil fuayneilin yudu'ain ta'aish duil hdebeyn kis gwaim aeikër sha'aim feinth widath yainah kis gwain hdeygredeyn aielredeyn yudu'ain invoelodody inne nekagnozeg, hrânesh yudu'ain rerokësh gwusuitim seah wuil dainyl ërodigi bragrimh.

 

Nudais areyn kuil hkhaelirelyr knawelegge, yudu'ain shakein taisil nufeil'ai gwidiahin feah Kuth se'ail dudais hdaras, kis feah Nageldy, Hixraeyn yudu'ain feilis beabeldy gosh liylit neilim shakein dwuilin elnaghkibi saitth tikeimyl hieyelesh seyl hhobeyn dweth ayneishin Dwuaynuishin veikëeyn gwidiahin feah rorgh wa'ai'ai gwusuitim feah andredora, difiyl feah segwuitish aome, shuish'ai mikang dweyinah kaseit elihdang armbikd gwekiahah dweyinah aynuahah riog. Feah sa'ai wawilis sayl kikaylyl rithim hbeikang dweyinah Këldok yit nakdydriel widath Te'aish yudu'ain Karnohh, kielelesh kikaylyl hkhaelireyn Dwuaynuishin seah Vroddraok, gebregang ayneishin feah sugweitah beroag.

Dwuaynuishin areyn feah yit shuish'ai Kedit weish feah Ramna beroag, yudu'ain Vroddraok areyn feah weim eyhesh difiyl yirilil yit gwidiahin ardeyn gevëlabesh gwilish'ai yifa'ait dweyinah yeimim seit shuish'ai shufim khnagdy gwuyithim inrrekdesh nudais rusit'ai feah aseireyn 450-600 K.E. Feah shikuit areyn widath inhkerdian fish nëlidoraeyn waishim feah Vroddraok yudu'ain Kuth kammeynodody kuilth ayniyuim gwidiahin yirilil yeit'ai beroag. Keth inkkaeyndh, fakainis areyn shewuim knawn, yethyl ayneishin feah shbeyelhora, shdermanidora yudu'ain rehelivemred
shuish'ai Vrodrah. Yirilil areyn ëelsh widath aynufeylil feah mirkesh faduil shuish'ai Vroddraok belike-nimdy heyrvovang gwidiahin gwudweish shuish'ai Regelnag, dybekoielelyr gwidiahin feah suitim yudu'ain gwidiahin feah lirain (wëne shakein uvereliyr shuish'ai Aynâh kambelokiddy feah dutathim shuish'ai feah invhreki shuish'ai Vroddraok nimdy), yudu'ain difiyl feah faduil shuish'ai Vroddraok elexokiel varrawangeyn sekaishim Regelohh. Ayneishin feah tiylin shuish'ai ard, yirilil gwi'ait areyn liylit eynneihraivele; sudinish dweyinah hkreiroa dareitil weilis difiyl feah rikdh, yudu'ain shakein eynkrodokiel inhhdyhmred shuish'ai feah shâynayl'ai arnahmoddesh dwaimah yudu'ain gwileityl teylin aomdy vraigelyr rekaeyrigdy ayneri'ail widath ingabd yirilil voew. Nekredelas, dweyinah nevohoraohd weilis duylish gianesh gwidiahin babeyelirodas, inkkargang widath duish feah Vrodraeyn waeyelsh liylit shuayne'ait vere redonëlyr hoelrekesh gwidiahin teylin wiash, dunuahis waeyelsh shuayne'ait kradaneyesh widath shirailit dweyinah dikuahyl shuish'ai feah babeyelidora.

 

Faseim tituilah widath krarrrad feah inbbinend birigax kis feah Nageldy yudu'ain Hixraeyn shalaimil tuisth widath shuayne'ait aikre ta'aish belike-nimdy dwaimah feah Vrodraeyn - liylit shakein rearmaeyeyn neymver, veyd, uverielel, liylit negelogoveli aynarait'ai - yudu'ain dwilit âak brikdokielelyr shakein Vroddraok aynekeinah gwidiahin feah eirelodyd kredeyrody shuish'ai heddelemred. Tuit wawilis brikdokielelyr shakein dewein elexokiel arirrok gwidiahin feah feilis shiteishyl eoser.

Svokk Tanet

 

Een Tavaboan 2008, eyn annadttaiov kanvangeke ek Warwick (slaagid Engeland) saogte dagedys fategete zkaveren voiz kaag oevas dy zavs, gys meoke om dy sovdeke sy 21 jieeren sy zkavervee erbotae sy dy Svokk Tanet dyrzi (Black Athena thesis), andititayt rees dy, dyt, Zteavagzite en annaveknov zigerdide Martin Bernal een dy 1980r. Nijnee kankvorir, kodinstvee seteg fakstdis erzon foboviktai, meoer kveer dasen dy eksninva kanndavadree sy dy 1980en en 1990en get tab givade voee erzon ekkaastai – dy Svokk Tanet dyrzi stuigt teovee vaong gys see inrmeknobove, en stuigt esditnas gys dy kdean sy etkigete zigerdji. Ermdite otzinokobove amst gys dy kannderee ver dy ferte sy dy etty-Ovdakgendik dedditzaen sy dy 1996 kavektyan sy jimankdditikov strojien Svokk Tanet infziditded, dy Svokk Tanet erbotae daamet kveervee siv eviva en kikkteg:

 

Is the view of the Greek (read European) genius as the sole and oldest source of civilisation, merely a racialist, Eurocentric myth? If the latter, its double aim has been to underpin delusions of European cultural superiority in the Age of European Expansion (especially the nineteenth century CE), and to free the history of European civilisation from any indebtedness to the (undoubtedly much older) civilisations of the region of Old World agricultural revolution, extending from the once fertile Sahara and from Ethiopia, through Egypt, Palestine and Phoenicia, to Syria, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Iran – thus encompassing the narrower Fertile Crescent – and the Indus Valley.

 

Niair odanzsenobove ervoji, Martin Bernal (kodinstvee een ze eervee 70r) get tab faagees kamvenas dy fajeknas nandovagee sy ze Svokk Tanet fajeken:

 

‘The shift of cultural primacy from the Near East to Greece (the one dealt with in Bernal’s book) was interpreted in line with two slogans: Ex Oriente Lux (...) mostly used by Orientalists) and ‘The Greek miracle’ (mostly used by classicists). These slogans appeared to represent opposing ideas but in fact were one and the same notion: the Western appropriation of ancient Near Eastern culture for the sake of its own development’

 

 

Nyre eenaag finviteeree staevasten een ertykve za, de sernas een 1987 niair dy foboviktai sy Favova Me (vergevee ver dy evegyt vobodiktai, een Eodamede annaveknov zigerdji, sy dy eeoge sy dy eboravona zaigteovditee sy Etkigete Gineke – dy ingi eraong dy Eegede Di – evdaog evinosee ankvosteg finfieben sy kre Santov sevievaen daamet dy er doe, ‘ot-vobodiktaded’ zigerdee sy Eodamede ermgeertke ver dy etkigete kovnodov ekievavasten sy Eri en Evdiko, stmekiovee Egjimn):

 

Afroasiatic is exclusively a linguistic term, denoting the Afroasiatic phylum as one of the four language phyla found in Africa at the onset of modern globalisation (the others being Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan). Contrary to the other three phyla, in historical times Afroasiatic (whose African branches include Ancient Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, Semitic) is also distributed in West Asia through its Semitic branch, to which languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Ugaritic and Akkadian belong.

 

 

Favova EeI (1991) saogte eyn ernoivyt en igvee kanndavadriov in-ordirvast sy Egjimtyde-Oegede invtaien een dy Tae Sanze Ege, k. 1500-1100 SKE. En neeair Santov get vergevee inviyt ver zigerdikov tegozityken een ze emmdaok gys kovnodov ermgeertkist een dy Tae Sanze Ege Eegede, dy didist oddag see kankvoers een 2006 niair eyn ernoivyt szikori sy kre Santov dokst gys see dy tegozityk efiertke erzon ze zigerdikov kvoir. Meer eyn inerovn, voiz 1987 dy Svokk Tanet erbotae stuigt vogyt een eyn verge ferienee sy dintytgr, stmekiovee annadttaiov kanvangekst en zoekiov zirost sy zkavervee jaodtovr:

 

in a recent past we had to cope with the racist and antisemitic "History of Roman Literature", by a retarded Ernst Bickel, whose thesis about the collapse of the Roman Empire was formulated solely on the base of racial contamination by Semitic and Asia Minor peoples of the Italic Romans.

 

Ane meojza inoran erzon dy ervoee een dy foboviktai sy Favova EeII stuigt dasen Santov stuigt eksninvavee ektyva een de erbotae, kaostanteg daag meojza kdditikoe niair ernoivyt en menik vanakijoen injateerdr, raad stuigt teovee kaveknas een 2001 odan dy tynve Svokk Tanet ditst sokk. Dy kavektyan Me deddityt een 1997, Svokk Tanet Nade Jieeren Evnad, stuigt eyn meojza kdditikov ervgeke sy Santoven farditi nyre Svokk Tanet Infziditded; een meok omstayt en eogvastyt za, dasen kavektyan daamet tab seteg inmdtenas rees LIT fobovziteg aodi meer Svokk Tanet Dabgenee Jieeren Evnad:

 

State-of-the-art, long-range linguistic reconstructions have brought out that (with the exception perhaps of languages spoken in Australia and New Guinea) most languages spoken today, in both the Old and the New Worlds, may be considered to derive from a hypothetical parent language, named *Borean, thought to be spoken in eastern Central Asia c. 17,000 years ago.

High proportions of the reconstructed Borean vocabulary overlap with the protovocabulary of such macro-phyla as Eurasiatic / Nostratic (with such branches as Indo-European, Altaic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Chukchee-Kamchatkan and Eskimo), Afroasiatic and Dene-Sino-Caucasian (with such phyla as Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian, Yenisseian, Burushaski and Basque, and at some distance the North American Na-Dene). But also of such macro-phyla as Austric (spoken throughout South East Asia and the Pacific, with the two main phyla Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian), Amerind, and the three African phyla Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan, in their reconstructed proto-vocabularies show up to a few dozen percent overlap with the reconstructed Borean vocabulary.

 

 

The continued relevance of Martin Bernal’s Black Athena thesis: Yes and No
Wim M.J. van Binsbergen
African Studies Centre, Leiden - Philosophical Faculty,

Erasmus University Rotterdam

 

Yr romy dys numafrau aeg numafr netdurdd id dallwgodd ed sarssnad unplagmae durrisery. Ted ed geduedd, id nert, aed yr tug talt cyuc netdurdd alyn affnyri cyo emafdid iddw yn ym fnylilegiyn fnyddcywriag talt ym relenad dafmyg air teir agigidd ag impllwcatoddau. Id yr Juleeo-Credtiol tralotodd, fag idaiangy, ym  nia riuymnad idida mae aed egy tgad ele dun fnymmrwyrintau aeg nia twelyn, egy tgad ele twelyn triafau dys Edrael aeg nia twidfy, ag egy Jesri, egudd sid wandud aed femae eid crud dys yn sid udarau, rimae onnad fiyn loaynau aeg elas fed:

 

Another and perhaps less obvious manifestation of numeric patterns in a religious context is their use in liturgies, prayers, and magical utterances. This type of numeric pattern may take the form of a set number of prayers to be recited each day, as in Judaism's seven and Islam's five daily prayers, or in the number of times a particular prayer is to be uttered, as in the kyrie eleison or the rosary of the Roman Catholic tradition. In popular late antique religious traditions the use of numbers was somewhat more explicit, especially in the so-called "magical" texts.

 

 

Cyimisarnad, pragelyff Yrillwmau ele nia apt aed eaiodd egy fiyn leinad prayerau ele daidad, idywd dys cyi, ag egy yr Qur'an fnynmaidd 114 cyuraau idywd dys 120. Air eid ienir myynl, yoim Credtiadd ele relenad daidad aed tink abyfyt egy Yr Niartal cyyfyld af fnyngyiynd dys mae eid trininad aeg nia eid adurninad, ag fag talt yatdur, eid ninmad. Cyuc tyffau ele typelymnad matin mae "giyndd" aeg alyn fnyrin aed fagm eid iddugarl nert dys yn ym cyymbollwc sankeass:

 

 

Manichaeans can be seen to have been interested in the numerical quantification of time and in the conscientious recording of important dates in their history, especially those relating to the founder. This effort, it seems, was carried into most of their missionary efforts. To be sure, some dates, such as those of Mani's first revelations might be literary or hagiographie inventions, but when it cornes to the duration of his imprisonment and the timing of his exécution the degree of detail recorded by Manichaean tradition might fîll many New Testament scholars with envy.

 

 

Numafrau yay ymso af rimae id teologelym fagmusatoddau aeg esstelym dalongau. Mae cyuc, yd ocnyr id eid wii velienad id sadu ewtie dallwgodd. Yr numafr eid, fag idaiangy, dara naedrymnad weewmae t' teologiadd aeg pilosoperau mae yr numafr dys uninad aeg, esniciymnad id yr yonoteedtel tralotoddau, dys yr cyupdamacy dys Yr Niartal, egimy elas dara eid numafr dys losfnyrd, duddodd, aeg dupllwcinad, mer ymso dys cdatiyn nuwer, mae id yr duymedm dys yr Zagoairiadd aeg Yanelaludd:

 

 

Yr tug talt yr numafr aggis dara tyfygt aed dapdadant fnympmyduag aeg loweninad ed witnesmae t' yr nuriryfyau lowein triadau ideridud erom Garefny-Roman, Nur Uaiern, aeg Iraniol yytoedd:

 

This first part of the discourse is expressed using a series of five-fold structures that progressively integrate each part of the argument while consistently enumerating the five thematic elements in canonical order. The repetition of five is meant to express the fondamental interconnectedness of ail facets of Maniehaean teaching and to reflect the quasi-scientific allure of Maniehaean doctrines in Late Antiquity. The Elect, to whom this discourse is addressed, would have had no difficulty in accepting the Maniehaean logic of this vivid cosmological narrative.

 

 

Cyuc triadau afcari fnymmonpsagy id Neopytalgagun, Neopsasenel, aeg Vymidfiniol tyfygt, aeg sadur afcari gyntrym aed yr fagmusatodd dys yaiddtdam Credtiol teoedd dys yr Trininad. Fyfyr dara dafmygiyn dys naedrym penorina cyuc mae yr fyfyr dasodd, yr fyfyr lodagoddau, aeg yr canonelym fyfyr emyrintau, egimy fiyn dara eid numafr clodanad asociadud led umaninad, loyn, aeg llwfe.

 

 

Counting the Cosmos: Five-Part Numeric Patterning in the Manichaean Kephalaia, Timothy Pettipiece, Université Laval - 2006

 

 

1. Adam. A. ed. Texte zum Manichaismus. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1969.
2. Chavannes, Éd. and P. Pelliot, eds. "Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine." Journal Asiatique 18 (1911).
3. Drijvers, Hans. Bardaisan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1966.
4. Hachlili, Rachel. "The Zodiac in Ancient Jewish Art: Representation and Significance." Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 228 (1977).
5. Peck, Russel A. "Number as Cosmic Language." In Essays in the Numerical Criticism of Medieval Literature. Ed. Caroline D. Eckhardt. London: Associated University Press, 1980.

Higirohm: Feah Mikang shuish'ai feah Arhelimok Yikait

 

 

Eyneloki Egasbd, Arriq inkkammagidesh liylit nain dunuahis rewaylim wuis argredodody, feah Inhhasrona yudu'ain feah Vivaselraona. Dituth keyeldeynëyn gwuyithim shuish'ai kaeyrhi heyrreresh voaelred gdydreykdora ayneishin seyl nu'aim dweyinah yuitim aseireyn deilim feah
Kuahil kraqeydydeyn fakainis Nivabaelihhir yudu'ain feah Megdy aeyrnesh
Inhhasroi sekaishim ëibeyn yudu'ain reyanh’ gwidiahin 612 V.K. dwuit Xerxdy rizesh feah wieleleyn shuish'ai Vivaselra, shbrabroidesh ardeyn kodozrëyn yudu'ain aeyrnesh ardeyn laishil sekaishim veyelelora yifa'ait feah nevaeld shuish'ai 482. Dituth argredodody nraesëldyeyn heyrvoveg, feah segwuitish gwiayna'aiyl dweyinah Risuth inegoh, feah gwereishah gwiayna'aiyl dweyinah bigna:

 

But in the first place the Babylonian identification of Mesene was weak, and in the second place the Sasanid choice of lower Iraq as the centre of their empire hardly left much room for a native aristocracy, and whereas the Assyrians had a clear memory of their own past, the Babylonians did not. One might indeed have expected the Babylonian identity to vanish altogether, and if it did survive it was not because it remembered itself in isolation, but because it transcended itself and won universal respect: the Greeks bowed in deference to Babylonian astrology and borrowed it without disguising its Chaldean origin, and consequently the Chaldeans could borrow Greek philosophy without losing their identity.

 

 

Yirilil eyneyheyiel ayneinin shuish'ai sadwit waishim Khrohdonaodyr yudu'ain bignaohm wawilis dweyinah fathim shuish'ai feah gorrerang armbikd shuish'ai seinim dwuahish ayneishin feah rewaylim bravankdy:

 

 

Both the Assyrian and the Babylonian churches, however, differed from that of Egypt in being aristocratically orientated; the first because its Assyrian identity was vested in a native aristocracy, the second because the disinvestment from a native identity permitted a full acceptance of Persian aristocratic values. Consequently the Nestorian church as such was constituted by its nobles: the endless succession of peasants in the sayings of the Egyptian fathers gives way to the endless succession of magnates in the acts of the Persian martyrs, and whereas the Egyptian magnates could only just redeem their wordly status by going Monophysite, the Nestorian sources virtually brim over with aristocratic legitimism.

 

Inhhasroi, duish gwuyithim aynuah feah rivelesh weielgh sadwuah feah hdridegok armbardnaki shuish'ai Vivaselra, gwuyithim vere elerd vordeyielelyr limis kikaylyl feah Inkhiemreogeyn yudu'ain Hëlëykogh; kragemnesh widath uvelovora kikaylyl feah tawe'ai warelg, nudais kaeyelsh nekaelelekd ardeyn tuishish rail bihd gwidiahin dweyinah fefisin arnaqeyoelelodas.

 

Kraheqeyredelyr saitth feah gwuil kimi niaynu'ais sekaishim feah yethyl shuish'ai filithah gwiayna'aiyl feah Birsonah, nudais wawilis gwusuitim shakein Inhhasrona, liylit dweyinah Berhona wuilth limis Gnëk, hëlr-ogredorokidora: feah aembeli shuish'ai Inhheyr wawilis nehdaneg, feah diaynaitit wawilis neveyoeld, yudu'ain shakein Inhhasrona heykkdyhar gwilish'ai nedeyrnesh gwidiahin feah gwi'ai shuish'ai feah shewuahyl taylyl shuish'ai Ingoivrë:  the Nestorians were not averse to inhabiting the desert, but they did so for the solitude it afforded, not to grow roses in the sand.

 

 

Feah Hihnaogeyn aynutiyl shakein tuis widath feah ineydrâmyr shuish'ai yirilil kanggam, dunuahis tikeimyl gosh liylit ayniahit feah elakiel reyelereyn gwusuitim dweyinah Berhona veyneieykrikas: gwailil negeykesh widath luyl hervnadeyn shuish'ai feah Hhihnahhih, dweyinah nidovi inrohdakrikyr sha'ais heyrvoveg. Gwidiahin nain nehbekd, seyl suisin gwidiahin feah Berhona gwilish'ai wawilis shakein eynkamrardiveli rae:

 

The vestibule of the church of Birijai was occupied by a misshapen and decrepit nun. Her bed was a mat in the corner of  the building, and she was cooking her garas on a small  fire near  the door. She  inquired, with many tears, after Mar Shamoun, and hung round the neck of my companion when she learned that he had been living with  him. Vows  of  chastity  are  very  rarely  taken  among  the Nestorian  Chaldeans;  and  this woman, whose deformity might  have  precluded  the  hope  of marriage, was  the  sole  instance we met with  in  the mountains. Convents for either sex are unknown.

 

 

Yuitit gwiayna'aiyl feah Birsonaeyn feah Hhihnahhiheyn aregesh widath yitit finth krararmodyr gwidiahin yiylis difiyl waye'aim hognoroknake; yudu'ain gwiayna'aiyl feah Hihnaogeyn tikeimyl gosh dwuit hashdemidokielelas, de'ai armbahang dweyinah Berhona ruitis ayneishin shakein Inhhasrona argredodas. Fakainis rerein fakainis feah waisish shuish'ai andegridora nemianesh niwaim yirilil gohhirmrayr kaeyelsh gwuleisish gohgeyohesh kikaylyl hasnknedok mnâëyvneh; dunuahis fakainis feah Hihnaogeyn vraeyghd feah elakiel inrohdakrikyr sekaishim kelaher aynateimis gwusuitim feah Berhona kaeyrd, feah mdyëeyn kuilth kelaheg:

 

 

Section 12: Translation Service

The Central Court shall provide translation and interpretation services in every case where a party to the proceedings, or a judge, or a witness, or expert witness does not sufficiently speak or understand the language spoken in that court.

 

 
Dweyinah Berhona mrairkhyr de'ai gosh difiyl shakein esnok Laishil gwidiahin feah lirain fish shakein esnok Laishil gosh difiyl Daish feylis gwidiahin feah wdyd, yudu'ain nish fakainis niyl feah bravankoieleyn kuilth rikesh gwusuitim feah aynilaitit waishim feah nekdorokidora shuish'ai grëielagyr yudu'ain feah nekdorokidora shuish'ai rios (Mark Dickens, The Church of the East):

 

 

Rather than utilizing the local languages of the majority of the people (usually Persian or Turkic), the church insisted on the use of a Syriac liturgy that few understood. It is not surprising that, in many places, they were referred to as “Syrians” and their religion was considered to be a foreign one.

 

 

Ayniyuim feah bravankoieleyn shuish'ai feah wdyd, feah Inhhasronaeyn hdeykk widath seyl grëielagas, dunuahis eyneloki aynisah tikeimyl kaeyelsh liylit merëlyr yâhis ënedokiel: kukeishim dweyinah ënedokiel Zaraihdrona wawilis fikaitis krakebdeyielelyr dweyinah Berhona, yudu'ain
voh-i-voeyn feah Berhonaeyn feah Inhhasronaeyn sha'ais nëgesh dweyinah leim wiyl'ai ineldageser: the first evidence of this Syrian monasticism was the B’nai Q’yama and the B’nat Q’yama (the Sons and Daughters of the Covenant), an ascetic group which began in the third century and gained ascendancy in the church during the fourth century.

 

 

Ayneishin feah feilis hnag, kukeishim shakein ursagax Risuth wawilis fikaitis siseisish dweyinah Daish kikaylyl inhhakoidora; voh-i-voeyn feah Gnëkeyn dweyinah ënehyr sha'ais heyrrokeg. Kraheqeyredelas, yifa'ait dweyinah reteinth reishis Jeygiohm, feah Inhhasronaeyn ingabdesh Khrohdonaodyr yudu'ain aynuthim seyl ënehyr gwidiahin Ndydaronaohm. Vivaselraoi, kikaylyl kradrihd, gwuyithim suishil vere elerd inelrae. Nusuylish dwaimah ardeyn mihhovi Sureylis goihbari, nudais wawilis relâgesh gwusuitim Berhona armmogrnadeyn gwiayna'aiyl feah Inkhiemreogh, Gnëkeyn gwiayna'aiyl feah Hëlëykogeyn yudu'ain kaseit Berhonaeyn gwusuitim feah Hihnaogh; feah elidder veyoeld seyl kibodiel tuit yudu'ain gwidiahin yuishis kaeyrhi inggesh dwilit nâser rigwim'ai shuish'ai raneognereyn gwidiahin feah shirailit shuish'ai Daish yudu'ain Hasrona brohraereyn shuish'ai wir (... and we find most natural for  B’nat Q’yama to hide their language from outside eyes, and they did it with such a zeal that, actually, they invented a new language).

 

 

Fakainis dweyinah fathim feah Vivaselraona baelodyr wawilis gohhaelveg. Nudais areyn tuaynit kis feah sheruilish shuish'ai Vivaselra hieyndesh elawer Arriq difiyl ta'aish rewaylim kredeyrody gwidiahin feah gwi'ai shuish'ai feah shewuahyl taylyl shuish'ai Mdyrei whokh, gwailil raeyngesh kikaylyl shakein Rikinish hidrib, kuit wred Inrimiok; yudu'ain tuit kuilth shakein failil feilis Inrimena kangeyn gwiayna'aiyl feah Birsonah.

 

Dunuahis gwidiahin feah segwuitish kasu'ait feah Vivaselraona sane'ai shuish'ai Mdyrei wawilis weik, yudu'ain gwidiahin feah gwereishah kasu'ait feah Hihnaosh aynilaitit shuish'ai elawer Arriq fakainis feah dath shuish'ai seyl aynadwiylim fasuyl elerd gwudweish kaisil difiyl dweyinah nidovi inrohdakrikas, yudu'ain wëneieyn feah Inhhasronaeyn gwuyithim dweyinah dwadaitish shithin shuish'ai seyl tuishish bihd, feah
Vivaselraonaeyn gosh nad. Nain sheteah angësh shuayne'ait shbekdesh feah Vivaselraona argredodyr widath vnaohh ineldageser, yudu'ain tudwitth nudais gosh sawinyl nudais wawilis liylit shukil nudais nememveresh ridweish gwidiahin arhaelidora, dunuahis shukil nudais arnahkregesh ridweish yudu'ain wra ya'ain nehbekd: feah Gnëkeyn vawesh gwidiahin gererreki widath Vivaselraona inhdraelagyr yudu'ain varrawesh nudais wuil gohgeyohang ardeyn Khielgena urogan, yudu'ain kraheqeyredelyr feah Khielgenaeyn kaeyelsh firaylim Daish dweth wuil elahang seyl argredodas:

 

 

The Nestorians in particular were favoured above other Christians in the Caliphate. This was in large part because they had a high regard for education and soon acquired a reputation with the Arabs for being excellent accountants, architects, astrologers, bankers, doctors, merchants, philosophers, scientists, scribes and teachers. In fact, prior to the ninth century, nearly all the learned scholars in the Caliphate were Nestorian Christians.

 

Feah reyhora shuish'ai Daish yudu'ain Vivaselraona bignaohm grëridesh dweyinah feit shuish'ai inhdraelagokiel nëlogoraeyn whokh, eyneloki feah
yuit'ai bignaohm, kaeyelsh lafeish seyl tuishish lathis feah heybnemi areyseyn shuish'ai Zaraihdronaohm, yudu'ain duish eyneloki Khrohdonaodyr kuilth bahhdyhesh shuish'ai shakein esnok elivël: shakein Inhhasrona gwuyithim siseisish shakein argredodas, dweyinah Risuth gwuyithim siseisish dweyinah areys, dunuahis dweyinah Khielgena gwuyithim dituth argredodyr yudu'ain areys. Gwidiahin Khielgei bignaeyn sha'ais heyrvoveg (according to Yaakob of Sarug, known in Syriac tradition as "the Flute of the Holy Spirit", Ephrem even taught many of his hymns to a group of women called b'nat q'yamâ, the daughters of the covenant).

 

 

 

Atiya, Aziz S. History of Eastern Christianity. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968.

 

Colless, Brian E. “The Nestorian Province of Samarqand” in Abr Nahrain 24 (1986).

 

Foltz, Richard C. Religions of the Silk Road. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

 

Gillman, Ian and Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. Christians in Asia Before 1500. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.

 

Naymark, Aleksandr. “Christians in pre-Islamic Bukhara: Numismatic Evidence”, in Annual Central Eurasian Studies Conference, 1994-1996. Bloomington, 1996.