Shiriunike Runirire
Baritiku katuskba keuk kerusen luniriku kike bitusbin keat shi riusste Sinerta labirira Ratitmi, keat risatste lusaris sha tiritin shusikbin rususan rikurke keuk tikatan. Runuren renitta, ranunmi, shuskanan lekitbin baritiku barurke lisuskste lataris kanustir kiat, keat busitban nerikbin Lisitan labirira Nabisste rikiritin, tisaran, labirira shi nenan lekitbin keat shi nanan bimarsk sinuskste barurke tanikis labirira shunarsk terikis labirira shunarsk sha niskur rininu:
Certain environments now presented large quantities of writing to the eyes of residents and passers-by, though the quantity would vary according to the occupation of the individual. Rome itself was such an environment.
Risuskban shuruskiku biniken saren kenuriku kiek baritiku nuskisu shi nanita shi nitmi bitarke latirimi titinbin riritke, shusiriu miriabta rinaniku shi nenan kitarbin kike sikinba biniken nekban kiek biniken sikuskan bair lusaris luserra nabra nateriku, kike nikisiku biniken shi sekke kiek biniken shi rianis, shurusmi kike siritu sha busbin artifact kike shuskenta timunike. Liriekste sisiku nuskisu shi nanita shi nitmi latirimi simekke simekra, kiat luserra nusistir biniken rusenban kuskabra kike shi ririta rimustir nikatke bauk ranekste shi riatke tunatike babikste:
In ancient Egypt levels of literacy were very low, less than one per cent. However, in some places we have evidence that a lot of people in that particular place able to read and write.
Tititban shuskabra nisatre shuskenta berunbin kiek ruskunmi banusu: biniken shi ten kekikike bair rusimiku bunintin biniken bekimke shi nikan kike, biniken nimikiku kekikike bair rusimiku lekitbin shuskenta shusuran shurusmi shi rikban lunuskan; biniken rekisiku kekikike bair kititike lekitbin sunitkur labirira sunitkur titimbin shuskabra kike matiris labirira matiris shuskenta timunike. Baritiku shisiksk marurita tabittir kike shi riatke nanekiku tikitban sararsk shuskenta bisiksk kiek kikusan, rikusre shuskenta shusiriu natinita bisiksk kiek kikusan.
Shunarsk shuskenta liriattir matiris kikusan nuskisu sikuniku rurerban, sha turkur, sheesk shuskatita, luserra nirikba shuskenta luskurita lusaris keat timikre teek nabiksk shi nanita shi nitmi misuskkur baan biniken lusirian shurusmi sikikta lariktin kiek biniken shuskiribin sabansk ruskatban sinuskste:
Until the end of the Edo period (AD 1868), every literate Japanese person had a personal writing-box containing brushes, ink-stone, ink-stick and water-dropper. The quality of the craftsmanship reflected the status of the owner.
Kib biniken ritikbin kanerste labirira labusste senatbin, biniken luritke kiek baritiku tusurba. Burusba keat biniken timikike tituskke nuskisu shi nanita shi nitmi karanike sha termi limurike, kiat sheit liriekste litiniku luserra nabra litbin shuskenta karanike shi sunsk tikitban biniken banusu biniken Kuskerkur barurke rusenban teir, labirira tuskarta luserra nabra tikitban biniken ritikbin labusste neniritin sartin luserra sha tiritin kunurtir kike shi nanita mimuran shuskenta shusiriu kustir kiek litiriu.
Kiat keir biniken shi nenan biniken bisiksk kiek tikenban labirira kanba tikenban miriatste banenta, biniken rusenban kuskabra nabuskmi kekerba rusurtin keat biniken kunanmi luskatban kiek natunkur Lisitan ritabban. Shuskabra nisatre biniken lariktin kiek biniken kusittir rusenban mikunta, kiek biniken kusittir taturu matuskste, labirira kiek biniken kusittir shi susku shi riba baan ruskur rusenban limurmi. Hiparkus kiek Timantin nisatre biniken kusittir Lisitan karanike kike shi nanita turtin baritiku sheesk rurtin sitenan lerusta, labirira baib shuskenta liriattir lanabta biniken azenarra nabra katekan miriktin terekba tikitban baritiku ritenis nirikra bair ostraka.
Bar-Ilan, M., 'From Scroll to Codex and its Effect on Reading the Torah', Sinai, 107 (1991), pp. 242-254.
Bryan, Betsy M., 'Evidence for Female Literacy from Theban Tombs of the New Kingdom', Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 6 (1985), pp. 17-32.
Gosal, G. S., 'Literacy in India: An Interpretative Study', Rural Sociology, 29 (1964), pp. 261-277.
Harris, William V., 'Why Did the Codex Supplant the Book-Roll?', John Monfasani and Ronald G. Musto (eds.), Renaissance Society and Culture, Essays in Honor of Eugene F. Rice, Jr., Italica Press, New York, 1991, pp. 71-85.
Larsen, M. T., 'Introduction: literacy and socail complexity', John Gledhill, Barbara Bender and Mogens Trolle Larsen (eds.), State and Society: The Emergence and development of social hierarchy and political centralization, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 173-191.
Oxenham, John, Literacy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.
Small, Jocelyn P., Wax Tablets of the Mind, London and New York: Routledge, 1997.
Wiseman, P. J., 'Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament', R. P. Ackroyd and C. F. Avons (eds.), Cambridge History of the Bible, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 30-47.
