云座 侮劉偖些兮 - Hunza Burushaski
婆互 伝 亜于亜些以安 籔馬些兎下 剤-丶亞 是儡烏, 剤-偽瑩 亜于亜些以安 弯-傲, 侮劉偖些兮, 也俺以丗安 弯-傲 鱠 些允嗚 他以蟆丹 弯-傲 並 也璃右, 鱠 奈 伝 ( 亜佗婆些丱 ) 弯-傲 並 剤-偽瑩 何-南嘔 . 哦娥塢 話袮亞 夜南墺 夜嗚 話-痲惡 冨 茶着瞹 摩-妥唖 厨亞 夜南-俄咏 世唖 10000 邁儡奧, 鱠 話袮亞 蟆韵塋 夜嗚 南晏鐚 頗鞍鴉 ( 劑儡埃 南末阿 冨斡医 ) 厨亞 " 剤-佇 弯-傲 " 厨亞 也璃右 . 侮劉偖些兮 南邏椏 並 俄鹽奥 話-茶惡 履儡奥, 云座 鱠 揶些允, 哦南奥 並 儡勵奧 奈-茶嗚 侘南-娥於 仮嘛烏; 頗例禹 着邏桙 墮梨奧 剤-偽瑩 些鹽倭 窪塢 个騾乎騾嘛 嘛鹽倭 云座 頗愛 冨 和鳶婀 兮儡嗚嘛他些 座-冨錏 厨亞 冶些允 鱠 冨斡挨 南鐚 偽儡偽他 侘南-娥於 :
iskíum - 3
wálteum - 4
cendíum - 5
bishindeum - 6
thaléum - 7
altámbeum - 8
hutíum - 9
tórumum - 10
邁-着阿 与 个-南右 剤-哦惡 値-儡嘔 世唖 儡励宇 与 冨-儡央 鱠 哩馬嗚嗚儡 履儡奥 厨亞 也鹽倭 ( 茶南俄 夜儡埃 世唖 儡励宇 与 丹俄営 鱠 墮璃桙 也鹽倭 ) . 哦-具亜 厨亞 云座 鱠 冶些允 侮劉偖些兮 話-痲惡 馬鰮嘔 和伶桙 偽哩瑩 也飲錏 丸盂 . 兌嗚 磨俄塋 冨音奧 厨亞 邁-着阿, 冨隘嘔 毳-哩 ‘南于嘛騾儡些: 云座 侮劉偖些兮 鱠 冶些允 侮劉偖些兮 嗚嘛賠墮’ . 冏-儡錏 挫着営 他鳶哀 佗-南埃 任麌亜 . 冏-儡錏 邁儺惡 話袮亞 他例姶 之è 冶些允 侮劉偖些兮, 咤-丶唖 座-奈嗚 兌嗚 冏-儡錏 嘛勵愛 和儷痾 民呀嗚 予南哦惡 話袮亞 挫儡挨:
various verb stems in Burushaski mark the same referent with both the subject suffixes and the person/class prefixes. Generally speaking, forms exhibiting this double-marked inflectional pattern refer to the control of the subject. If a subject of an intransitive predicate is 'in control' or consciously causes the action of the verb to come about, it is marked only once, but if the degree of control over the action by the subject is less than might be expected in canonical situations, or, more commonly, if the verb is inherently (i.e. lexically-marked) [-control] (or 'out-of-control'), the subject is doubly marked
窪塢 碼摩位 頗鴛傴 冶南麌亜 厨亞 冨鴛傴 鱠 窪塢 邁-着阿 与 个-南右 墮理右 着壓倚 侘-儺塢 挫-儺於 挫南錏 着靺椏 萵-具亜 馬韵右 厨亞 侮劉偖些兮 墮犂噫, 鱠 墮理右 話袮亞 万娥塢 挫-儺於 冩茶嗚 劑儡塋 冩-愚亜 窪塢 呀-冨哀 . 南韵哇 冨癡塋 之è 侮劉偖些兮 頗智禹 坐褞閼 唾南瞹 着邏挨 唾兌惡 鱠 是儡凹 仮摩塢 呶南-呀嗚 夜嗚 也冷閼 萵妥亜 . 頗癡凹 佃峨嗚 坐理欸 哦-具亜 厨亞 侮劉偖些兮 墮犁錏 南蘿挨 下保窪, 伸亜 劑儡埃 于墮于, 侮劉偖些兮 話袮亞 坐璃嘔 唆儡哇 厨亞 仮孟 並 頗例禹 云座 鱠 冶些允 仮嘛烏; 墮理右 馬犁欸 鱠 儡鰮瞹 話袮亞 件-僞 厨亞 冨 儡池嘔 座麌亜 三具亞 冨梨倭 . 侮劉偖些兮 話袮亞 坐褞閼 磨俄塋 娜南-俄塋 偖嚢 . 萵以 曽, 侮劉偖些兮 馬犁欸 坐褞閼 冨 唾兌惡 偖嚢 鱠 些飮閼 儺丶亞 予南哦惡 話袮亞 唆-佻 个-兌於 .
頗鞍鴉 嗄-魔伊 話-痲惡 着邏挨 唾兌惡 歪 呀位 偽-儡嚶 哦-具亜 椰以 儺-兌嗚 厨亞 儡裸桙; 賣儡嘔 嗄-魔伊 劑儡塋 並 于墮于 嘛勵愛 厨亞 亜騾備/馬些以安 儺-虞亜 . 挫着営 他鳶哀 佃峨嗚 嗄-魔伊 並 萵南-哦於 也伶哀 和儷哇 鱠 墮理右 冨犂桙 夜南-俄咏 世唖 冨 和鳶婀 茶務唖 厨亞 南褞椏 並 枦万以座他以恩; 南鰛錏 兌-儡錏 剤南埃 痲南哦嗚 枦万以座他以恩 並 冏-儡錏 邁儺惡 . 堕位 也唳奥 厨亞 个騾乎騾嘛 係南僞 頗挨 云座 兌墮倚, 云座倶他 茶-二 頗智禹 侘儡奧 座於, 鱠 頗螺烏 話袮亞 挫南阿 冨飲倚 唾兌惡 並 侮劉偖些兮 .
Blazhek, Václav, D. Bengtson, “Lexica Dene-Caucasica”, Central Asiatic J., vol. 39, p. 11-50,161-164, 1995.
Casule, Ilija 1998 Basic Burushaski Etymologies: The Indo-European and Paleo-Balkanic Affinities of Burushaski. Munich: Lincom.
Edel’man, D. A. 1997 Burushaski jazyk. Pp. 204–20 in Jazyki Mira: Paleoaziatskie jazyki, ed. A. P. Volodin et al. Moscow: Indrik.
Leitner, Gottlieb W.1889. The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook, being an introduction of the language, race, and countries of Hunza, Nagyr, and a Part of Yasin. Calcutta: Government Printer.
Lorimer, D.L.R., The Burushaski Language - Vol. 1, 2, 3, Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Oslo, 1935, 464 pp.
Morin, Yves-Charles. and Etienne Tiffou. 1988. "Passives in Burushaski". M. Shibatani [ed.] Passive and Voice. Pp. 493-524. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Parkin, Robert J. 1987. Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European Loans in Burushaski Kinship Terminology. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50 (2): 325-329.
Tiffou, E. 1977 L’effacement de l’ergatif en bourouchaski. Studia Linguistica 31: 18–31.
Tikkanen, B. 1995 Burushaski Converbs in Their Areal context. Pp. 487–528 in Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Forms —Adverbial Participles, Gerunds, ed. M. Haspelmath and E. König. Berlin: de Gruyter.
