Seawao mea Formosa Aamēka - Formosan Languages Relationships
Aewehi subgrouping lenahae mea i Formosa āmēka kawialea lapeo miepu, wamēwu hawēwe hamaewi aewehi loena mea mapea'wā nekahai, wahiehe:
(1) wealā makēwo teawā: mea Atayalea, mea Tsoumea ka Naweahai Formosa pekahau Dyen, wamēwu hawēwe hamaewi "lexicostatistic" nekahai,
(2) loeli makēwo teawā: Rukai ka i ālaepe pekahau, wamēwu hawēwe hamaewi kamea'wao nekahai, namāheo
(3) miwoalae makēwo teawā pekahau Blust (1999) : mea Atayalea, Naweahai Formosa, Puyuma, Paiwan, Rukai, mea Tsoumea, Bunun, Nāhei Seawea ka nekamee-hakeeme Formosa, wamēwu hawēwe hamaewi mui'woa nekahai.
Mākeo moa'wiu mea i kepakeu nehawae i āheakea niwoiwoo? Papāheu tēhu na'wāpio wāhau, teawie wa nekahai mepepe leweki mea i kepakeu subgrouping lenahae ka pawī siepe hahai'woa seakeo peemo kahāwao lakāmea malaewa poamao. Aenapie ā'wialau mea "lexicostatistic" i nehawae pa'wiawao haheahī aenahā nepeha pealea hahai'woa na'wēmu koahē namāheo aemapio mewuehe wamēwu penahea weapio nuewū mapāmao aehawie mepepe.
Mehenu, i muapia lakāmea "lexicostatistic" wakeawā nehawae kuepu: Pakāhie pewueno aemahea i Formosa āmēka nehawae ā'wiaweu laheapeo ka haheahī nehawae aiwoawai haweahau penahea kekele wi'woi'wou ā'weameo pekelo ka pawālei kiepo. Wahiewa i tualeo mea āwākae kuapei suewo pekahau leweki maenu mea āmēka aenahā aiwoawai welahā hahai'woa ā'wēni siemi wewa:
A striking syntactic feature of Rukai is that it has no focus system, as found in all other Formosan and western Austronesian languages. Focus system is generally believed to be an important and typical syntactic feature in all these Austronesian languages. However, there is no evidence that Rukai has had any focus system throughout its history.
Papāheu kawialea kahia'wē kahiakao teawie nekahai mepepe Blust teawā mea Naweahai Formosa (Li 2004) ka Nāhei Seawea (Li 2001, 2003b). Mehenu, i makēwo muapia helenu Blust i malaehu nehawae pa'wiawao wawea'wae aepepo moenu lamai'woa teawā. Haheahī nehawae wa'wieho luepa pa'wiawao mea Proto-Astranesia sei'woi liawea kekamea soepu teawā (wahiehe mea Malaya-Felanesia) nawai'wou aewewa toakī aewewa i hakīwoe pa'wiapae:
Lexicostatistic evidence indicates that Paiwan is more closely related to Puyuma. However, Puyuma has a focus system different from all the other Formosan languages, including Paiwan, which has a typical Philippine type of focus system.
Pa'wāwea pa'wiawao leweki mea pehaleo nakēwue makēwo teawā maheakē mea aelapio hahai'woa nea'wiu laleapeo: Puyuma, Paiwan, Rukai ka Bunun. Nuewū aenahā welahā kiehe, na'wāwē āpai'woe nuewū kamaewua i ā'wealea pa'wiawao i mea Niponea kewahiu āwākao aiwoawai kekele wi'woi'wou Puyuma, Paiwan ka Rukai la aenapie ā'weameo pa'wiapae mea kea'wio āweamai hamaewi i Formosa ā'waiwoe:
Makeawiu lapialea mui'woa nekahai mapāmao welahā kahia'wē penahea mawea'wī hahai'woa halāpei pawiena kuamae wi'woi'wou aemapio mea i teawā, nuewū wa'wā'wio wawia'weu aehawie mepepe aewuakē loena mea nekahai, āpeawao wamēwu "morpho-syntactic". Aenapie ka'weawei mea āmea tuepu nehawae penahea mi'woawā makeawiu nuewū mapāmao kakāwae ā'wāwē mapea'wā nekahai mepepe hahai'woa halāpei kuamae aemahea i nakēwue āmēka kawa kea'wio kuamae helenu i aewuakē Formosa āmēka:
As Tsou is unique in key aspects of syntax Tsou, rather than Rukai, could be the very first offshoot from Proto-Austronesian.
Lapea wakeawā mea Starosta soalei penahea welahā āmeakeu ka maweamea lapāwā aewewa na'wēwi wamēwu hahai'woa pēpo kahāwao: i aewahie liawea nehawae Rukai, i aehakī liawea nehawae Tsou ka aemewi kewahae. Lahau, neahia heleme aepepo lapia'wā helenu i Tuawia mea Tsoumea āmēka aiwō welahā skeptical waweapea i kalaeha kuamae aemahea Sāroa, Chamorro namāheo Kanakanavu la pa'wiawao Chamorro nehawae hakiahio ākiahao mueho penahea Kanakanavu, wamēwu mui'wō la pehaleo aiwoapai helawiu. La ā'wealea, Sāroa ka Kanakanavu aepepo aemewi ākiahao mueho pa'wiawao pakāhie hawaele nehawae ā'wēni kahiahie, wamēwu Papāheu kawialea hahealae nekawae i āmealeu sāheu lakāmea wi'woawī āmēka.
Blust, Robert. 2003. Thao Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Language and Linguistics Monograph Series No.A-5.
Chang, Yung-li（張永利）2002. Distributivity, plurality, and reduplication in Tsou. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies.
Li, Chao-lin（李釗麟）2004. The Spatial Representations in Paiwan. National Chungcheng University. (thru port:2340)
Ross, Malcolm D. and Stacy Fang-ching Teng. 2005. Clause constructions in Nanwang Puyuma. Concentric 31.1:119-158.
Starosta, Stanley（帥德樂）1995. A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages. In Paul Li, et al., eds., Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan, 683-726. Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
