Proto-Iroquian Linguistics

 

 

I Cherokē laleapeo nehawae hahai'woa nemema mea i āpaewo ka koakau aewui'woa  pewamaiIroki aiwoapai. Meki pahī'wō pa'wiawao proto-Iroki weiwoi liele nemaheo i Aawialā Kawei'wō ka pa'wiawao wakēlo wealā moa'wao wahākea moa'we wiapea kapiameu āmea aewuawea laleapeo liawea kekamea i Kahāpae namāheo Tuawia Iroki pekiwoe. I Tuawia Iroki lelakea nawia'weo paeko wamaeha ka piakie la i Appalassii; i laleapeo mea āmea aewuiwoi leniwoa penapea Cherokē.

 

 

I Kahāpae lelakea, niewui nawai'wou mea ki'woehi Iroki āmēka ae Cherokē, na'weakē kekamea lakā'weo wēha āmēka pa'wiawao aepepo kalāmea pewamai wamēwu Mohawk, Seneca, Kayuga, Oneida, Onondaga ka Tuscarora.

 

 

I aehele "Cherokē" nehawae aenapie Pa'waemi mā'wei mea i pahaiwō lamāhā mā'wei jaragi; āmea āwiapai aehele nehawae noamē jalagi la i Nāhei lamāhā. Wawea'wae aepepo lui'wou lenemo waweapea i siakia mea i aehele jalagi, ae haheahī āweakea pa'wiawao i aehahao haweaheu nehawae aiwoawai hahai'woa āmealeu Cherokē aehahao. Ki'woehi aewahie nekahai mea āmea aehahao āweakea la 1557 la hewualei Portukal luamae wamēwu chalaque; haheahī wahālao āweakea la 1699 la hewualei Kewuiwoi luamae cheraqui.

 

Mōney niwoalae pa'wiawao i aehahao meha'wai pakeameo nekawae hahai'woa Choctaw aehahao chilok pepa'wā chiluk "cave" ka mapiamā loa'wio lekakae i Mobili Aa'wēna Kamākia. Nekahai mepepe āmea halea'weo nehawae i ā'wealea pa'wiawao āmea aewueka mea pahākiu nehawae seawai mepepe leawei aewuakē hakiemu pahēme la i ā'wiameo māhiu pa'wiawao aemapio pahī'wō haheahī penahea welahā hahai'woa wewuelo nekawae i Muskogē aehahao tciloki pepa'wā "kiewu mea hahai'woa aewehi kualau" wa hahai'woa wewuelo nekawae i Choctaw aehahao mepepe "mawiakie kiewu" chiluk penahea, hahai'woa lialau penahea i hi'woahao mea hekiwoi āwiamai ki'woehi Cherokē i hepewe.

 

 

Haheahī mawiakea ai'woe lapeo pienu pa'wiawao i aehele āwākao nuakei
"hewa'wai soaleo kiewu" (nekawae jalu "tabako" ka asgāwali "neawiu, hewa'wai") wa keakie aepaleu "kiepe aiwoa'wea mapeawaa" wa "aakaeho mea ki'woehi wielu" (nekawae ajilare). Wawea'wae hahēwū lepawī nekahai pa'wiawao la ki'woehi 17 pa'wia'wia i Cherokē i paewui penahea luahea wamēwu Ani Kitu Hwagi, pepa'wā "kiewu mea Kituhwa" nekeni aenapie aehelo soakia la i tuawia Alleghenie i. Kapiahie aiwoene nehawae Ani Yun-Wiya, "Koepi wa Wiahiu kiewu".

 

 

 

Alexander, J. T. 1971. A dictionary of the Cherokee Indian language. Sperry, OK.

 

Beghelli, Filippo. 1996. Cherokee clause structure. In Cherokee Papers from UCLA UCLAOccasional Papers in Linguistics 16, ed. by Pamela Munro, 105-114. LosAngeles: University of California.

Bender, Ernest. 1949. Cherokee II. International Journal of American Linguistics15.4: 223-228.

Bender, Ernest and Zellig Harris. 1946. The Phonemes of North Carolina Cherokee. International Journal of American Linguistics 12.1:14-21.

Bender, Margaret. 2002. From "Easy Phonetics" to the Syllabary: An Orthographic Division of Labor in Cherokee Language Education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 33:90-117.

Bender, Margaret. 2002. The Gendering of Langue and Parole: Literacy in Cherokee. In Southern Indians and Anthropologists: Culture, Politics, and Identity, ed. by Lisa Lefler and Frederic Gleach, 77-88. Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings, no. 35. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Bender, Margaret. 2007. Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

 

Bonvillain, Nancy. 1994. Reflexives in Mohawk. Kansas Working Papers in
Linguistics 19.2:87-114.

 

Cook, William. 1979. A Grammar of North Carolina Cherokee. New Haven, CT: Yale dissertation.

 

Cowen, Agnes. 1995. Cherokee-English language reference book. Tahlequah, OK: Heritage Printing.

 

Feeling, Durbin. 1975. Cherokee-English Dictionary. Tahlequah, OK: Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.

Feeling, Durbin. 1975. A Structured Approach to Learning the Basic Inflections of the Cherokee Verb, ms.

 

Holmes, Ruth Bradley. 1996. Comparative Adjectives in Cherokee. In Papers from the 1994 Mid-America linguistics conference, ed. by Frances Ingemann, 561-575.

 

Jordan, Linda. 1997. The effects of place and animacy on possessive markers in Cherokee. In Papers from the 1996 Mid-America Linguistics Conference, ed. by Xingzhong Li, Luis Lopez and Thomas Stroik, 350-357.

Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993. The middle voice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

King, Duane. 1975. A grammar and dictionary of the Cherokee Language. Athens: University of Georgia PhD dissertation.

 

Krueger, John (ed.) 1993. Two Early Grammars of Cherokee. Anthropological Linguistics 35: 291-358.

 

Mithun, Marianne. 1976. A grammar of Tuscarora. New York: Garland Publishing.

Mithun, Marianne. 1979. Iroquoian. In The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessments, ed. by Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, 133-212. Austin: University of Texas Press.

 

Olbrechts, Frans M. 1931. Two Cherokee Texts. International Journal of American Linguistics 6: 179-184.

 

Pulte, William and Durbin Feeling. 1977. The Nineteenth Century Cherokee Grammars. Anthropological Linguistics 19.6:274-279.

 

Reyburn, William D. 1953. Cherokee Verb Morphology, Part I. International Journal of American Linguistics 19:172-180.

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Reyburn, William D. 1954. Cherokee Verb Morphology, Part III. International Journal of American Linguistics 20:44-64.

 

Speck, Frank G. 1926. Some Eastern Cherokee Texts. International Journal of American Linguistics 4:111-113.

 

Wright, Richard. 1996. Tone and accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. In Cherokee Papers from UCLA-UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics 16, ed. by Pamela Munro, 11-22. Los Angeles: University of California.