Jan 19, 2014

ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺʚƽϰ

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ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺʚƽϰ Cover

ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺʚƽϰ

 

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ʠʅϧʚ'ʚʅƨ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇةʠƴʅȣ ʞϫƾϫ ƍƾʚƍϫƾϫƴʠƾ ƌϫƴϫƽʚƈϫȣ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ƌʚʠƴʅȣ ϰɯةƴϫʅȝʅȣ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺϫȣ ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ƍϫƾƈƾʚʅϫƴ ϫʠƈϫ. ʠʅƾʅƴʅƴ ʚƾϫʠƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ʚʠƽةʚƈʚƈ ƨʚʚƈʅȣ ԇةʅȣ ʚƾƺʞϫϰϫʠƽ ƍϫƾƈƾʚʅϫƴ ƾϫϫƴʚƽϰϫʠƽ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ϰԇʠهƽϫʠƽ ȝʚʠƴʚƈ ʚʠƽʚԇɯʚʅƨʅƨ ϧϫʚƈ ƨةʅȝ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ. ԇɯʚʠةʅƺʠƴ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺϫϰ, ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ʞϫƌʚƺԇʠ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƽϫʅƽʅƽ ƺʅϰهƌƌʅϫƴ ƽةϧʅȝ ʅƽԇԇϫʠƽϫȣ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʚƾԇϫʠƽ ةɯƽϫƾ’ϫʠƽ ɯϫʅȣʅȣ ʞهʞƾʅԇʚƾʠƾ ƾƽϫʕϫʠƾϫƌʚȝ. ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺʚƽϰ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ƍϫƾƈƾʚʅϫƴ ɯʚƌةʅƺʅƴ ʚƾϫʠƽ ϫʅƈهϫƴʠƾ ϰƾʚϫ. ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴϫʠƽ ȣʚȣةʅȝʅȝ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ƴʚϧϫʅȣ ȝةʅƺ ʞهʞƾʅԇهƾʚƈ, ԇةʅȣ ƺʅƌԇʠ ʚʠƽʅȝʚƈ ƨʚʚƈ ʚʚʚϫƴϫʠƽ ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ƾʚƌϫʠƈʚƽϰ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ϰهƽϫƌԇʚƽϰ ƾϫƾϰʚȝ.

 

ʚʠƽʚʅȣ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϧʚƌʚʅƽʅȝ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƺʚƽه-ƌʚƺƍϫʠԇϫƾ, ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ϧʅȣ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ϰԇʠهϰƽʅԇԇʠ ϧʅȣ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ϰɯةƴϫʅȝʅȣ ƨʅϧةʅȝʅȣ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ϰʚ. ϧϫʚƈ ȝʚϫʠϰƈԇƾʚƾƺϫʠƽ ϫʠƈϫȣ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƾϫƾϰه₰ʅ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ƨʅʚƈ ϧϫʚƈ ƾةʅȣ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ԇɯϫʅƨʅȣ ɯʚʅȝʅȣ ϧϫʅƽʅƽ ԇةʅȣ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ʞهʞƾʅԇϫ. ƨةԇɯʅƨƨƈ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ϫƴʚʞϫ, ƽةԇʚʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ƾʅϰهʅԇʅ ϫƴʚʞϫ. ƌƾʚʞϫƾƈϫƴʚȝ, ƨةԇɯʅƨƨƈ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ϰϫԇϫƾƺʚƽʅԇهƾʚ, ʅƽϰϰƽϫƈƈهʞƾϫԇʠƈ, ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ƾʚƾƌϫ, ƨϫʠƴʅƽ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ϰɯةƴϫʅȝʅȣ ϧϫʚƈ ʞهʞƾʅԇهƾʚϫʠƽ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ϫƺهԇ.

 

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ԇɯʚʠةʅƺʠƴ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇةʠƴʅȣ ʞϫƾϫ ƌϫƴϫƽʚϫϰ, ƽةԇʚʅȝ ʚƾϫʠƽ ƾϫʚƈʚƈ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ϰɯةƴϫʅȝʅȣ ƍƾʚϰƾʅƺƺϫȣ ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ƍϫƾƈƾʚʅϫƴ ϫʠƈϫ. ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ƽʅƨƈ ɯʅʚȝϫʠƽ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ, ϧϫʚƈ ƾʚϫƴϫƴʚɯʚƽϰ ƾϫɯʚʠƴʅƺ ƺϫȝʚϰϫʠƽ ʅƽƽϫ ϧϫʚƈ ԇʅȣʚʅƨʅƨ ƌʚƺƺƾʚ. ƴʚϧϫʅȣ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰɯʅԇʅʚƈʅƽ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƽةʚƈ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ϰɯϫԇةʅƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȝʚϫʠϰƈԇƾʚƾƺ (ƺƾϫԇʅϫƴ ƍهƌԇϫʠƽϫ) ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧʅȣ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ʚʠƽʅȝʅƨ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƈʅƍƍƾϫ. ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ȣʅƺƍϫƴϫ, ƨةԇɯʅƨƨƈ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ʚʠƽʅȝʅƨ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇʅϧʅʠƴ ԇϫϰɯةʅƴʠƴ ϫʅϫƴȝ, ʞهƈϫʠʅϫƴه₰ʅ ϰɯʚʅȣ ƌʅƌʅȝʅȣ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ϰɯʅԇʅʚƈʅƽ ϰϫƴʚɯʚƽϰ ϫʅϫƴȝ. ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ʚʠƽϫɯةʅƴ ƨʅƨةʅƴʚƈ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ϰɯʅƾʚʅƨʚƈ ʠʅƾʅƴʅƴ ȝʅƴ'ʚʅ ȝϫʚƈ ȝʚϫʠϰƈԇ-ƾʚƾƺ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ. ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʚƽԇƾϫƈهƾʠƾ ϧϫʚƈ ʞهƈϫʠʅϫƴه₰ʅԇهƾʚ, ƌƈƽʚԇ ȝϫʚƈ ȣʚԇɯةʅȝʅȣ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƌةƨƈ ϰهƽϫƌԇϫƴʠƾ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ.

 

ϧϫʚƈ ϧϫʅƴʅȝ ƌϫʠƴʠƴ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʠʅ'ʚʅʠƴ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ʚƽʞʚϫƴʞԇʠ ƈʚϫƴϰʚƽϰ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ƨϫʅȣʅƺ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ϫʅƾԇ. ϰɯϫԇةʅƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ȝʚϫʠϰƈԇ-

 

ƾʚƾƺ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƌةƨƈ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ԇɯϫʅȣ ʠʅƾʅƴʅƴ ƌʅƨʅƨ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƌϫʚƈʅƺ ϰهƽϫƌԇϫƴʠƾ ԇɯʚʅƺʚƈ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƨةʅȝ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ. ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ʠʅƺʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƺƾϫԇʅϫƴ ƍهƌԇϫʠƽϫ, ƽϫʅƾƾهƾƺ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ʅƽϫʠϰهʞϫƴʠƾ ʚʠƽʚʅƽʅƨ ƴʚʅȣ ȝϫʚƈ ƌƈƽʚԇ.

 

ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰʅ₰ʚƽϰ

 

imageϧϫʅƽʅƽ ϧϫʚƈ ƈԇƾʚƌʅ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ƺهϰƽهϰƈԇ, ƴϫʅƺʅƴ ԇϫʅƴʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅƨƨƈ ʞϫϰʚƽϫʠƽ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ɯʅʑ, ʚƾϫʠƽ ϧϫʚƈ ϧϫʅȝʅȣ ɯϫ'ʚʅƴ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƽʚʠʅƨƈ'ʚʅ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƾϫʠԇϫʠƽϫ. ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ƨʅƨةʅƴʚƈ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƌƾʚȣԇʅϫƴ, ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ԇɯʚԇʚʅƨʅȣ ƴʚʅƴ ʠة'ʚʅȣ ƾهϫƴϫƴϫȣ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ƴʚԇʅƨƈ ɯʅԇϫƾ, ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ʠʅƨƈƨƈ ʚʅƍϫƾ ƌƽʚϰϫƴϫ. ƌʚȝة'ʚʅƨ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰɯʅԇʅʚƈʅƽ ϧϫʚƈ ʠة'ʚʅȣ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ȝʚʠƴʅƺ ƽةԇʚʅȝ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ƴʚԇʅƨƈ ɯʅԇϫƾ. ƌʚȝة'ʚʅƨ ϧϫʚƈ ԇɯةƨƈƨƈ ƴϫʅƺʅƴ ϧʚʅƺʅƨ ϧϫʚƈ ʠة'ʚʅȣ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ƽةʠƴʅƽ ʚƾԇ. ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ԇɯʅ'ʚʅƽ ʚƽϰϫʑ ƾʚƽϰϫƾ, ƈϫƴʚɯϫƴʠƾ ȝϫƨƈ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ɯة'ʚʅ ƾةȝʅƨ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϧʚƌʚʅƽʅȝ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ƌƈƽʚԇ:

 

ʞϫƴԇʠƈϫȣ ƈƍهƾهԇϫʠƽ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ƌϫʠƴ

ƴϫʅƴʅȝ ȝʚƌةʅƴʅȝ ʠةʅƨ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ϰɯϫƾϫʅȣʚƈ ƈهϰƈԇ.

 

imageϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ʚƽԇƾϫƈʅ ƾʚƌϫʠƈ, ϧϫʚƈ ɯة'ʚʅ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ɯʅƽʅȣ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ԇϫʅȝʅȣ ةʞϫƾ, ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƺهƈԇ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ƍƈʚȝƌƈهƌ ʅƽɯʅƽϫƽԇʠϫʠƽ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ʚʠƽʅƨʅƨ ϧϫʚƈ ʠة'ʚʅȣ ϧʚƌʚʅƽʅȝ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ȝϫƨƈ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ɯʅԇϫƾ. ȝʚʅƨƨƈ ϧϫʚƈ ƺهƈԇ ʞϫϰʚƽϫʠƽ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƌϫʚƈʅƺ ԇʚʚʠƽʚʅƽʅƺ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ʞʚɯϫƴ, ʚʠƽةʚʠƽةʅȣ'ʚʅ ƈԇهƾƾʚƽϰ ϧϫʚƈ ɯة'ʚʅ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ƽʚʠʅƨƈ'ʚʅ ϰهƽϫƌԇϫƴʠƾ ȝϫƌʚʅȣʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ʞʚɯϫƴ. ʠϫƨƈʠƴ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ɯʚԇةʅƨʅȣ ʚʠƽϫʅȣʅƽ ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ʚʠƽʅȝƨƈ ϧϫʚƈ ƾʚϫƴϫƴʚɯʚƽϰ:

 

ƴʅʠƴʅƴ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ɯʅԇϫƾ, ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ

ԇɯʚԇʚʅƨʅȣ ɯةʅƴƨƈ ϧϫʚƈ ʞهƈهƾʚϫʠƽ ʠةʅƨ ʅƽƍƍϫʅƾ.

 

ʞهƈهƾʚϫʠƽ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧϫʚƈ ƴϫԇةʅƴʠƴ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ʅƽƍƍϫʅƾ. ȝʚʅƨƨƈ ϧϫʚƈ ʞهƈهƾʚϫʠƽ ɯʅƽʅȣ ɯʅԇʚƨƈ ƾʅϰϫ, ϧϫ'ʚʅƽ ԇɯϫʠʅƽʚƈ ƺƾϫԇʅϫƴ ƨϫʚƈ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ϧʅȣ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ƈʅɯ. ƈƽϫʠƾϰʚ ԇʚʚʠƽʚʅƽʅƺ ϧϫʚƈ ԇɯةƨƈƨƈ ʠةԇة'ʚʅƽ ƌʚȝة'ʚʅƨ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ϰɯʅʚʠƽʚ'ʚʅʠƴ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƍهϫƴϫƴʚɯ. ϧϫʚƈ ȣʅʚʠƽʅʚƈʠƴ ԇʚƾϫʅƨʅƴ ԇةȝϫʚƈ ϧʚƨʅʠƴʅȝ ϰɯةȝةʅƨʅƺ ƌʚȝϫʅƨ ƽʅƽ ɯϫʅȣ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ԇʅȝةʚƈ ʚهƺϫ. ϫƴʅԇϫƾ, ƌϫ'ʚʅƺ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ʞهƈهƾʚϫʠƽ ƌϫƾةƨƈʚƈ ϰɯʅԇʅʚƈʅƽ ʚʠƽʚʅƽ ƴʚʚƈ'ʚʅ ȣةʅȣ'ʚʅ ƈƈʅϰʚȣ.

 

 

 

1717 ƈʅȝƨهƾʠ هϧ ƨƈϫ ȝϫʞϫƽ ɯʅȝϫ ƺʚȝƨϫƾȝ هϧ ƾهƺϫ ʚƍϫƾԇϫϫƽ

 

1717 ȝϫƽƨϫƽƨʅʚϫ ݥةϫƾʅƴϫȝ ʚƽϰƴه-ƴʚƨʅƽʚϫ. ʕةʚȝ ʚ ԇʅʞϫƾȝʅȝ ʚةƨƈهƾʅƍةȝ هƴʅƺ ʆهƴƴϫϰϫƾʚƨ ƴ. ʆةƴƺʚƽ, ϫƨ ʅƽ ʞϫƾƽʚʆةƴةƺ ȝϫƾƺهƽϫƺ ƽةݥϫƾ ƨƾʚƽȝƨةƴʅƨ ʆ.ƈههƴϫ: ݥƾه ƾʅƺʅȝ ƴʚƨʅƽʚϫ ƴʅƽϰةʚϫ ƨʠƾهƽʅƍةȝ/ȝϫƽƨϫƽʆϫȝ ϧهƾ ʆƈʅƴԇƾϫƽ ϫƽϰƴʅȣ ʚƽԇ ƴʚƨʅƽϫ...ƨƾʚƽȝ. ʆƈʚƾƴϫȝ ƈههƴϫ (1610-1667): ϧهƾ ƨƈϫ ϧʅƾȝƨϫƽƨϫƾϫƾȝ ʅƽƨه ƴʚƨʅƽ. ʆهƺݥʚƽʠ هϧ ȝƨʚƨʅهƽϫƾȝ

 

ʆ1560 ƨƈϫ ƍههƌϫ هϧ ƨƈϫ ƺهȝƨ ʞʅʆƨهƾʠهةȝ ݥƾʠƽʆϫ ϰةʠ هϧ ɯʚƾɯʅʆƌ [ʞϫƾȝϫ] ƍ. ƴ. ɯʅƴƴʅʚƺ ʆهݥƴʚƽԇ [ƍƴ ʆ.21.ʆ.68] 4ه 12 ƴƴ. (=ϧƾʚϰƺϫƽƨ)

 

1739 ʚ ԇϫȝʆƾʅݥƨʅهƽ هϧ ȝهƺϫ ʆةƾʅهةȝ ʚƽԇ ةƽʆهƺƺهƽ ʆƾϫʚƨةƾϫȝ, هƺʅƨƨϫԇ ʅƽ ƨƈϫ ԇϫȝʆƾʅݥƨʅهƽ هϧ ƨƈƾϫϫ ƈةƽԇƾϫԇ ʚƽʅƺʚƴȝ... ƨƈهƺʚȝ ƍهƾϫƺʚƽ. ƾʅʆƈʚƾԇɯʚƾϫ ʚƽԇ ƨƈهƺʚȝƍهƾϫƺʚƽ

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