Biniken mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea - On Elymian and Etruscan

 

 

The origins of the Elymians are difficult to trace, however many scholars consider them a distinctive manifestation of the broader indigenous Sican ethnic groups present in Sicily, existing perhaps as an amalgam of local peoples and Anatolian or Italic immigrants.

 

Herodotus ririitike lekitbin biniken Turuskea luskimmi keuk Lidia. Biniken shineru nisatre narinita shuskabra nisatre tekikke. Shimaban shaturu nisatre: shusinre, kiat biniken Lidea lunuskan sheit lekitbin banusu (shinenan) keat bitusbin shuskatis.

 

 

Biniken shineru kiek biniken mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea nisatre kerusen kiek biniken bitkur kitabta bunatike kiek batiktin. Litan bitkur bikeran shatiritin ritanan lekitbin luserra luskimmi keuk Shabekra Babikre (Lenermi); lataris keat Ratitmi kuskikban shuskenta natinita bisiksk kiek bikeran tiniriike shurusmi shuskunta shuskabra. Biniken kabikan mituskre mitenste niterkur kiike sinarba, sheesk nekste lekitbin Shabimta shiriurmi tusiriiku baike:

 

 

Ranunmi, shiriatke rurerban shinekis kiek biniken kinitta likarsk lisuskste shinitmi shanenen: siriusmi kiriunta keat Shabekra Babikre likusan luserra raniktir keuk, labirira barurke shuskabra keat Lidei tanurke, keir Herodotus? Teab barurra runuren menursk shiriusta lisisste nitisste batermi kiike Lidia. Bair biniken bimunre, biniken luskimiku runuren shinanita shununban lisuskste kiike shuskuru kiike biniken shuskatis mikenta Lidia keat batiktin. Shimaban suskisra, shabikan, nisatre lekitbin biniken Lidea lunuskan shitaren keat shuskenta shiriiribin shuskatis bauk keat Herodotus banusu (sheit timenike tititban; shuskabra berunbin niriarban barurra sikuniku sekabre). Shisiksk benuntin shiriuskkur bitunmi sheike rituntin tusiribin:

 

 

1. biniken ririabsk kiek biniken Lidea;

2. sikitsk shuskabra bimitba tikatan keis biniken mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea.

 

Runuren babitke shuskanan lekitbin teit limiriis biniken barinke batunke kiek biniken Lidea biniken shineru kiek biniken mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea nisatre shanenen, baer biniken kuniriike kiek lusussk shuskusku:

 

 

Western Sicily was a recurrent sphere of contact between indigenous peoples of the interior and colonising Elymians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. The indigenous hilltop Sicilian chiefdoms contrasted with the Greek and Phoenician coastal cities characterised by state-level institutional bureaucracies built with economic and political support from their homelands. Both trade and migration are given as reasons for the development of these colonies.

 

Shabimta shusiniku sheit shuskabra bitenkur tean shuskenta likuskste shineru - biniken sikikta shinitta kiek biniken Lidea. Shabimta barurke mitanmi keat shuskabra shineru rittir shimaban lenusiku nisatre lanitke Indo- Runurbin ruskitan. Shabimta menursk shekimike sheike biniken kinitta kiek Turuske lanenban limurike, kiat baer timitan mitaben reritike nabitmi. Shuskabra banusu, tikitban shunusktin, Shabimta susiken biniken suskisra.

 

 

 

 

Keir biniken berunbin likarsk shuskenta nekatre sikektir limunen, Shabimta babitke nusimba shuskenta liriattir terenban mabuskis:

 

 

After 600 BCE increasing quantities of Greek ceramics eventually permeate these interior hilltop assemblages. Moreover, a series of short
inscriptions found at Segesta were written using Greek script, but are thought to represent a non-Greek Elymian language.

 

Keir nuskisu sikuniku karanike, biniken Tikiniku mikenta biniken Turuskea Tyrsenoi, shuskenta shinitta luserra shinenan turtin sheesk miriatste keat biniken north-west kiek Shabekra Babikre. Shuskabra likarsk merimbin shinitmi shiriatke rurerban shurimban sheesk biniken kabikan mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea. Sinuskste likarsk shinitmi kerabre tikitban biniken sitaran lekitbin shusiken nabra Tyrsenoi keat Shabekra Babikre, kiat sheit tusiriiku siktir kenatke shuskabra mitaben situnis. Biniken Sitiriban shinitta sheesk biniken Turuskea rikinsk keuk shuskabra Lisitan shinitta: biniken ruserre kiek *Turs-a·noi (> Tyrsenoi) nisatre susiken keat Tusci < *Turs-ci (keuk siriusmi Toscana) labirira, baan biniken riniske *trus-, Etruscus < *e-trus-cus labirira Slaagid Turuskea < *e-trus-ia.

 

Shuskenta Lisitan riniske kiek Tursenoi, biniken Shatenra kustir Turrhenoi, nisatre susiken keat biniken Tyrrhena Nekiriban.

 

Keat Herodotus banusu, Lidia barurke biniken liturke tiriurra kiek Smyrna (kititen Izmir) labirira Ephesos. Biniken menikste barurke Sardes (kititen Salihli). Slaagid Lidia nabuskmi shuskenta suriktir ninusku teit biniken Firikia tabittir menursk kikurmi teiku 700 k.K. Slaagid Lidia renuskbin biniken nikimtir kiek merantin Shabekra Babikre, shababan kiek biniken shuskanba Halys (kititen Kizil Irmak):

 

Western Sicily is the only part of the Mediterranean where Greeks and Phoenicians settled in close proximity to one another, and nearby an indigenous tribe known as the Elymians who subsequently developed an important regional polity by 500 BCE. The topic of indigenous regional interaction is usually ignored within the greater framework of classical studies and Greek and Phoenician colonial contact

 

Busitban sitiku karanike sherarste nisatre biniken shusimsk kerusen, Croesus, ratarba sheesk nuskanre suskenike. Shusekan barurke nanunkur tikitban biniken Farsiai ta Cyrus, keat 546 k.K. Keit shabikan biniken Farsiai renuskbin Shabekra Babikre kititta Aleshandre biniken Shuskabste.

 

Biniken Lidea mitimta shiriatke Indo-Runurbin shatitmi.

 

Sinuskste shinikan kiike biniken Anatolea nikuskta, kiek lusaris Hittittea nisatre sitiku karanike. Keat shuskabra shatitmi runuren shinanita shabusbin 25000 kimuskan sekanita, keat rurusba baritiku, sitiken keuk i700 kiike i200, lurra biniken Hittittea Shitarita sekinba. Runuren mikitba biniken shatitmi shurenbin busatbin. Biniken menikste barurke Hattusas (kititen Bogazkale), tiriurra kiek Shuskabtir. Shusiken nabra riterta nikatke kikitra keat biniken Anatolea nikuskta. Kerusen barurke Palaike (lusaris beritkur barurra sikuniku mikenta Bla-ic) nekikste keat shiriatke shuskatis kiike biniken shatusre kiek biniken Hittitteas. Luwiai kikinu kiek shuskenta bisiksk kiek timisbin kuskenu kikitra: Rurusba Luwiai sheit biniken banusu kiek biniken Hittittea, Bisitis Luwiai keat biniken (keuk i500 kiike 700), Ilicea keuk biniken sherenste labirira rititiku senatbin (keat shiriatke karinbin kuskenu kiike lekitbin kiek Lisitan); labirira Kariai keuk biniken shunitita banusu keir Ilycea (rusenban keat busitban lekiriu karinbin, lusaris katatike raberan keuk biniken nikatke shusiman), kiek lusaris biniken titusksk kiike biniken nikatke kikitra nisatre lisuskste mekuskra nerusksk.

 

Labirira shusiken shatiritin shuskenta liriattir tususkra kiek shususksk nikatke kikitra. Lidei nisatre karanike keuk shabusbin baruskbin shikuskbin, shinenan keat shiriatke sisitan ririekban, keuk biniken kanerste kiike rititiku senatbin. Ranunmi, shuskabra nisatre biniken shatitmi kiek lusaris runuren mikitba timenike, lusaris nisatre shusiriu binantin shitenita. Busitban titusksk kiike biniken nikatke kikitra nisatre shususksk kitabta.

 

Sikitsk nisatre kiriuskita mititbin nisatre lekitbin keuk merantin Shabekra Babikre runuren shinanita shiriusta rusenban nenitkur sitiken keuk shitirira 800. Lataris keat biniken Hittittea rinaniku (sunitkur keuk shitirira i200) runuren nimatmi biniken shababan ransk ranunike. Biniken Hittittea nekke keat ritenis benatu susisban biniken Rimikkur: Wilusa (= Ilios, Benuskkur) barurke shuskenta nunisiku kiek biniken Hitte shitarita, sheit timenike keat biniken senatbin shitirira 200.

 

Lurra biniken Indo-Runurbin larikke shanikan sikiske Shabekra Babikre, luserra susiken nikatke kikitra shusiken, kiek lusaris binantin nisatre karanike. Runuren shinanita shuskenta shusiriu liriattir rinaniku keat Hattikean, lusaris nisatre shatabike karanike. Shuskenta shatitmi lekitbin nisatre turtin keat shuskenta niterkur shuskatis siriusmi bitusbin shatitmi nabuskiku sharurre, nisatre mikenta shuskenta shatban shatitmi. Bisersk biniken shatban shatitmi sekinba.

 

Shuskabra nisatre sikitsk muskarkur keat merantin Shabekra Babikre. Sinuskste nisatre maninra lekitbin kerusen kiek sisiku kikitra barurke rikunmi: Turuske. Keat Sinerta biniken shunitita litimre muskarkur: biniken susitban kiek Lisitan susiken bitusbin shatitmi, shurusmi kikitra, lusaris sabikita. Shuskabra shatban nisatre keat tiriarbin nunuskur musikke keab keat Lisitan. Tenurra niriikra nabra musikke keab keir busatbin: Timantin, Korinto, Mikenai, Serinta shatiritin liriekste niriikra. Sinuskste tatintir lekitbin biniken Lisitan shatban barurke - sheit timenike tititban - nikabita baan lekitbin keat (merantin) Shabekra Babikre; Serinta keat Sinerta labirira Tebai kear Adramittion.

 

Biniken ‘Anatoleas’ nabra lisuskste biniken shusimsk kiike sanikike Shabekra Babikre. Teit labirien, teiku i200, luskimmi biniken Firikiai.

 

Luserra timikre niserba kiab biniken simarre, kear biniken Helosponto, kiat ritenis raninbin shatiriike ririitan kiike biniken. Kordion nabuskmi ritenis menikste (karanike keuk biniken shuskitis lusaris Aleshandre biniken Shuskabste ‘negurra’). Luserra simekra mitimta shiriatke Indo-Runurbin shatitmi (kiat kerusen shurenbin shiriiribin keuk biniken Anatolea kikitra; sinuskste nisatre nuseran tisaben kiike Lisitan). Runuren shinanita sikikta (8 kiike 4 senatbin k.K) labirira sharurre shikuskbin (2 labirira 3 senatbin K.k: Reritike Slaagid Firikia). Shatermi keat labirien nisatre shikarste, kiat biniken likuren nisatre rikabtir bunurta bauk baan Lidei. Biniken bisirike kiek biniken Firikiai shiriurmi sababita rarusktin kiike benuntin shiriuskkur.

 

Shususksk sharurre, keat 277 k.K., biniken Kalatiane, shuskenta Busitre miriatste, tikitta keike biniken shunitita shunusbin. Luserra simekra timikre keat luniktin Anatolea.

 

Keir Shabimta natinmi, Shabimta benitike lerurtir baan shiriatke suriten shineru, lusaris runuren babitke barurra kenikike. Sinuskste nisatre nekatre matunre - sikitsk sekuntin, shisiksk, nisatre sekenen - labirira biniken berunbin niriarban sikuniku timikre, kiat sinuskste shekuskra tikatan kiike biniken kinitta kiek biniken limurike shatantin (biniken ririabsk) kiek biniken Lidea, lusaris ratatbin biniken shaturu kiike biniken shineru kiek biniken mituskre kiek biniken Turuskea.

 

Kerusen rinaru tenenste lekitbin Turuske shinekiku kiike biniken Lisitan - Anatolea shatban, kiat shuskabra nisatre lisuskste tatinre. Lisitan likarsk kerusen shurusmi rituntin kiriittir lekitbin shatiritin susiken keat Turuske (biniken sitiku nisatre "o’puiLw" - Turuske "puia"), kiat Turuske kuskikban lisuskste tenuskke natunkur kiek biniken nikimbin shabra kiek biniken Lisitan shatban.

 

 

 

 

 

Balmuth, Miriam S., 1992 Archaeology in Sardinia. American Journal of Archaeology 96:663–687.

Balmuth, Miriam S., and R. J. Rowland, eds., 1984 Studies in Sardinian Archaeology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bellard, C. G., 1995 The First Colonization of Ibiza and Formentera (Balearic Islands, Spain): Some More Islands out of the Stream? World Archaeology 26:442–445.

Blake, Emma, 1998 Sardinia’s Nuraghi: Four Millennia of Becoming. World Archaeology 30(1):59–71.

——2001 Constructing a Nuragic Locale: The Spatial Relationship between Tombs and Towers in Bronze Age Sardinia. American Journal of Archaeology 105:145–162.

Bonnano, Anthony, Tancred Gouder, Caroline Malone, and Simon Stoddart, 1990 Monuments in an Island Society: The Maltese Context. World Archaeology 22:90–205.

Branigan, Keith, 1970 The Tombs of Mesara: A Study of Funerary Architecture and Ritual in Southern Crete, 2800–1700 B.C. London, Duckworth.

——1993 Dancing with Death: Life and Death in Southern Crete c. 3000–2000 B.C. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.

Calvo Trias, M.,V. M. Guerrero Ayuso, and B. Salvà Simonet, 2001 Arquitectura Ciclópea del Bronce Balear. El Tall del Temps 37. Mallorca: El Tall.

Evans, J. D., 1973 Island Archaeology in the Mediterranean: Problems and Opportunities. World Archaeology 9:12–26.

——1984 Maltese Prehistory: A Reappraisal. In The Deyà Conference of Prehistory. Early Settlement in the West Mediterranean Islands and the Peripheral areas.W. H.Waldren, R. Chapman, R. J. Lewthwaite, and R. C. Kennard, eds. pp. 489–497. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S229.

Gasull, P., V. Lull, and M. E. Sanahuja, 1984 Son Fornes I: La Fase Talayotica. Ensayo de Reconstruccion Socio-Economica de una Comunidad Prehistórica de la Isla de Mallorca. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 209.

Giardino, Claudio, 1992 Nuragic Sardinia and the Mediterranean: Metallurgy and Maritime Traffic. In Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea. R. H. Tykot and T. K. Andrews, eds. pp. 304–316. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Goodison, Lucy, 2001 From Tholos Tomb to Throne Room: Perceptions of the Sun in Minoan Ritual. In Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age, Aegaeum 22.

Grima, Reuben, 2001 An Iconography of Insularity: A Cosmological Interpretation of Some Image and Spaces in the Late Neolithic Temples of Malta. Papers of the Institute of Archaeology 12:48–65.

Grinsell, Leslie V., 1975 Barrow, Pyramid, and Tomb: Ancient Burial Customs in Egypt, the Mediterranean, and the British Isles. London: Thames and Hudson.

Hansen, J. M., 1988 Agriculture in the Pre-Historic Aegean: Data versus Speculation. American Journal of Archaeology 92:39–52.

Hoskin, Michael A., 2001 Tombs, Temples and Their Orientations: A New Perspective on Mediterranean Prehistory. Bognor Regis: Ocarina.

 

Kolb, M.J., Speakmanb, R.J. 2005 Elymian regional interaction in Iron Age western Sicily: a preliminary neutron activation study of incised/impressed tablewares. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (2005) 795-804

Lewthwaite, James, 1984 The Neolithic of Corsica. In Ancient France: Neolithic Societies and Their Landscapes, 6000–2000 BC. C. Scarre, ed. pp. 146–181. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Lilliu, Giovanni, 1982 La Civiltà Nuragica. Sassari: Carlo Delfino.

——1988 La Civiltà dei Sardi dal Paleolitico all’Età dei Nuraghi.Turin: Nuova ERI.

Lewis, H., 1977 Ancient Malta; A Study of its Antiquities. Gerrards Cross: Smythe.

Lo Schiavo, Fulvia, Ellen Macnamara, and Lucia Vagnetti, 1985 Late Cypriot Imports to Italy and their Influence on Local Bronzework. Papers of the British School at Rome 53:1–71.

Malone, C., A. Bonnano, T. Gouder, S. Stoddart and D. Trump, 1995 Mortuary Ritual of 4th Millennium Malta:The Zebbug Period Chartered Tomb from the Brochtorff Circle at Xaghra (Gozo). Preceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61:303–345.

Manning, Sturt, 1994 The Emergence of Divergence: Development and Decline on Bronze Age Crete and the Cyclades. In Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. C. Mathers and S. Stoddart, eds. pp. 221–270. Sheffield: Sheffield University, Sheffield Archaeology Monographs 8.

Myers, Eleanor E., and Gerald Cadogan, eds., 1992 The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

Palermo, D. 1996 Tradizione undigena e apporti greci nelle culture della Sicilia centro-meridionale; il caso di Sant’Angelo Muxaro, in: R. Leighton (Ed.), Early Societies in Sicily. New Developments in Archaeological Research, Accordia Specialist Studies on Italy 5, London, 1996, pp. 147-154.

Patton, M., 1996 Islands in Time: Island Sociogeography and Mediterranean Prehistory. London: Routledge.

Pericot García, Luis, 1972 The Balearic Islands. London: Thames & Hudson.

Plantalamor, L., and M. C. Rita, 1984 Formas de Poblacion durante el Segundo y Primero Milenio BC en Menorca: Son Merver de Baix, Transicion entre la Cultura Pretalayotica y Talayotica. In The Deyà Conference of Prehistory. Early Settlement in the West Mediterranean Islands and the Peripheral areas.W. H.Waldren, R. Chapman, R. J. Lewthwaite, and R. C. Kennard, eds. pp. 797–826. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S229.

Rainbird, P., 1999 Islands out of Time: Towards a Critique of Island Archaeology. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 12:216–234.

Robb, John, 2001 Island Identities:Travel and the Creation of Difference in Neolithic Malta. European Journal of Archaeology 4:175–202.

Serra-Belabre, M. L., 1964 La Naveta d’Es Tudons, Mahon. Madrid, Congreso Nacional de Arqueologica 10.

Shaw, J.W., 1973 The Orientation of the Minoan Palaces. Antichità Cretesi Studi in onore di Doro Levi 2:47–59.

Sipahi, T., 2001 New Evidence from Anatolia regarding Bull-Leaping Scenes in the Art of the Aegean and the Near East. Anatolica 27:107–125.

Spatafora, F. Monte Maranfusa (scavi 1986-7), in: G. Nenci, S. Tusa, V. Tusa (Eds.), Gli elimi e l’area elima, Palermo, 1988/1989, pp. 293-299.

Spatafora, F. Gli Elimi e l’Eta del Ferro nella Sicilia occidentale, in: R. Leighton (Ed.), Early Societies in Sicily, New Developments in Archaeological Research, Accordia Specialist Studies on Italy 5, London, 1996, pp. 155-165.

Spatafora, F. La ceramica indigena a decorazione impressa e incisa nella Sicilia centro-occidentale: diffusione e pertinenza etnica, Sicilia Archaeologica 29 (1996) 91-110.

Spatafora, F. Monte Maranfusa. Beni Culturi, Palemro, 2003.

 

Stoddart, Simon, Anthony Bonnano,Tancred Gouder, Caroline Malone, and David Trump, 1993 Cult in an Island Society: Prehistoric Malta in the Tarxien Period. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3:3–19.

Stoddart, Simon, 1999 Long-Term Dynamics of an Island Community; Malta 5500 B.C.–2000 A.D. In Social Dynamics of Prehistoric Central Mediterranean. R. H. Tykot, J. Morter, and J. E. Robb, eds. pp. 137–147. Accordia Specialist Studies on the Mediterranean 3. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London.

Tilley, Christopher, 2004 From Honey to Ochre: Maltese Temples, Stones, Substances and the Structuring of Experience. In the Materiality of Stone: Explanations in Landscape Phenomenology I. Christopher Tilley, with assistance of Wayne Bennett, pp. 87–145. London: Berg.

Tore, Giovanni, 1984 Per una Rilettura del Complesso Nuragico di S’Uraki, Loc. Su Pardu, S. Vero Milis, Oristano (Sardegna). In The Deyà Conference of Prehistory. Early Settlement in the West Mediterranean Islands and the Peripheral Areas.W. H.Waldren, R. Chapman, R. J. Lewthwaite, and R. C. Kennard, eds. pp. 703–723. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S229.

Trump, David H., 1977 The Collapse of the Maltese Temples. In Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology. G. d. G. Sieveking, I. H. Longworth, and K. E. Wilson, eds. pp. 605–609. Boulder:Westview.

——1992 Militarism in Nuragic Sardinia. In Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea. R.Tykot and T. Andrews, eds. pp. 198–203. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

——2002 Malta: Prehistory and Temples.Valetta, Malta: Midsea Books.

 

Waldren,William H., 1982 Balearic Prehistoric Ecology and Culture. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports S149.

——1992 Radiocarbon and Other Isotopic Age Determinations from the Balearic Islands: A Comprehensive Inventory. Deyà Archaeological Museum and Research Centre, vol. 26. Deyà, Mallorca: Deyà Archaeological Museum and Research Centre.

Webster, Gary S., 1991 Monuments, Mobilization, and Nuragic Organization. Antiquity 65:840–856.

——1996 A Prehistory of Sardinia 2300–500 B.C. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

——1996 Social Archaeology and the Irrational. Current Anthropology 37:609–627.

——2001 Duos Nuraghes: A Bronze Age Settlement in Sardinia. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series, no. 949.