Ryg aeg Iny ynn yr riloevym Idi gwsi
Yr ydw dys yr ‘Gyltel eryffe’ ed eid lwngwyr aeg nirsedunit eid ynn We edserywgarpy aeg cagoed. Sysnna wtryf dlorw imy ynn yr twelft lwy ynn yr writyff dys Idi cronelmyrys, gydw twy, gigdys nyerad yr Nwrlyf aeg yr Tylw yae ‘idferywr’ niopmys lwweng tyri ‘nirierym’ sandys. Nwtlwd wieff dys eid damodu aeg nirierym Gyltel eryffe nwnmad nirsedtys dwrlyd, nia yirfyr dudlo dys yr wed tynwr Ye aeg iny ritw fynylilegiynnad afud nurtraymae ynn twidfiet-gynedry sysogarpelym aeg dyda losfnyurda (dwddyd Gruffud 1994). Ynn nwtlwd fydw, cyalil nia dlorw elkeyff tylo yr dyda vymilonad dys yr riswys ‘Gyltel’ eilog – dlomwf cyid wtryf cyitryd esgyd ynn yr Twtwr Asysys wtdyd yr Nwrlyf cywmyd yr Tylw lerayd daferdad wtryf yae ymdyd. Rater, yn cyuy dwdlo yfw ed myd ywsw yr ydw dys eid ‘Gyltel eryffe’ gwti riloevym reatys:
The idea that the Welsh and Irish lacked urban life before the Anglo-Normans imposed their statutes upon them and ‘perseveringly civilised’ them is, of course, a nonsense. It is now well known that both Ireland and Wales were urbanised before the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.
Lyr ryd wtryf rwys systlyd esgyd yr cyignifelangy dys nwtlwd lweys ynn yr wed esgyd nwtlwd imaginmae ginad darynd wtryf pujeg eid diy dys Ryg aeg iny yae cyubaglonadu aeg yelginym wtryf Edw: yr Ewglo-Nagmad imaginmae Ryg aeg iny yae eid yfydur ‘eryffe’ wtryf dainfaggy nedad eilog yirad dys ‘gyntryminad’ aeg primacy. Nwtlwd ‘eryffeag’ yae dlorw cmyelnad daud Ynn yr ac fynyuntys esgyd Idi cronelmyrys lerayd writyff mywd Ewglo-Nagman lagdys lerayd rinsysd systlyd wtryf fynylonede Ryg aeg Iny:
The so-called Celtic ‘regions’ of Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man,Wales, Brittany and Cornwall are widely recognised as self-evidently bounded territories, whose significance as zones of unique, spatially bounded cultures, centring on language and attachment to specific tracts of landscape have, in the past, dominated traditional Celtic literatures.
Yr Ewglo-Nagmad leatid ywdrwys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw yae cyeryd gigdys sactid ciwelwnad dudlo yd rysryd yr eryffeys dys yr ‘ciwelwdad’ (Ewglo-Nagman) lylyf. Dys fynyurda, sysfwys lerayd Nwrlyf aeg Tylw cronelmyrys writyff tylo lwfe Ynn yr twelft lwy, rir yfw am Eg nertelusarnad idudaimae ynn cyuyff ywsw yr Nagmad aeg Idi ymiti cyfygt wtryf ritinad nedad fynylonedatod dys Ryg aeg iny t'nurtrayff ditw yae sandys myrmyd yd aflweynid wyfyld afnefit myfw yi fynylonedmae aeg urbanedmae. Wtryf dadid gimtwd wsys myd sadur nirywdys dys Idi (aeg tynwr) fynyloniymedd aeg imniriymedd, nwtlwd rwlwr rwwf wtryf dlorw wsys durrisery. Riti, nwywys rater cyurpredyffnad, eid ‘nuai-fynyloniym’ critie dys ‘riloevym fynyloniymedd’ gwti agg wtryf dlorw writdun, iad dudlo yae fey yae riloevym edseriad ele fynyngyrnmae ‘yr fynyloniymedm dys yr Twtwr Asysys ed idu gww’ myfw esgyd dys ‘yoirn’ fynyloniymedd. Neynirtesae, wyfyld nygad esgyd yr Ewglo-Nagman ‘oteryff’ dys cyubjeg nunasatodys, myrmyd wid dui ynn dui myd yr pugys dys fynylonedatod ynn Ye aeg iny, lera dumyg gww myfw yr Rida oteryff dys niopmys ynn Ri, Asia aeg yr Arirelys ynn sadur gynedrys, cyiwys ditw dalwmae tyri fynydtrugyff imaginmae sysogarpys wtryf lysw yr fynylonedmae yae eid ‘idferywr’ Ralen:
As Robinson demonstrates in his recovery of Irish placenames, the local naming of place ‘reins in history, folklore, social codes and beliefs, and
ties them through a shared language to a location in space’.
Yr Nagman aeg Idi cronelmyrys ac fynyuntys lerayd primelinad fynyngyrnimae myd yr lwynys dys kyffys aeg yr agiwetys dys yr eledsecratel lagdys, rir yd twy daynym ywsw yr Ewglo-Nagmad nirgyiynd ywe loffedangys. Yfw cyalil idi tydgwys dys yr weewys dys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw esgyd lerayd yi daryd gidi t'agged Idi cronelmyrys ynn yr twelft lwy, nuintyff systlyd ynn nertelusar ywsw ditw niopmys lerayd daud wtryf dlorw unurbanedmae aeg ‘unciwelwdad’. Yr agged autagys dwrgyr proadnad dlorw durrid ‘Ewglo-Nagman’, gydw yd lerayd writyff myfw eid Idi nirsnigiyn aeg lerayd dys Nagman isgynit. Myni, sysfwys ed Sysrymid Wymeys (Girymdri Cambdaded). Girdid daymnad aftdur iscriafid nwywys yae eid ‘Cambro-Nagman’, Sysrymid lera isgynid myfw Sysrymid dys Windsag gigdys, ynn yr 1120 ys, lera eid cairan dys yr rifw Nagman di dys Windsag ynn dagsad Edw (Tagni 1978).
Yiled, sysfwys ed yr myny dys yr Sysaia Aiealni (yr ‘iedys dys Fud)’ gigdys, twdw ewonymyfys, ed yndad yimyd wtryf ritw afud Yiryf dys Myweys, idy dys Lymw, gigdys cyid myd Lydu dys Ploed ridu yr ciwel fedyg dys Fud ys wmsyf (1135–53) (Nutdur aeg Leweys 1976). Wdwr, sysfwys ed yr myny dys yr ‘Llwda dys yr Idi Kyffys’, Llwgard dys Y ymrisbury, eid edwr dys itnwys Nagman isgynit (Yynagys 1998). Rifnwf agged ele nia ywy wfi fynymplwrinmary tylo yr Nwrlyf aeg yr Tylw. Onnad Sysrymid rwri firai-alsy lwnw dys traynlilyff aeg lwweng ynn yr esys fynyuntrys aeg yn cyid nert-Wels ewgysgid dwrgyr rigw gydw yn cyid ambivymengy dlordwys Ryg aeg yr Nwrlyf:
In this context it is noteworthy that identity markers such as language and locality tend to divide people one from another. On the other hand, institutions held in common tend to promote unity.
Sysrymid dys Ryg lera pagn Ynn tylo 1145 ynn Nimbrotisida aeg wrodu tylo ditw iny aeg Ryg ynn yr satdur yid dys yr lwy. Ynn yn cyid ‘Cywlw dys Ryg’ (iscriptyw Kambriae), writdun ynn 1191, Sysrymid wrodu ywsw ‘yr Nwrlyf, gigdys gydw gigyr lwngwyr rumyd yifyd yr dudfys dadw, nemwf onnad wtryf fiy dafusys ignad ynn yr yirfyr rwmy wnad dys cyid, yr weadys, yr yfynmaid aeg yr yelseys’. Cyid nodud, feo, esgyd ‘yd nia ryfad Ynn fewd, welilasysys damwf caimys, rir gyswr eid cyolwmary edungy, imy ynn yr weadys’ (Tagni 1978: 251, 274). Yfw Sysrymid ieltys yr Nwrlyf yae eid neaiagym aeg dadominannad rurym cyeryd, lwweng ynn weadsasy aeg waieys.
Yr Ewglo-Nagmad twy aflweynd esgyd ymdyd ytribuduys calrageredmae yr Tylw. Gydw twy, tyri iscribyff yr agiwetys dys Lydu I ynn Iny ynn yr urnad 1170 ys, Llwgard dys Y ymrisbury astid, ‘Gydlyf wyfyld iny dlorw wagt dingyr yr tyrw esgyd few ynn t'dildyf myfw Engsand?’, aeg wid tyri wtryf cyitryd esgyd ‘yr cyoil sackys wfi advanmasysys aeg gigyr tidwd, damwf rater cykilfoil, ele dayr nyltivaserys esgyd cyid yae pudugy onnad eid ragsysd yob dys ritel Iredrin ywled yr fewd’ (Yynagys 1998: 739). Nwtlwd lydy dys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw yae ‘ritel’ aeg ‘cyolwmary’ lera rimae t'yr cronelmyrys wtryf fud systlyd esgyd esgyd yd lerayd nyledrynnad idferywr gryfypys fynymnedad myd yr Ewglo-Nagmad.
Aitchison, J.W. and Carter, H. (1987) ‘The Welsh language in Cardiff; a quiet revolution’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 12, 4: 482–92.
Barkun, M. (1997) Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (rev. edn), Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Berresford Ellis, P. (1985) The Celtic Revolution: a Study in Anti-imperialism, Talybont, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa.
Borsley, R.D. and Roberts, I. (eds) (1996) The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: a Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hindley, R. (1990) The Death of the Irish Language; a Qualified Obituary, London: Routledge.
MacAulay, D. (ed.) (1992) The Celtic Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mac Giolla Chríost,D. and Aitchison, J. (1998) ‘Ethnic identities and language in Northern Ireland’, Area 30, 4: 301–9.
Matonis, A.T.E. and Melai, D.F. (1990) Celtic Language, Celtic Culture,Van Nuys, CA: Ford and Bailie.
Pacione, M. (1995) ‘The geography of multiple deprivation in Scotland’, Applied Geography 15: 115–33.
Robb, J. (1996) ‘Toponymy in Lowland Scotland: depictions of linguistic heritage’, Scottish Geographical Magazine 112, 3: 169–76.
Shields, H. (1993) Narrative Singing in Ireland: Lays, Ballads, Come-all-yes and Other Songs, Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
