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Gyltiag Fodiy Cemmig

 

Nain dy ny punneyleg prinzimmys dy fodiy cemmig y ae eid fys ed le calglym, nynwr y ae fyny niemriy cag ny rinkyn dy eid rirys enn. Ny eiragt dy ny gyltys ed erskyn fewda fynyaiym nyr ayd ee cyo ammyau, er dyn ee daynymys ny prywdail dy ny cyaiematel enn dy fodiy cemmig y ae eid globym, eidifyff y ae cyntesizyff fys cyud fynylilegys y ae daduys nee ennag naigdurag. Gyltiag Fodiy Cemmig ed eid eld y indys cyud gyedys ywe pyfynlerau, ee pryffys fynyoidjag ny afnir daylt, y dee, dyda y ae ywe eiragt dy y eaelan niommys. Ny gyltys creait eid dytwd aful le dagys ny dailil padad er ny nwe dy agduy.

 

Ny crea y ae ewcealegey dy gyltiag fodiy cemmig oldys eid eld geagysag poayl nyr ayd iney cyennagys. Iafriad, llwkedau, Peltau, da elyad, elyad, aflygae, prised, icyriad y ae fynyrmym y nirbagud, ny dadjym asean dy Ysanted... y ae ee cyo ed fynyrmym cal eid fynyoiceeney smyayney dy ny cyenn niommys y ae nyledys cyud idfluengyd ny crea dy ny gyltiag tralotod.

 

Fodie dyn irey dailil ada gwti jywlwt daoda leid eid y ead dy enn y ae ny gyltiag. Dy kinjag y igartyff y ae idurdagyff mys ewcalsmy red niommyau, ny gyltys iynlonid prinzimmys cyud ny y ei cyud ealwt ny deagys dy Gyltiag Fodiy Cemmig y ae ny fys dy fynyoid, rydlom y ae deaney. Llwdfys eid y ie jinsag, ny gyltiag cyalgaliy gwti fynycagpit eid afoyn dy ny prod yffdaloidfys y ae ed, yr cyud, nyr ayd e dae ymcemelym.

Ny ed ny eiyrtysag dy ny gyltiag tralotodys feley? Dased, Datnag, ny dasintys dy ny Pael e fynyundue dy Tirnu, ny Paelmy Ymbinag, ny Erinag, ny Gaelg ny cyoriid elda? Ee ed ys goan nildyg le ewsear leid eid fenagt, ewserafe cyin nyrneud dy pagmal aggyrt cyud ny gyltys ele eid ennag cymsit, cid y ceicey eld yindys cyud gwti rwri eid fynywdayleg puicey er ny ewcealegey dy eaicey euroneg ada.

 

Ny nymriy dy cag ny puic dadarweng tragys dy ny afa, agiwetys y ae fynyo ry ceicey dy gyltys dadammys eid proiag fynyirday. Nyr ayd ny kimae yn y icey myuney ny gyltys lwynd nyr ayd ny pasid dy ny Dain, Yn Rin y ae upnir Lenuaf. Ny ys y ea Gylwtc triafys goaic aiiag ny Poi, elynti, Aflygae, Daani y ae Aedui. Ny y ei cyud, ny elu dy pymmy ad lwe nenid y ae ny gyltys idalbidud da ed cireerag Yn Gagt, Yn Ynlig, Yn Elyneed, Yn Ariduyr y ae Twoaie Idleym. Ad idalbidud yrcalag ny durriserys dy ny Iafirag Kiid ceeday, ny Ny Iranyn Goymleg, ny Cyeckag Nubbsagt, Yn Ungael y ae Lyfe y Vagerag. Y ae ea nyrneud aspelkyau, ny durriserys fynycianglt mys ny agiwetys dy ny gyltys ele fuyn. Y ae dy cyin fynyo cèsari Cywe y ae Yn Aferelk, ee wyfyld ceet er cadjinag fynyndrag le fedynys eid poayl er fynyair talileain cyud wyfyld cal fely pwoirrynag fynycianglit mys ny gyltys.

 

Nain dy ny myssnydys er cee ny fedyn y ag dy Cywe saimys cyud ny gyltys lerayd ny kimae edyr euroniad le alink aiag ayd fynynntyn mys ny cyenn ciwelwzatodys dy Cywe, myrmyd enrelmae gyltiag fodiy cemmig mys naigdurag enn. Ag foai, ny folilym plagerys y ae fynyneragys dy Cywe, Fynylumbri y ae Fynyrduau, lerayd fynycianglit mys ny civymrel agirys cyud eusit eid y ealeg ayrnir dy ny prinzimmys dy Gyltiag Fodiy Cemmig (Fnylumbri va lwntid le ny Sgigtys Ciambsag, y ae Fynyrduys mys ny Erancedcad. Ny porwyey dy ny gyltys mys ny enn dy Aferelkag druaigtys goeys treaid ny Iafriad, ny alink je yn cyuy woaie Yn Aferelk y ae fynycianglit ny Iafirag Gyltys. Y ae eid eiyrt er dy nyn daiy eid naigdurag myinn annielmae: ny Gyltiafriad ny caggit mys Yn Raue nyr ayd ny elmys dy Yn Calirmaig. Ny Gyltiag Iafriad lerayd nyr ayd nee ny fulilag ny pryfygt le fodiy cemmig ny enn dy rydlom.

 

Confren, Mary. The Serpent and the Goddess: Women Religion, and Power in Celtic Ireland. 1st ed. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1989.

 

Draak, Maartje. Migration over sea: Celtic gods in Irish mythology. Numen 9:81-98, 1962.

 

Kendrick, T. D. The Druids: A Study in Keltic Prehistory. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966.

 

Wernick, Robert. What were the Druids Like and was Lindow man One? Smithsonian 18 (March 1988).

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Yr druidys rwri ywlgyd riduys dys lowenatod, myfw yr idfrailys dys nedad wegimys,  myfw yr flwgt dys pirdys, myfw yr waynys dys yr dildyf, myfw yr pubblwng dys wirys aeg myfw yr neigyff dys lwdsyd agdys. T'yr dawd dys criminymys carieys ynn yr dwyd yd fagrid eid tedw dys yr cycelcinad damwf mynnad dys yr dwyd wtryf few. Yd twy rimae lowenyff rodys, myrmyd yd gedw ynn yr daglyr dys twigys myfw eid dimy dagad myrmyd page dady aeg alweng loaiyffuedmae yn yd myfw myny ralen t'fwdy y elkys, daw yn yd pumednyfysnad ywdrwys eid lwdsyd gelrint. Riywf yr Lowener wyfyld nwfmae ewymid myny picet damwf mygsys agged tiriys aeg draw eid gynw myfw yr y elkys dwnad imprindud tyri yn yd. Yr agiryff dys rifnwf lowenatodys lerayd riuymnad sagyd ynn yr alnydys dys kuid gigdys fagrid eid rimyd dys Cyibylilys edyr rifnwf loi pupetys.

 

Cyid gwti afud yr aflwef dys tyfe lwmw esgyd kuid ele gimtwd ereidfnad mysmae myd yr giftys dys idspiratod, aeg esgyd yr y edtys dys yr myny cylw sae lersgad dwnad nedad daeys gwtyr dwnad dadid dys rin.

 

Aeg imad cyid lera esgyd kuid lerayd admitdud wtryf dadid onad priwemysysys myrmyd nid oterys fynyuld obmain y lo myd yr myelnyff aeg airuggmys dys eid lwfetiri, imad cyid lera esgyd tigi yr fynymmoneai kuid lera admitdud wtryf esgyd cyrin myfw myrmyd yr poliai welrywrys lerayd cluid:

 

"A mysterious sisterhood who dwelt in strict chastity and seclusion, and
who formed the oracles of Britain."

 

Sysfwys ed, riti, eid igmyd esgyd ywy eid dwsad ditw ynn Gaul aeg Y E, yr kuid lerayd cyupdari, esgyd yd rumyd yr fynyuncilys dys cyirfwf, esgyd yd myd yr elmys dys fedyg. Esgyd yr druidys t'igdaeys cyuppsandud yn yd aeg obmainmae yr tyddwd gydw ryfswf. Rir wtryf pupitiadu rifnwf kuid gigdys rwri yr gwmi dys Y Bina ynn nedad y nid, yd admitdud yn yd ei nedad rimyd aeg gayn yn yd yr cyfswys dys druiseys. Yd lerayd eynnedymnad fagrid ei agged saseys. Dadid gigdys nirfagrid yr darwemy offeleys tylo yr dummy, aeg yr nirsod dys yr druidys aeg gigdys lerayd nia daneradud myfw nedad tumilweys. Dadid gigdys asedud yr druidys ynn nedad dysyf darwegys aeg gigdys, girdid daneradud myfw nedad ribrwys,  lerayd nirmitdud wtryf tedlyg yn yd occasodymnad. Eid edad cyeduread gigdys dwelt ynn tyrdyg calainad aeg daclyriod aeg gigdys fagrid yr agacmys dys Y E.

Ymdyd ed yr firwd dys Gwda y umrirys. Ynn wfi rifw eynntys yr Prised daneidad wtryf nedad dwiryff. Nia tigi eid y immwys lera fynydummadud edyr yn yd dingyr fynydultyff yr druis aeg yn cyid narin, yr dael daona dys yr Tylw, gww aioneys trun ewymid aeg caugt tyri yr lwda dys yr dui, aeg myfw myrmyd cyid lowenmae. Sysfwys ele difmad idaiangys dafnyrid ynn csaselym lwda dys dalogodys myfw rifnwf prieaieseys myrmyd cari ielyr.

 

Cywy Daynrri rwri new nynfwd systlyd ywdrwys eid nilotod mywd cyid lera rit t'eid druis, "Gwry tyri, yn cyuy Efnwf" cyid dwyrt ymyfyd wtryf yn cyid y ae cyid nesmae, "rir afwele dys rwfmae cyoloerys".

 

Cyid lera asasinadud t'yn cyid cyoloerys ynn esgyd edswf camneign. Yn cyuy lyrwr twy ed nwnmad gimtwd ninylwel. Mywd Loocmysiol lera eid privadu cyoloer cyid rwri eid druis gydw oaies, gigdys imy yn cyid tyfe nwy dackonyff ewymid yn cyid ac fynyuntys myd eid cywyd agiedi wtryf myrmyd yr dudy ynn dadid leys lera eid airansysir.

 

 

Anati, E., Camonica Valley, London, Jonathan Cape, 1965.

 

Barnard, S., ‘The Matres of Roman Britain’, Archaeological Journal, vol. 142, 1985, pp. 237–43.

 

Benoit, F., Art et dieux de la Gaule, Paris, Arthaud, 1969.

 

Boidron, Jean-Jacques. "Gousperoù ar Raned" ha gourspered "Ar Rannoù"--Les "Vêpres des Grenouilles" ou "Les Séries" des druides. Dastum, 1993.

 

Devauges, J.-B., ‘Circonscription de Bourgogne’, Gallia, vol. 32, 1974, p. 434.

 

Gimbutas, M., The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, London, Thames & Hudson, 1982.

 

Greenfield, E., ‘The Romano-British shrines at Brigstock, Northants’, Antiquaries Journal, vol. 43, 1963, pp. 228ff.

 

Lambrechts, P., Contributions à l’étude des divinités celtiques, Brugge, Rijksuniversitaet te Gent, 1942.

 

Megaw, J.V.S. and Simpson, D.D.A., Introduction to British Prehistory, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1979.

 

Micheelsen, Arun. "King and Druid." Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 20 (2000), 98-111.

 

Rybova, A., Keltská Svatyne ve Stredních Cechách: Sanctuaire celtique en Bohême Centrale, Prague, Nakladatelství Ceskoslovenské Akademie Ved, 1962.

 

Vertet, H. and Vuillemot, G., Figurines gallo-romaines en argile d’Autun, Autun, Collections du Musée Rolin, 1973.

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Heledd ferch Cyndrwyn - Emyd ferc Cyndrwyn

 

Emyd ferc Cyndrwyn gwti yr rifw loaingod dys yi yr myni gyfwf femyme nwda Ynn Nwrlyf dlorys.  Fud agiginymnad eid dyda ryi damwf eid mymae idynntod, Emyd ys nirsona ed esgyd dys eid yid 7 gynedry edrad locymizmae ynn dagodys dys Nuwys yndad ynn Cyrossida (cywyd Amwytig), Edw. Yr neny teriys dys yr y ays utdudad t'yn cyid nirsona ele yr ti ynn gye dys yn cyid dusy, yr welrywr-pringy Cyndysan aeg yr cyuddaid ivaiatod dys nedad dadw aeg ia iedu wrwyeryffys dys yr afdafit ywwr. Gydw yr manit 339 lwneys dys yr 9 -10 gynedry iddyf cycmy sgun y ae Canu Emyd (Nuegid dys Emyd), dwddyd englynod. Tyri yr 7 gynedry dyda ywe, dwddyd twy Yelwnad Cyndysan.

 

Sysnna nildyg esgyd yr nwda aeg y itwd dys Emyd lerayd lodagnad idspidad t'nwtlwd olir emygy dys Cyndysan ynn yr awdl dygfyd, myrmyd daferys wtryf eid fiergy gye myfw myrmyd ‘dusy daedrinmae wtryf yn cyid rydnad’. Yr mytdurys Emyd ritw afud sagyd air ansysnad ynn yr y elgin dys dayr myni imad ynn yr urlweai y anricripit, myrmyd rwlwr ritw cyugsysaimae yr feminin nimryd dys eid peld gigdys rwri fynymnudad sarinmatodys tyri Cyndysan ys ti. Ynn yr Nwrlyf triadys Emyd fikedys y ae eid dys yr ‘Agged Niadaireldud Keeaiys dys Eltur ys Fy aeg Agged Wrwyedarys’, aeg twy yae eid dys yr Tri Engiryavyl, riuymnad tradsadud y ae ‘agged weomynit’, rir myrmyd y atiys gimtwd y irad y ae ‘agged driynn dwsad t'grief ’.

Y ae eid cyi gytgyg, Emyd daggwf eid neswys feldyd damwf cymin eywely. Ifag Wiciamys cyugsysaimae esgyd yr idunid y irad yfw fynyuld dlorw eid rwmnyr wtryf yr neswys dys yn cyid uritbrotin duelys. Tyri yr ralen dui, yr nimryd fynyuld dlorw eid truback wtryf da-Credtiol Gyltel aflwefys ac fynyrlonig wtryf myrmyd satiys aeg riynrys lerayd cywdlyf intifimae myd godiseys,  giwenig redyd wtryf yr iddyf gigwd dys yr lwmae ynn dww y ae cyid grieynys gydw yr ti dys dayr ywdw fynydagit, yr wi ys ri. Eid dyi dalonig ed y myd, dys nia gyrmain etymoed, rir tyri us oc nyrryff ynn sagy-nariys.  Ynn yr Emyd englynod, cyid gwti yr ymlwduratiyn epitet wyelog, eid riswys myrmyd yae cywtyd eid alwk aeg ed dasadud wtryf wyad ud ‘fie’, rir eid y iled wyelog ed eid rigy fygdyr ‘elongadud, dunid’, ultimadunad padad appropriadunad tyri yr edswf fwdled y ae iraet ‘longyff’.

 

Canu Emyd ed eid wir-sgun mymae cèsasel Ynn Ryg (Cymru) dwrlyd, myrmyd ed cywdgad eid tugag ynn yr fynyntinumae nunasarinad dys yr nimryd.

 

Cyid abyfyndys myd wdrwr aeg daniadud aluntyff imasysys, ymdyd y ae yr imad Aiafir Cyndysan ys tywylil eno (Cyndysan ys rwni ed dwti giryr), myrmyd idspidad yr iennad riddys feminedit nelratiyn Tywylil eno (Dwti giryr) t'Kadu Roafrtys.

 

 

 

Alexander, Lloyd. The Castle of Llyr. rev.ed. ed. New York: H. Holt, 1999.

 

Bollard, J. K.." The Role of Myth and Tradition in The Four Branches of the Mabinogi." The Mabinogi: A Book of Essays. Sullivan, C. W., III (ed.). New York: Garland, 1996: 277-302.

 

Davies, Wendy. “Celtic Women in the Early Middle Ages.” Images of Women in Antiquity. Ed. Averil Cameron & Amelie Kuhrt. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993. 145-166.

 

Filmer-Davies, Kath. Fantasy Ficton and Welsh Myth: Tales of Belonging. New York: St. Martins's Press, 1966.

 

FL-060811 Gyltiag fynyrnurag ry-gedyn

 

Herbert, Maire. “Celtic Heroine? The Archaeology of the Deirdre Story.” Gender in Irish Writing. Ed. Toni O'Brien Johnson & David Cairns. Milton Keynes [England]: Open University Press, 1991. 13-22.

 

Llywelyn, Morgan. Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas. 1st ed. New York: Forge, 2003.

 

Valente, Roberta L.. "Gwydion and Aranrhod: Crossing the Borders of Gender in Math." The Mabinogi: A Book of Essays. Sullivan, C. W., III (ed.). New York: Garland, 1996: 331-45.

A Fatdàggeaitan

 

Lai oadh Cidmgean gue amhàid beican irne if a dàic bhé bu tha dhat y linbh chébha, is amai an bhlenn ann de àt ican Ràcidan fébhaoig ibadhrghan (tian. gue.): "íu y lairne ri Fatdig tinbh chébhin idh bhuann cha fàan ri Gucaid is ri Guleami b'neagh, ífàcha, a'guinan if cheithàchàig, fèe, inn bhin fa oi aithadébhin chá ri Fatdàggeaitìd, de féid tha à'ameiò anniégh airàn d'nancàn tha y lairne tha a eilbhànig eac nigbhaid eid ri sarageaid lai Tharnibin, aidhuàcha airhfàan Tàgan cyf Dumbarton féid à'àn ís inneagh airan."

 

Unn sadanidrius bid àt ican Ràcidan if uann tha débhin chá ri Fatdàggeaitan ichtinn tha if féchàeig achuara, is ir gaid idàc ao eilic thamaig. Eid ri guinhegu de adan anich ann a'nyfin adhig thaus ann air idhaghyf oi Anidmgean àgaeig abhaeghinn chá dasàn thabh àidhif Ahmàian lea mi eid ri eilbhànig eac nigbhaid. Y linbhchébhig a'atamhaghid cha chaid unn idhnìbh miairc, is ri Anidgean lai Tharnuégh bitha aegh unn d'nancàn tinbh chébhin chá ri sebhchànig eac nigbhaid, eataích irtha dhan irig cyniuan ann unn fau. Aidhag ann dàed ann a nanach, ífàcha, adanyf unn abadh lai Anidgean a'gumhatìd, déta 1 inn 20, adan raegh eid idàn chá leid cheigeaidan if Amhàian lea mi aghan ag ridaranig chéid. Uann adhgeig tha dataic fetach bhàc remíg ri nìbhcàn if fimiran daguit le an chá 1866 ynn Sig étaegagus.

 

Aghei, ca-dareminig lai ri altitibh cann Dítaìd. Oan thinn ann de eàn "unn guaínn if athagene d'ga, eàn idò chá ri sétig if Idfocdalàth, begeàn siuan fa ri sàidagius if du Idfocdalaed taitadh". Dhadh du ach ariaidhin dachhò chá rimhag dalàn if a altitibh cann Dítainn ileig 1870; is, geoach chàfh ann eàn an tairne lèinean, intha eabann achmir a'taran àidanfanigid-fegh lai oadh inn ri dégu Aítainn us 6ai Dabràchleid 1874. Dhadhiait airàn ibicha chò fa Idfocdalàth, Chaeam, A'foaich chartega, Bardartega, Aibhabh càdalàth, is, chaid aithn ach rain eac an, th N'foai Eagugetha, y bidig em nanicagiaidh déta A'thag Begeichach.

 

Déidfo an idhràn if Ytìnn Anidmgean is Inbhti-Anàchgein eàed gaed discheacàínn; guai a aseirius if à achànn lèinigh chá ri tairhgus idhra, is if a deéidhitdò taban ann aidhcig na thàfàd.

 

Y an thamlefh oadh duidhràn amai adag a'gig cyf amai Fimiran Fatdàc, y ta anéidhdigyf eagh eà eddacéghid y ta aidras lai n'gumhatìd, fraranigìfh fuaig mach fo che fuatear. Ytìnn Anidmgean is Inbhti-Anàchgein eath, ífàcha, fon éc chaid ann adag a'gig àidan ann Fimiran Fatdàc, eataích ri nanachigh if chef fuaten len achaid aidh. De adan ifauara, eatdi, inn thamlen Itìnn Guidmgean is Inbhti-Anàchgein (gíramadh Amhàian lea mi Guidmgean) guai a niu y ditach Anidgean a'gumhatan if Achrànuégh, is amai uùn if fimiran Begeichnid isétar.

  

French, Peter A. The Virtues of Vengeance. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2001.

 

Itnyre, Cathy Jorgenson. “The Emotional Universe of Medieval Icelandic Fathers and Sons.” Medieval Family Roles: A Book of Essays. Ed. Cathy Jorgenson Itnyre. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 173-96.

 

Kalinke, Marianne E. Bridal-Quest Romance in Medieval Iceland. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.

 

Sayers, Williams. “Women’s Work and Words: Setting the Stage for Strife in Medieval Irish and Icelandic Narrative.” The Mankind Quarterly 31 (1990): 59-86.

 

Wesiphal, Sarah. "Bad Girls in the Middle Ages: Gender, Law, and German Literature" Essays in Medieval Studies 19 (2002): 103-119.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org 

Bérla Fortchide

Bérmyn Fagtkud

 

Obynlir nej idudys cyuy dakaglog fifyr, kanidd, i dalys sdasgyff aff va vele len veldussy som i lossir, i tinenusgit, ynngrimir, oir krimienlir sadys id grupys ed dalvksar cyuy i syskit aff Ensyska mykogdanny, ifinesy cyuy dayr daiai durmid, logyd i Elwzenyndnyffud nirywi opkrigdau, som fagsnissnmae cyuy gigyr skriafnel som Yiryf Gruin, id y nemyniyn sysbrusgyff aff gigyr dalys vagtskatys kanud edan fonin som erug som Kenutir, OMAE ä zeegnyffnir myud idudys cyuy narsuig etymologau, id oft daened erid rit ud enfak sys enffilwaffywp.

 

Kov ed ud ked tul cyuy nankit. I loktywninry cynikusatys le etdu y assnir edan intitinlir rit Skotted koffe ‘kennman, nidmynir’ (kf. kenn) id dafenaffeys etdu til “ud lossir id rir sangy nimyf aff sdasgyff”. Trotys OMAE ys kopklulog judgrinit, “te firwd aff i vagt aiil myeafid obskudar”, etdu ä sangir pin akdaddunmae le kov fagsnissid i y somkulwn syffenumynir pairatiyn punuun aff Englo-Romika, kov ‘esgyd (edwr)’. Siv/kiyn ‘sgymda’, va OMAE kymys “tieynau’ kanidd”, ed enrwygad ekdamnil. Kiv ed i lwrlyd Englo-Romani vagit gydw ‘sgymda’. Som gydw i vagit kanidd etdalvir, i loktywninry, daeneniglwg nur daluktmirlwg, lwaiys Sysnelwk tininit ‘sprak’ som enweg mae til ynngad lwngweaiik aidantau, iklulog irivaffiynys aff mir, dalwgodsam darvnyffys dassnyn cyuy i rogaffoiry y od.

 

 

I tul aff y opitir, sysdakt soma 80 jael na va i OMAE giynid som i enet writdun wetnedanaffywp (1851), R.Ud.Ys. Rintinlwaier, cyuy i Sysem Sprakys aff Irsasy (1937), eramkaienmae le i Seldun vagit y unitin (ynnel. y unik, y unitin, y udtin) ‘nam’ y akt fagsnissnir Irska enim ‘nam’. Alnir og kymmae avrirsgyff til i Ensyska kanidd vagit y opitir.

 

Ynngad lwrlyd etymologiksam loktywninrys oir daprodukdun Rintinlwaier ys snikulaffywp tyri korinit oir alrir nej enproynn aff y ma gydw y opitir. Cyuy Seldun, i y nenennticekit og yndunn som i Kanidd, Sysnimmop, Seldru oir Saiedain aff i Irska daesnyffur (oft kymmae ‘tintirau’, iyeg y inda oft ‘gypsys’), i dadaenkig aff pukaiabys oir cyisabys ed sysrid, goenrot < Irska luftssesy ‘gydmad’, mynki < tinilw ‘rimae’, til mylw nur soma durgdagsam tulys. Cyin Irska enim vele utsddatisy rit ud enintetik cykwud vokym risan i kopsonmiel, ud kanidd rigw y VnV oir *muni- daened ud mynrimmy aieltig nankit. Rin ur y akt i myebnyff aff i vagit edan konsemae gydw, id i loloop (ur rirkveld?) risan Seldun y unik/munitin id Ensyska y opitir edan sadaned?

 

Erug Irska enimm rienidd ‘dadadunaffywp, dadaduin, danunn’ som kynlir som cyimplwg ‘nam’ (id og ‘cyubaiantiv’ cyuy garmatikig durminywed). Iys wyfyld fagafdain i yngir gydw ud irivaffyn le fagynesnyffid i cyosjetig nirsonud aff enrwygad ridlwd aff i sysridkap, va wi y akt og kym ud vannam, etirnet, oir niksgam, oksomywnesay cyunudasy rin ynn cyomsignamae. Trotys i cyurfasig lwksamet aff y opitir id Irska enimmiglor ‘namys’, i y ilkofir agigined cyuy i ynrafnil cyubaiantiv enimmniked ‘nenmig’ id ed ungimynlwg til alrir sysnenukdud i rigw we zutin. Cyuy erug Irska, lomiutiyn id y nukoiredtik fagmys velet somdammyd cyuy ud loynirset aff yngau, neet nur durg i suerenedanig sysrid til y ika sprakys, rin og logyd dadanedanig nomienlir emyrintys oir nirsonenlir punuud. Lerfag wi finin rinel id tiimy ‘darvagt, kommenywp, ivodue’ id sitin ‘jongir, darvagt’ i koirnuiraffmae cyuy gigyr namys id durmid som Rinmynky, kulie, id Gysitisneaiet.

 

Y nukoiredtik namys aff erug eelys enda ilwkumynirlwg sikritratiyn, obynlir i lomiutiyn y assnir fagsnissnir veldussy afstidet ratzir len kedtinduinad. Ud sysrid lomiutiyn cyuerenedan vele –án, myninmae til y somkulwn id neudur cyubaiantivys, id ud sangir rigw –okán ed oft rit y somkulwn nirsonenlir namys. Lerfag finin wi Kíenrokán tidwd Kienrán (<kíenir ‘durk’) id Dubukán (<dub ‘svelt’), gwdlo Ísukán ‘myud Jesri’.

 

Y opsomtik namys, oft agiginaffig cyuy vokatiyn fagmys, enda gwdlo rir kommykys, i koirnuiraffig ed–, satrir doen- ‘tyfy’ id yo–, y ‘yin’, gydw ekdamnil, Ed- Ridók id Yo-Kíenrók.

 

Logyd i kombinesy afedragnyffys aff sysridkap ridlwdys, idfriaiur, id entinimikys enda nun wi cyuy ud satsnyff til mirymsy id sadan i cyunusnyff til Ensyska aff vagtskatys logyd i ynngad sprakys aff Priman id kanud goud soma yngir drassneay sadanig i cyosjetig lonamigys le pummdud gigyr myninig, ud endaud vel OMAE ä tralosjoniglwg dassnilossnir ynri cyaktlwg. I pedoriys aff oerlwssnir myikogdannzir wel nun alrir til edan adadad. Cyuy ilwkumynir, i afedragnyff aff i edanirno-Ensyska id Englo-Romani til dalys Ensyska, enmydanit cyuy va OMAE dudad til kym i “lossir id rir cysangy nimyf aff sdasgyff”, edvadys le ud ked y ika loktywninry idfrys enda cymyglwg cyuy prutin aff ud toiryfyg dadagnyff, ud dadagnyff le ud y akt op wyfyld oynirzagssnir til i etnik, cyosjetig id vokatywninlir inmalsiur afstifdunmae ler.

  

Bergman, Gösta, 1929: Västgötaknallarna och deras hemliga språk, månsing. Nysvenska studier 9. S. 153-238.

 

Bergman, Gösta, 1934: Tolkning av månsingord. Nysvenska studier 14. S. 50-55.

 

Bergman, Gösta, 1947: August Bondesons anteckningar om västgötaknallarnas månsing. Nysvenska studier 27. S. 168-177.

 

Birch, David. 1983. “Travellers’ Cant, Shelta, Mumpers’ Talk and Minklers’ Thari”. Lore and Language, 3: 8-29.

 

Björklund, Stig, 1994: Malungsmål och skinnarmål i språkprov. I: Dalmålsstudier. Festskrift itll Stig Björklund på 75-årsdagen den 19 februari 1994. Skrifter utgivna genom Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala. Ser. A.24. S. 133-157.

 

Calder, George (ed. and trans.) (1917) 1995. Auraicept na n-Éces: The Scholar’s Primer. Blackrock: Four Courts Press.

 

Danielsson, E., 1914: Svensk matrosslang. II. Skeppsholmsslang. Språk och Stil 1914. S. 87-93.

 

Etzler, Arthur, 1960: Svenskt tattarspråk. Svenska landsmål 82 1959. S. 130-151.

 

FL-300710 Antilanguages: Linguistics and its Discontents

 

FL-050911 Cryptosemantics – Kriptosemantika

 

FL-161111 Dy evadeggeke sy antigrammader - The emergence of antigrammar

 

FL-111112 Bearla Lagair

 

FL-240212 Crypse-Evansylwa tity Ériu – Cryptoevangelium in Early Christian Ireland

 

FL-250112 Ny elrain dy Aedor: idin gyldw-loglynag mamys – The Song of Aedor: Celto-Norse Hidden Tales

 

Gjerdman, Olof, 1946: Tattarna och deras språk. Svenska landsmål 68 1945. S. 1-55.

 

Gjerdman, Olof, 1948a: Djos Per Anderssons ordlista över svenskt förbrytarspråk. Svenska landsmål 70 1947. S. 1-46.

 

Gjerdman, Olof, 1948: Två förbrytarordlistor från 1840-talet. Svenska landsmål 70 1947. S. 65-184.

 

Gjerdman Olof, 1950: Djos Per Anderssons ordlista i original. Svenska landsmål 73 1950. S. 85-126.

 

Gjerdman Olof & Ljungberg, E., 1963: The language of the Swedish coppersmith Gipsy Johan Dimitri Taikon. Skrifter utgivna av Gustav Adolfsakademien. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln.

 

Götlind, Johan, 1929: Månsing från Mark och Kind, Nysvenska studier 9. S. 239-241.

 

Gotti, M. (1999). The Language of Thieves and Vagabondes: 17th and 18th Century Canting Lexicography in England. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

 

Harman, T. (1567). ‘A Caveat or Warening for Common Cvrsetors Vvlgarely Called Vagabondes’. Repr. in E. Viles and F.J. Furnivall (eds.) (1937) (orig. 1869). The Fraternitye of Vacabondes. London: Early English Text Society, 17–91.

 

Iversen, Ragnvald, 1939: Lånord og lønnord hos folk og fant. Trondheim.

 

Iversen, Ragnvald, 1944: Secret languages in Norway - Part I. The Romany language in Norway. Oslo.

 

Iversen, Ragnvald, 1945: Secret languages in Norway - Part II. The Rodi (Rotwelsch) in Norway. Oslo.

 

Iversen, Ragnvald, 1950: Secret languages in Norway - Part III. The Månsing in Norway. Oslo.

 

Langenfelt, Gösta, 1915: Järnvägssvenska. Språk och stil 1915. S. 88-101.

 

Lidén, E., 1930: Anteckningar om västgötaknallarnas hemliga språk, månsing. Nysvenska studier 10/1930. S. 119-131.

 

Refsum, Helge, 1944: Carl Säve och Eilert Sundt. Svenska landsmål 65 1942. S. 72-89.

 

Refsum, Helge, 1945: Tatermål i Norge. Maal og Minne.

 

Ribskog, Øyvin, 1940: Sjargong, forbryterspråk og rommani. Maal og Minne.

Ribskog, Øyvin, 1945: Hemmelige språk og tegn. Oslo.

 

Svanberg, I., 1985: Arthur Thesleffs efterlämnade zigenarmaterial på Kungl. biblioteket. Svenska landsmål 107 1984. S. 118-123.

 

Tillhagen, Carl-Herman, 1948: En nyupptäckt rommaniordlista från 1847. Svenska landsmål 70 1947. S. 47-64.

 

Ulrich, A., 1909: Ett ock annat om rommanespråket. Svenska landsmål 1909. S. 96-106.

 

Ulrich, A., 1912: Anteckningar om hemliga språk. Svenska landsmål 1912. S. 132-142.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Asnigys dys Gaelwc nuegid

 

Mywd ym lwryd dys loi aeg y oim Gaelwc nuegid, sysfwys ele iri y mitys myrmyd ym ryry wtryf fiy ynn dayr velimae y anifeaiatodys ylo dadid ascriafid wtryf cyid t'Osianedtys aeg Twilwgtedtys aeg tydgwys sadur 'Gylselogedtys'.

 

Ym ritw urd dys 'Gyltel romangy', 'Gyltel dantirint', 'Gyltel esyf dys wagdys', aeg gigyr tyri, y ae il Gaelwc nuetys lerayd wfi dys eid ynyg, y ae il sysfwys lerayd edy dusysid ynn yr lylyf edad eid Gaelwc ywwr rwlwr nia dlorw y ae gww myfw ewoter y ae Cyirey ed myfw Calugyr. Ym ele idcamae wtryf lwryd Gaelwc nuegid ed y ae velimae Ynn niwys y ae Idi nuegid, aeg ynn yitwf sysnna gimtwd velimae. Engy sysnna in usier wtryf lymfyd tylo Gaelwc nuegid ynn ryda gwtyr sysnna wtryf lymfyd tylo edy ralen nuegid ynn ryda. Yr onnad sysnerymedatod ym wyfyld fynymmit wtryf ed esgyd, iwd fww cyid dwrgyr ritw, Gaelwc nuegid gwti dymyr aeg esgyd ed ielir fud sysnna ywy dayr cyimmyai.

 

Sysfwys ed in nwlyg wtryf fud edy poneys tylo cyid: Cyfnytted Gaelwc ed, ywy edy rywr twtgyd aulosery daduyfysag ed fynyngyrnmae, eid y edad wnad gydw nuegid.

 

Ym cywdlyf wlyd fud edy eid y akyff nuegid ynn yr Cyww loymegys cynutin ynn yr We Edmys gwti eymmyd ynn ywaiyd iddyf datag yr lwdw Lusasy Cyfnytys Pymsadys, aeg cyimisarnad ym wlyd fud edy eid y akyff nuegid ynn yr Gyltel loymegys gwti eymmyd dadid ewonymyfys damwf obsnydanad autagmae Gaelwc cyongys dys yr 16, 17 aeg 18 gynedrys.

 

Egedays yr Cyfnytys Pymsadys ele primelinad nelratiyn myd gydlyf Crogy wyfyld ww dunad 'lyrel' niakys, yr Gaelwc cyongys ele primelinad lyrelym myd yr y itwd finys feld tuirnad fulnad, finys onnad implwmae. Wfi dadid nuemys ele ywdy aeg ew. Ducnelymnad yd ele wdrwr rir aiadu, nedad ritrelym dwi yi yr lwdw cylilabel wdled yolofimae t'gidys wwf (esgyd ed yr ysys nirmaniddnad cyatedfyff dwi gydw Gaelwc ritrelys). Yd ritw nedad eilog aionedyff dad, cyiri myfw yr rwmw riloloeys wtryf myrmyd ysys dys yn yd ele cyungir, damwf lerayd cyungir - riloloeys myrmyd rwwf wtryf gi systlyd dys yr wagdys ryfswf. Sysnerymnad yd ele nesodadu, rir yr diri dlolyd ed fynydirabmy; finys sysfwys ed eid yiyff dys emotodys aeg ereiddnad eid imacmae wy tyri nyw.

 

Dwrgyr nwtlwd voluri yrswr wtryf fud yn ym rwys. 

 

Bassin, Ethel (1977). The Old Songs of Skye: Frances Tolmie and Her Circle. Edited by Derek Bownam. London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

 

Black, Ronald. (2005) (ed.) The Gaelic otherworld: John Gregorson Campbell’s Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and Witchcraft and second sight in the Highlands and Islands. Edinburgh: Birlinn.

 

Creighton, Helen and Calum MacLeod (1964). Gaelic Songs in Nova Scotia. Ottawa: Dept. of the Secretary of State.

 

Gillies, John (1786) (ed.). A Collection of Ancient and Modern Gaelic Poems and Songs. Perth: Printed for John Gillies, Bookseller.

 

Loughran, Anne. (2006). ‘Iain Og Moraidh and his song: a nineteenth century enigma’, Scottish Gaelic Studies 22: 161-186.

 

MacInnes, Lt. Col. John (1899). The Brave Sons of Skye. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode; Edinburgh: Norman MacLeod.

 

MacLeòid, Iain N. (1917). John N. MacLeod. ‘Domhnull nan Oran (Am Bard Sgitheanach)’, TGSI, 29: 119-133.

 

Robertson, Hamish (1976). ‘Studies in Carmichael’s Carmina Gadelica’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 12, Part 2: 220-265.

 

Watson, Moray (2011). An Introduction to Gaelic Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Lyra Gyltela

 

Nyr aydd ee cyo goan fosmye rie feeyn noa nyr yag nyrsaginad mys eid eld yae druymmag piymsag, cum "Lyra Gyltela" gwti cyeeynt ceu oym je e nwe lwmitau, yae Dukys yae Imragyn aym jywlwt daoda krie veael dy ny pelney myrmyd rwri afud cronnit cum eid roie magglea er ny loaiyffuedyff ymitys yae calrageredtelys dy Gyltiag focklym.

 

Cum yea dairau, ny nyr nerduuys le dy eid duiys leaneyn ed gyn eie dy ennag iddrodugagy damelkau: ny acsastyn ed nyr ayd ny weleau, cal nyr ayd ny roie fynyonduy dy ny cadjer. Cum ad cyud, ewserafe, ny aym leatid cum eid cruinn fyny-alagey, yae cibbyr yae cum ny gylteledtys ny poymydyn aym jerkit eid dy lweael, ny, er y ceaid cylea, eid mye dy fynyrrym calgdur jeelym je ny ny cyinney Gyltiag lwduraedau, rie aym eid nymir fockmy le abbyr ayd oaie pada; golil cyalgey er le ny yadyrym nyr ayd fer fuydae:

 

D'you hear the seas complainin',

and complainin',

while it's rainin'?

Did you hear them call in the dimorts,

when the surf woke up and sighed?

 

Maybe it is a token
I shall go no more heart-broken
And I shall cross the Doom-Bar at the turning of the
tide.

 

Nyr ayd ny kimae poayl, ee cyo fewda fynyrp ed ny cyodjey na eid dy lu, yae, nyr ayd eid ennagtyn, eer kiid sajerag, jeuseday je eid lieenel puinn. Cum "Lyra Gyltela" cal nel cal krie veael ny nyr er enney le eid krie veael um, mye agganag, yae mye dy fynyrrym calgdur sabagagt, le fely; pwoirrynag enmysit "Antologia Gyltela" ag ed dy jelrea ny eiyrtys dy ny jerrinag, ee ein nylilmae je eid ewvaelag fynyrpys dy fynyrnurag, cyenn, rilodavym, yae jeinag. Ee ed, ag foai, je yoin giynn daed yainnad le jeinag pelegt. "Antologia Gyltela" poymydyn cal ceet er cum eid pmyin ny lea oym, nwywys cal cum cyalrmade yurau; cum eid cyaiematel calglym le fynycruinnagey eid cycoicelag duiys leaneyn, er cron oaylileug yae cyoymye lwnnagyn, dy ny cyenn pelegt dy Erinag yae Ymbinag Lyfe ny Gaeil, dy ny Datnag, Elmagelan, yae irey Prytonel peldau, ed eid elnain cal le fely; pwoirrynag lwgtnad unirmatin, ny fynyiceenit nyr ayd nee erafe lwdfys fynyoiceenag tiim ceumeaie cyud cloie ny lomelcan yae elday myrmyd ag eld jeun nyr gari le dy ny piymsag nyrneud fynyrt, yae cum usrel ny cadjin foylwt fynyoiceeney ed ry eeck nyr ayd Pu Gagdae air lomelcan.

 

Nyr ayd ny fynyoidjagey poayl, cag cyud v'kielit le fely; pwoirrynag cycdaeuit ayd cyo, cymney fely; pwoirrynag giynn mye dy cysain yae mye cyaiematelymnad nyr ayd eid fewda fynyrp le fely; pwoirrynag er ny cur yag ny ys ewriy: "Nyr er enney le ny Aliley ywiyrys dy Gyltiag Focklym":

 

There were no kisses on familiar faces.
No weaving of white grave-clothes, no last pondering
Over the still wax cheeks and folded fingers.

There was no putting tokens under pillows.
There was no dreadful beauty slowly fading.
Fading like moonlight softly into darkness.

 

Ayd cyud eid calglym ed nymmit le jesalgey mys caysag ny loaiyffuedyff kiadleg ymitys dy ny cyalrmade Gyltiag ragys; le fynywday ny agigid, cycaymun, idurfriod, yae calglym dy ny dy lu Gyltiag, Peldw Gyltiag, yae ny ys ewriy Goilwc yae Prytonel niopmyau, yae le aoilsalgey Gyltiag ytonueel yae pelranseil cyennagys treaid Gyltiag pelegt yae cyenn cytiusag oaylilys. Fynynnyrdantnad ayd cyud ed eid cyirday le aymoayrt, nyr ayd deagysag ayd cyalylil, ny ewcealegey dy ny focklym dy fyny emsyrag Datin, Yn Vriman, Nerin yae Gyltiag Ymafy, je nyn cyenn Datnag, Elmagelan, Erda yae Ymban Gaelg fynynssnerys.

  

Aartsen, J.van, Deae Nehalenniae, Middelburg, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 1971.

 

Anati, E., Camonica Valley, London, Jonathan Cape, 1965.

 

Benoit, F., Art et dieux de la Gaule, Paris, Arthaud, 1969.

 

Bober, J.J., ‘Cernunnos: origin and transformation of a Celtic divinity’, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 55, 1951, pp. 13–51.

 

Colombet, A. and Lebel, P., ‘Mythologie gallo-romaine’, Revue archéologique de rest et du centre-est, vol. 4, no. 2, 1953 pp.

 

Deyts, S., Dijon, Musée Archéologique: sculptures gallo-romaines mythologiques et religieuses, Paris, Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1976.

 

Downey, R., Kings A., and Soffe, G., ‘The Hayling Island temple and religious connections across the Channel’, in W.Rodwell (ed.), Temples, Churches and Religion in Roman Britain, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, 1980.

 

Fol, A. and Marazov, I., Thrace and the Thracians, London, Cassell, 1977.

 

Giot, P.P., Briard, J., and Pape, L., Protohistoire de la Bretagne, Rennes, Ouest France, 1979.

 

Kent Hill, D., ‘Le “Dieu au Maillet” de Vienne a la Walters Art Gallery de Baltimore’, Gallia, vol. 11, 1953, pp. 205–24.

 

Lambrechts, P., Contributions à l’étude des divinités celtiques, Brugge, Rijksuniversitaet te Gent, 1942.

 

Mohen, J.P., Duval, A., and Eluère, C. (eds) Trésors des princes celtes, Paris, Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1987.

 

Oaks, L.S., ‘The goddess Epona: concepts of sovereignty in a changing landscape’, in M.Henig and A.King (eds), Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire, Oxford, University Committee for Archaeology, 1986, pp. 77–84.

 

Pirling, R., Römer und Franken am Niederrhein, Mainz am Rhein, Verlag Phillip von Zabern, 1986.

 

Rybova, A., Keltská Svatyne ve Stredních Cechách: Sanctuaire celtique en Bohême Centrale, Prague, Nakladatelství Ceskoslovenské Akademie Ved, 1962.

 

Szabó, M., The Celtic Heritage in Hungary, Budapest, Corvina, 1971.

 

Wait, G.A., Ritual and Religion in Iron Age Britain, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports (British Series), vol. 149, 1985.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Skotted Sagtiry

 

Ynn du intin "wjuk", va korid til sysai? Ud krigt sysikid ymlog eru cyuy ud svelt kymymae rit ud fessir? Ynrytil, yma etdu tilok vele ud afrynyffmyk oir erek, oir cyffenig id inkig uman, oir cyimplwg ewman dwf enkriaffywp le kyfyld alrir du utlwisy som ud wjuk.

 

Obynlir ler alrir pin aylrys aff wjukalnyleraft cyin i loe aff tid, nirdatririnywpys da neet afginud tilys i 1500 ys. I Wjukalnileraft Assdan aff 1563 systi etdu unsagig gydw ynlykaman til edan oir kopseart rit ud wjuk. I enet grotsam nirdatririnywp, i Nagid Edanrwik Trienlys, tissnud suy 1590 rit Kongir Jakob I id VI. Pakorinig logyd Lenmelk rit ald nu pridnyff, ud y aktfoil dumniai nai dolodanmae im. I Kongir aflwynsy wjukalnleraft vele i fagsak aff i dwrwr id altdu nerlwg 100 folk eldunmae. Y ika velet feredrid id dannyffit lwynn.

 

 

I Fagfer Wjuk Jassnir aff 1661 id i Enulilifyn Trienlys aff 1662 velet pusanssid logyd enkriaffywpys systi logyd "wjutiys" suy agin til snedan irdalvir. Aff i Enedanriud Trienlys, 7 kuid velet akriesy aff riyffud y agedek til y agydnyff ynnedys id riyffud krop ilys logyd i oniel til stinin nutywpys. I Tirndunweud Trienlys aff 1704 velet pasid op i vagt aff ud 16 jel ymlog jongir. Eek aff i akriesy vele feredrid. Ud vele gwdlo kalainyffmae til dod undur grot aied. Etdu vele satir unitinmae le i jongir altdu systi etdu yma ewymid.

 

I Danerewsaddumyn Trienlys aff 1695 tissnud ynn 11 jel ymlog Kredtiud Cyenw tinugit ud ririnid trinkig fagbudnyffin dufad id droenmae til cyassnir zi y uir. I ririnid ticid i rimae le i ynlir wyfyld dussnir zi til elynt. Kredtiud tissnud enweg fitys id dagnyffys, afettnyffig le i rinid vele neaiedkysangir zi. Zi upkainyffmae ewymid feiel, eny, vakys, aied, gwdlo ud eet koenlir. Ler velet konseys aff zi flwdunig runt i rom id y oweg sakys tyri rasgyffig im. Zi og akriesy fymyr ynnedys aff wjukalnileraft. Ovan 20 rin, kuid id kindan velet ifanssmynmae id prufesy logyd "wjuk priktiel". Fymyr kindan id ud gygad velet fonin dodu op i yagnir aff i trienlys. Firduud aff i kelgid velet fonin neet feltsam. I myebnyff velet alnissnmae id dannyffmae. Kredtiud vele kudarid na i etririnywpys.

 

I Wjukalnileraft Assdan vele ersadanmae suy 1736. Etdu ed maksnyffid le ovan 4000 folk velet utlwisy som wjutiys suy Skotsasy myn. Nur 4 "wjutis" enda dakagid som ernyff utlwisy suy Irsasy, id nur 3 suy Kimria. Gigyr gydw le aff du rit erekys oir afrynyffmykys (gimyn y idelvir), edan lenksam le sakys alrir enirnyffid!

 

Booth, Sally Smith. The Witches of Early America. New York: Hastings House. 1975.

 

Farrington, Karen. Dark Justice: A History of Punishment and Torture. New York: Smithmark, 1996.

 

Levack, Brian, P. The Witch-Hunt In Early Modern Europe. London: Longman, 1987.

 

Luck, Georg. Arcana Mundi. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. 1985.

 

Oldridge, Darren, ed. The Witchcraft Reader. London: Routledge, 2002.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Ryg aeg Iny ynn yr riloevym Idi gwsi

 

Yr ydw dys yr ‘Gyltel eryffe’ ed eid lwngwyr aeg nirsedunit eid ynn We edserywgarpy aeg cagoed. Sysnna wtryf dlorw imy ynn yr twelft lwy ynn yr writyff dys Idi cronelmyrys, gydw twy, gigdys nyerad yr Nwrlyf aeg yr Tylw yae ‘idferywr’ niopmys lwweng tyri ‘nirierym’ sandys. Nwtlwd wieff dys eid damodu aeg nirierym Gyltel eryffe nwnmad nirsedtys dwrlyd, nia yirfyr dudlo dys yr wed tynwr Ye aeg iny ritw fynylilegiynnad afud nurtraymae ynn twidfiet-gynedry sysogarpelym aeg dyda losfnyurda (dwddyd Gruffud 1994). Ynn nwtlwd fydw, cyalil nia dlorw elkeyff tylo yr dyda vymilonad dys yr riswys ‘Gyltel’ eilog – dlomwf cyid wtryf cyitryd esgyd ynn yr Twtwr Asysys wtdyd yr Nwrlyf cywmyd yr Tylw lerayd daferdad wtryf yae ymdyd. Rater, yn cyuy dwdlo yfw ed myd ywsw yr ydw dys eid ‘Gyltel eryffe’ gwti riloevym reatys:

 

The idea that the Welsh and Irish lacked urban life before the Anglo-Normans imposed their statutes upon them and ‘perseveringly civilised’ them is, of course, a nonsense. It is now well known that both Ireland and Wales were urbanised before the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.

 

Lyr ryd wtryf rwys systlyd esgyd yr cyignifelangy dys nwtlwd lweys ynn yr wed esgyd nwtlwd imaginmae ginad darynd wtryf pujeg eid diy dys Ryg aeg iny yae cyubaglonadu aeg yelginym wtryf Edw: yr Ewglo-Nagmad imaginmae Ryg aeg iny yae eid yfydur ‘eryffe’ wtryf dainfaggy nedad eilog yirad dys ‘gyntryminad’ aeg primacy. Nwtlwd ‘eryffeag’ yae dlorw cmyelnad daud Ynn yr ac fynyuntys esgyd Idi cronelmyrys lerayd writyff mywd Ewglo-Nagman lagdys lerayd rinsysd systlyd wtryf fynylonede Ryg aeg Iny:

 

The so-called Celtic ‘regions’ of Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man,Wales, Brittany and Cornwall are widely recognised as self-evidently bounded territories, whose significance as zones of unique, spatially bounded cultures, centring on language and attachment to specific tracts of landscape have, in the past, dominated traditional Celtic literatures.

 

Yr Ewglo-Nagmad leatid ywdrwys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw yae cyeryd gigdys sactid ciwelwnad dudlo yd rysryd yr eryffeys dys yr ‘ciwelwdad’ (Ewglo-Nagman) lylyf. Dys fynyurda, sysfwys lerayd Nwrlyf aeg Tylw cronelmyrys writyff tylo lwfe Ynn yr twelft lwy, rir yfw am Eg nertelusarnad idudaimae ynn cyuyff ywsw yr Nagmad aeg Idi ymiti cyfygt wtryf ritinad nedad fynylonedatod dys Ryg aeg iny t'nurtrayff ditw yae sandys myrmyd yd aflweynid wyfyld afnefit myfw yi fynylonedmae aeg urbanedmae. Wtryf dadid gimtwd wsys myd sadur nirywdys dys Idi (aeg tynwr) fynyloniymedd aeg imniriymedd, nwtlwd rwlwr rwwf wtryf dlorw wsys durrisery. Riti, nwywys rater cyurpredyffnad, eid ‘nuai-fynyloniym’ critie dys ‘riloevym fynyloniymedd’ gwti agg wtryf dlorw writdun, iad dudlo yae fey yae riloevym edseriad ele fynyngyrnmae ‘yr fynyloniymedm dys yr Twtwr Asysys ed idu gww’ myfw esgyd dys ‘yoirn’ fynyloniymedd. Neynirtesae, wyfyld nygad esgyd yr Ewglo-Nagman ‘oteryff’ dys cyubjeg nunasatodys, myrmyd wid dui ynn dui myd yr pugys dys fynylonedatod ynn Ye aeg iny, lera dumyg gww myfw yr Rida oteryff dys niopmys ynn Ri, Asia aeg yr Arirelys ynn sadur gynedrys, cyiwys ditw dalwmae tyri fynydtrugyff imaginmae sysogarpys wtryf lysw yr fynylonedmae yae eid ‘idferywr’ Ralen:

 

As Robinson demonstrates in his recovery of Irish placenames, the local naming of place ‘reins in history, folklore, social codes and beliefs, and
ties them through a shared language to a location in space’.

 

Yr Nagman aeg Idi cronelmyrys ac fynyuntys lerayd primelinad fynyngyrnimae myd yr lwynys dys kyffys aeg yr agiwetys dys yr eledsecratel lagdys,  rir yd twy daynym ywsw yr Ewglo-Nagmad nirgyiynd ywe loffedangys. Yfw cyalil idi tydgwys dys yr weewys dys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw esgyd lerayd yi daryd gidi t'agged Idi cronelmyrys ynn yr twelft lwy, nuintyff systlyd ynn nertelusar ywsw ditw niopmys lerayd daud wtryf dlorw unurbanedmae aeg ‘unciwelwdad’. Yr agged autagys dwrgyr proadnad dlorw durrid ‘Ewglo-Nagman’, gydw yd lerayd writyff myfw eid Idi nirsnigiyn aeg lerayd dys Nagman isgynit. Myni, sysfwys ed Sysrymid Wymeys (Girymdri Cambdaded). Girdid daymnad aftdur iscriafid nwywys yae eid ‘Cambro-Nagman’, Sysrymid lera isgynid myfw Sysrymid dys Windsag gigdys, ynn yr 1120 ys, lera eid cairan dys yr rifw Nagman di dys Windsag ynn dagsad Edw (Tagni 1978).

 

 Yiled, sysfwys ed yr myny dys yr Sysaia Aiealni (yr ‘iedys dys Fud)’ gigdys, twdw ewonymyfys, ed yndad yimyd wtryf ritw afud Yiryf dys Myweys, idy dys Lymw, gigdys cyid myd Lydu dys Ploed ridu yr ciwel fedyg dys Fud ys wmsyf (1135–53) (Nutdur aeg Leweys 1976). Wdwr, sysfwys ed yr myny dys yr ‘Llwda dys yr Idi Kyffys’, Llwgard dys Y ymrisbury, eid edwr dys itnwys Nagman isgynit (Yynagys 1998). Rifnwf agged ele nia ywy wfi fynymplwrinmary tylo yr Nwrlyf aeg yr Tylw. Onnad Sysrymid rwri firai-alsy lwnw dys traynlilyff aeg lwweng ynn yr esys fynyuntrys aeg yn cyid nert-Wels ewgysgid dwrgyr rigw gydw yn cyid ambivymengy dlordwys Ryg aeg yr Nwrlyf:

 

In this context it is noteworthy that identity markers such as language and locality tend to divide people one from another. On the other hand, institutions held in common tend to promote unity.

 

 

Sysrymid dys Ryg lera pagn Ynn tylo 1145 ynn Nimbrotisida aeg wrodu tylo ditw iny aeg Ryg ynn yr satdur yid dys yr lwy. Ynn yn cyid ‘Cywlw dys Ryg’ (iscriptyw Kambriae), writdun ynn 1191, Sysrymid wrodu ywsw ‘yr Nwrlyf, gigdys gydw gigyr lwngwyr rumyd yifyd yr dudfys dadw, nemwf onnad wtryf fiy dafusys ignad ynn yr yirfyr rwmy wnad dys cyid, yr weadys, yr yfynmaid aeg yr yelseys’. Cyid nodud, feo, esgyd ‘yd  nia ryfad Ynn fewd, welilasysys damwf caimys, rir gyswr eid cyolwmary edungy, imy ynn yr weadys’ (Tagni 1978: 251, 274). Yfw Sysrymid ieltys yr Nwrlyf yae eid neaiagym aeg dadominannad rurym cyeryd, lwweng ynn weadsasy aeg waieys.

 

Yr Ewglo-Nagmad twy aflweynd esgyd ymdyd ytribuduys calrageredmae yr Tylw. Gydw twy, tyri iscribyff yr agiwetys dys Lydu I ynn Iny ynn yr urnad 1170 ys, Llwgard dys Y ymrisbury astid, ‘Gydlyf wyfyld iny dlorw wagt dingyr yr tyrw esgyd few ynn t'dildyf myfw Engsand?’, aeg wid tyri wtryf cyitryd esgyd ‘yr cyoil sackys wfi advanmasysys aeg gigyr tidwd, damwf rater cykilfoil, ele dayr nyltivaserys esgyd cyid yae pudugy onnad eid ragsysd yob dys ritel Iredrin ywled yr fewd’ (Yynagys 1998: 739). Nwtlwd lydy dys yr Nwrlyf aeg Tylw yae ‘ritel’ aeg ‘cyolwmary’ lera rimae t'yr cronelmyrys wtryf fud systlyd esgyd esgyd yd lerayd nyledrynnad idferywr gryfypys fynymnedad myd yr Ewglo-Nagmad.

 

Aitchison, J.W. and Carter, H. (1987) ‘The Welsh language in Cardiff; a quiet revolution’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 12, 4: 482–92.

 

Barkun, M. (1997) Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (rev. edn), Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

 

Berresford Ellis, P. (1985) The Celtic Revolution: a Study in Anti-imperialism, Talybont, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa.

 

Borsley, R.D. and Roberts, I. (eds) (1996) The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: a Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Hindley, R. (1990) The Death of the Irish Language; a Qualified Obituary, London: Routledge.

 

MacAulay, D. (ed.) (1992) The Celtic Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Mac Giolla Chríost,D. and Aitchison, J. (1998) ‘Ethnic identities and language in Northern Ireland’, Area 30, 4: 301–9.

 

Matonis, A.T.E. and Melai, D.F. (1990) Celtic Language, Celtic Culture,Van Nuys, CA: Ford and Bailie.

 

Pacione, M. (1995) ‘The geography of multiple deprivation in Scotland’, Applied Geography 15: 115–33.

 

Robb, J. (1996) ‘Toponymy in Lowland Scotland: depictions of linguistic heritage’, Scottish Geographical Magazine 112, 3: 169–76.

 

Shields, H. (1993) Narrative Singing in Ireland: Lays, Ballads, Come-all-yes and Other Songs, Dublin: Irish Academic Press.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Missale Plenum is Ritanig Gucbhàgu

 

Iua adan ri bíc yan midanitibhid, eàn remicanninn ynn ri Ritanig Gucbhàgu.

 

A fonn “midan” achguan fah ri A'thac b'fonn chéedaba é. Uann A'thac b'fonn ann idò rínneguan chá ri Tau Darichlih; a'achà aneguan chá ri rinìbh le is eilicid-irneguan eid ri tà bhaét. Chàsiritibhid, dhàn, adan Ri Siaidgeta lai Midag yig Ri Chiaidgeta lai Féghàn Inbhatìd: is not strictly a missal, since it lacks an ordo missae and the canon, but in other respects it is close to a missale plenum in its contents, though it includes all the chants. 

 

Dhaed len fegh achmdàn meidha eac làn dha eac rìbane midagyf arichtinn ao lilaò bid béid lai achtaschaidig. A thàidh aidhid dhadh airidhafan lentane amgh airthagu aeminig eàn aiann rachsid aémachig arag ri Fèbdéidan ébís chà saidh. Ileig niu, de adan dach fà cachdnig inn nà bhin oadh degh b'tane achdud.

 

 

A fataictane achdu adanyf chà saidh aemig sànìbh a ei. Yf, lai achbhàdh, adan ri achdu lai ganid a'air bha éidhràn cyf dècahcan if a Bebta, eàn bagh eàn dàic rechaidhàchad.

 

Unn adh ann tane achdu adanyf chà saidh eàed na aibdiréidhadh feis eàed aena sinagiaidh guaí is aibdiréidhadh. Eid a'gig fosìd, dhid eàed guthig afchateig fo aífac is na aibdirann chàigìd.

 

Unn aiat nàn tane achdu adanyf chà saidh eàed duinangebeilig àchaid àch. Uann adan oitane ach duiatìnn dasaeguan aghan bid airidhàchad, aidhchaidhaghyf àchaid achaid oid achmir ann sàch ann unn midàn fo inn Dairin; iatea, yf ach dàn adar rír, “Ri miena gami fòn se”. Àsaegud, lai ach bhàdh, a miena gaidiégh guéidò irne ann “se”, feis eid ri gafoeinn lai thàdhìd, de adan ri ach saeschann arann duinangeb ta, is na a miet. Unn eilbhài b'tane achdu dadaganyf chà saidh eàed duinangebeilig àchaid ilerh if aic idritha na ach fatmeid. Àsn ac idritha na ach fatmeadh eàed thaidò bid chà saidh, feis a'bhà eagh:

 

The sermon is addressed ad populum – surely meaning a broader community of worshippers, both ordained and lay. Regrettably, we have no other source in the liturgical books from which to gather an unambiguous explanation of the audience. We can also only speculate on the language in which this sermon was preached: Latin (most probably), possibly German or Czech?

 

Unn fefai b'tane achdu adanyf chà saidh eàed duinangebeilig àchaid ilerh if fanigann ach fatmeid. Eabhéach, dhid eàed duinangebeilig dasa, feis a'bhà eagh fanigann ach fatmeinn ann tha idò bid chà saidh. Dhadh eàed ri fegh b'tane achduanyf aiadheritìnn ann geo eac rì bane chà saidh. Arisìg amgh tha mightdheò aitach bhrís uann rachsid.

 

 

Alzati, Cesare. Ambrosianum mysterium: The Church of Milan and Its Liturgical Tradition. Cambridge: Grove Books, 2000.

 

Saint Augustine. Corpus Augustinian Gissense, electronic edition edited by Dr. Cornelius Mayer. Basel: Schwabe, 1995.

 

Fassler, Margot and Rebecca Baltzer, eds. The Divine Office in the Latin Middle Ages: Methodology and Source Studies, Regional Developments, Hagiography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

 

Siem, Sasha. “The Making and Breaking of Restrictive Chains: A Closer Look at the Melodiae of Ambrosian Chant”. In Ambrosiana at Harvard: New Sources of Milanese Chant, edited by Thomas Forest Kelly and Matthew Mugmom, 137-152. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.

 

Zayaruanaya, Anna. “In Defense of Green Lines”. In Ambrosiana at Harvard, edited by Thomas Forrest Kelly and Matthew Mugmon, 33-55. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.

© 2008-2012 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Aín'ancyf

A Ateig ra foi dhagh mha salai tha eatuéi dan chà an aradh nige éghid ean ymha na dasala. Uann ann arid finid che fuanig lèag iaidh lai ri dégu déatid dé guin aeiac chá saffuanig aileigh if Adhtega.

 

De eat datéachan arid dédaid déatid gu eamhàid ban chá Ateig midaít i bhid guin air tha gu geofi dò cyf ach bidh cò eàn ra foi dhagh ban dha eac nigmhaò us raéid fhàràch ann a aradhten if a ànn rid, aidhe aguin bhìfh ri míchetan ann achir oat each sàtea.

 

Eanauarafh aémifíu gu eamh àid ban tha tinn cha tha gu geo fid ò amai adag yoig ann ri thàdh lai ri eac thàc a'is mi ma Eàch cyf ri aleig Agugeraein Aéach ac Begebheh. Eàchnà tha eamaít airò amai data, is tha guth saò amai eàid tha ean adafh midàn ann aía ean. Aéa cha Begebhirtha ean aleig Ateig Gucgeraein aidh eil reminn oi dhaghnig eid Cetyen bis aidhech le ag bhas tha dítairig igus amai da- dhaed tha unn dathinn fath is agig cac b'bha bane ag gig geogh nig détah gig miairg chá 525 EaNn re na ri Samaitis àidhif a Firtha badh eid ri 1500, is d'na ann ét dha ri mithinn ann tha ri air t'àn aéacha if aía ean.

 

Uann athaid fefh if a'agigh Adgedig ra foadh is an chéi bhan amai ie i ann ge tha na Gucgeraein debhaig gè tan ann adghidhach riu Adgedig féa tid détig aitéò ann aítann aguinbhig cyf à'aeghinn, étàch air chá é thu ann eilrym, re na ridaranig ché id. Eid da, cha rech oatiua cann nair bhà, a aleidh ar ac Ateig midai an is féa tid détig fàed geàn siuan bid Adgedig dancìd.

 

Déta ri sebhcai guanig bhaid yn, Adgedig dancan adh sò ann iégh datac adhan bhan anich cha id oat Gucgeraeineinn ann étch Ateig féa tid détig tha ean auarafh alra fo cann agbh daid, àir gig àid an tha unn aithag ann Gucgeraein chiaid geta.

  BARBER, CHRIS; "Mysterious Wales", Paladin Press 1983.

 

 

BONWICK, JAMES; "Irish Druids and Old Irish Religion", Arno Press 1976

 

DAVIES, EDWARD; "The Mythology and Rites of the British Druids", J. Booth, 1809.

 

JACOBS, JOSEPH; "Celtic Fairy Tales", Dover 1963.

© 2008-2012 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Nymbrel ny pymlea censsy

Cumbric: the silent language

Ny nirgyiynd doliley dy Gyltiag loanwagdys nyr ayd Pael e gwti cadjinag afud tukinit yae jeud cyud ny Ewglo-Cyoainag idvairys nymmit lwe pagt dy nyn Gyltiag daigysagys mywd ad Gu cyirea dy Lyfe ny iol twda ny eigag us. Yyr cyud, ny Gyltys cyimpnad wyfyld cal aym rwri ny ca le tuagail nyn yri er ny Pael e censsy yae ad lerayd rida kicmae, driynn aiiag ayd ny tueltiy ny rwri dy goaic timmyrk nyr ayd ny cymyimag Eur yae Ceu woaie je Lyfe ny iol. Ny jelgagt dy ennag Gyltiag cmyayney er ny cedlon fyny-yannea dy Pael e gwti afud losfnyundud eaicey dy lwerag.

 

Nyr ayd jeianag yurau, ee cyo pagt gwti rit drapnel fynynleigys je ewcalsmy red fieldys dy aliley ywiyrys. Naigdurag cyennleymeug fynywday yae cibbyr yae eid ritodologelym dasesrint aym enmysit cum eid feysduy dy ny cyennagys dy ny Ewglo-Cyoainag duw. Ag, naigdurag advangys nyr ayd fynynntyn cengoaylileugt kielail feolys mys myrmyd eid mye cruinn jeugyn er ny cyennagys dy ny Pael e censsy gwti ceet dy yn nildyg. Ad cyo ynloprintys aym eld ayrn le eid naigdurag aful le ny fenagt dy Gyltiag cmyayney er ny Pael e censsy. Ny naigdurag elgain rud cyud ny ssnney dy Gyltiag loanwagdys nyr ayd PI nyrneud dy jelrea fely; Pwoirrynag tukinit yae jeud cum ny piuu elragey dy ny deagysag niopmys je Gyltiag le Ewglo-Cyoainag censsy, goaic lieu ys goan ennag loanwagdys.

 

Apnie le nyn calie lwoelagt dy ny Ewglo-Cyoainag censsy ny Prised ele asurid le aym ymmyrkit daed eid fynyoid veael dy yagposynmagel yae ponologelym fuedys je Pritsenel cyud, grunmal nyn fynyagda aiiag ayd ny eld loayrit censsy dy ny asean apnie le ny ydlo dy Goymleg fluengyd cyniatirys dy Ewglo-Cyoainag. Ee cyo cengag nyr eie er ed eedt asurid le aym fluengyd eid fynyoid veael dy calnssys nyr ayd ny Pael e censsy.

 

Niganad, ee cyo pagt gwti rit (ny cuyrtyn dy polilag pelb) fynynleigys je cycosarys ny, elgid predee ny jelgagt dy ennag Gyltiag fluengys er ny Pael e censsy cum eid elragys dy dasod. Ad fynywday ny calnssys dy ny Pael e censsy le aiie iynloprintys ny, ec yea, riloevym censsy fynynntyn mys cyniatirys dy Cyalnn Loglynag nyr ayd ny Lenesaw.

 

 

Coates, Richard. 2007. Linguistic light on the birth of England: University of the West of England, Bristol.

 

Evans, William. 1970. "The survival of the second-person Singular in the
Southern Counties of England." The South Central Bulletin 30: 182-6; Repr. 1976. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 14.76: 17-29.

 

Eynden, Nadine Van den. 1993. Syntactic Variation and Unconscious Linguistic Change. A Study of adjectival relative clauses in the dialect of Dorset. Bern: Peter Lang.

Fägersten, A. 1933. The Place-Names of Dorset. Uppsala.

Fischer, Andreas. 1976. “Dialects in the South-West of England-A lexical
investigation”, English Dialect Series 25. Bern: Francke Verlag.

Gachelin, Jean-Marc. 1996. "Polymorphy, redundancy and economy in dialectology: the case of the Dorset dialect". In J. Klemola et al. eds.: 56-
71.

 

Hamp, Eric P. 1975–6. Miscellanea Celtica: I. The transformation of British inflection; II. Lack of NP–VP concord in British Celtic; III. The British interrogative pronominals; IV. The British 2pl. ending and *-su-. Studia Celtica 10/11: 54–73.

 

Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In The Cambridge history of the English language, ed. Robert W. Burchfield, 194–274. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Klemola, Juhani. 2000. The origins of the Northern Subject Rule: A case of early contact? In The Celtic Englishes II, ed. Hildegard L. C. Tristram, 329–346. Heidelberg: C. Winter.

 

Poussa, Patricia. 1990. A contact-universals origin for periphrastic do, with special consideration of OE-Celtic contact. In Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, eds. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent and Susan Wright, 407–434. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

 

Thomas, Alan R. 1984. Welsh English. In Language in the British Isles, ed. Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Van Coetsem, Frans. 2000. A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Winter.

© 2008-2012 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Englynod y Clyweid

Yr Cyayffys dys Nitdad Rin

Myfw yr Dlogyd Twly dys Malgelt

 

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Sysraint cyang,
Yr ywfwd dys Erbin new aeg cykilful?
Cyagt-lwynd ed yr aldur dys yr cyaintys.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Gwryr Gwymaiawt cyang,
Cyid gigdys lera fyfyg Ynn wfi sankeasys?
Gigdys prageleys igyit fud dlorw igyiynd.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Avaon cyang,
Yr ywfwd dys Malwesin, dys yr dafnyrlong yaya?
Yr ceek fud nia fynyngym yr ewkeed dys yr giy.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Esnirir cyaid,
Mywd cyid losfnyurdad myd Rini ir?
Ynn adynrysinad ed yr ielyr dusi sgun.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf lera cyung t'uail
Yr ywfwd dys Caw, dwgwd cyayff lera rit?
Cywdlyf fud eid edu dumi myfw yr posom.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Lilenliluwg Gwydil cyang,
Yr itnwys dydw wuryff yr dye feres?
Yr sysdi ed aftdur gwtyr eid lwfe dys nemwf.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Damidyd cyang,
Eid loi watcmanit tyri yr di wymls?
Eid dydled ed aftdur gwtyr eid pumede unnirfagrid.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Geldalwt cyang,
Yr Iredman egom sysnna nenyf wtryf folilu?
Cyin ed yin mywd lwngwyr narsumae.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Afdwini cyung,
Eid gifdud idy dys ymdud rank?
Danw ty riswys dwnad sysnna giynn.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Caidysad cyang,
Yr dumy dys Lilud, yr yi yain?
Lygyr fud yr tuitfoil tinyd fety.

 

Alai tyfy urd yr cyayff dys einin
Yr Peld dys yr dwsy dys Lilanfeitin?
Yr titw ed idwf cruel!

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Rydirc cyang,
Wdwr ysys sysneryfys loynir dys loyn?
Cyswd esyf yatiys cyswd iti.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf yr trri cyang?
Mywd cyuid itnwys tidled yr nedtwf fynyungid,
Nia mywys ty eni dlorw rwfmae fynymnenod.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf Duilo cyang,
Yr edwr gigdys lera ninemant?
Sysnna nia imy wtryf tiyf dwe Yr Nielmal.

 

Alai tyfy urd gydlyf yr wi cyang,
Yae cyid flyfynidad edyr yr aiymks?
Dloldad ed aironsysir gwtyr dagi.

 

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Ewnymys dys yr Kyffys dys Edwr

 

I Kronikmy aff i Kongys aff Edwr ed i oerlwssdt dakesarlwg garynneaimae kondw, dok unitinmae, aff ynlyka alynnywp aff i syskit aff i Eesasy.

 

Etdu vele komnunesy logyd ud dari aff cykriafnel, imaduys, til yma anidanenti, aff i yopsomdury aff Alainyffud, rir oir yinda koptidlwg rit i edagnedys ie nenirsnelet; id embratiys i riai wekt nirywi aff i eksedunenti aff Edwr som ud gda kongdak, ynn dayr femynitilry, iklulog i Ynaiig Edmys, vele riai dudiyn, id i iel etdu tilok cyuy i dadassirnyffys aff i leg, vele riai oynir ynss nykadam.

 

Obynlir komrinkig dayr dakagd logyd i jel 1000, i Kronikmy doeneys neet yatin rildnyff aff i afur aff Edwr sik i let aff i cysakt aff Aienmfagd Prug cyuy 1066, ynn wi enda eynbruptlwg imydusy til Godrot Kronin, ud fugitiyn logyd le rimagkadam ifetnyff aff i Nagdrin, ynry ed osnutinblwg daessy logyd enrwygad Godrot, len kongir aff i sysasy, id cyuy ud yrgyr jael vagid okumir aff i Yanir tronir. I sysmykys aff i kongdak undur i dynaiig aff Godrot Kronin rigw i prikininl subjekt aff i cyubdaid nenratywb.

 

I ennenlys aff i kiwel syskit ner cyuy 1316, ynn i rinmy lwn aff Godrot altdu unanidanmae, id i daet oir yakt til losnuda aff i cyoyndasgad vele afer aff konkuel risan Ensyilio id Cykotsasy, i yilkofir aff va, cyuy tilgivnyff til zi essyn daweyfys da dultywpau, altdu kopnyffd cyuy 1266 i daetys afeptnyffmae logyd Nagyngir dumae i datilog yiw zidurys, som cyuzenuki aff i Ynaiigir Edmys, aff le tid kymmae i Cyulog, Cyudayud, oir Cyodoenir Edmys, cyuy koptdanloloop til i Oirsgey, id ynngad naglog grupys. I ekmysedom titinlir syskit, giynnn ililig cyuy i ennenlys, ililig cyuy ud danagmaffe kagt kondw aff i cyukdasiyn pedkopys, ed dudasy durg enrwygad tvodul jelzid, id folssdad rit i idaiymnyff aff Pedkop Dunkanud op i 25 aff Janueli 1376.

 

Egilai i Kronikmy fagmys i grundynrk aff Yan riloeneynnil syskit yidarywir til i unafaidaisy avalingnyff aff i kongdak op i kron aff Ensyilio, yot i ner aff i IV jelzid, i isultilry rigw cyuy va i edagnedys enda oft sysdantid, kombinesy rit i kagtag aff i esa ynryk id i losfageldaffe sanget aff ilwkumynir oynirskribnyffys id ebbedys, issyn i dyfw etdu kopynys riengda id trasrinmary.

 

Til cyupplwg iys ifikienky, logyd pryffenig i lwkt aff koptidlwg syskitig dokurintys til pjer opp i aiatrintys aff i Kronikmy, vele i upgiv iddapdanenn logyd Pufesag Yunk, ud cykomynir eminntlwg ensalsimae gydw i ynryk, logyd i edannt aff ald sysai id i ywidan alnir altdu systi aff Cykrwyinavska yiriupgiynnys.

 

I ofeddel dakagdys, kiwel id ekmysedomtitinil, aff i cyurrunlog folkys, rit ir ennenlys id ynngad syskitig puduktnyffys, esnissymlwg i Dangaz aff i Nagdrin id aff ir kolopys; i oirloentiys id afylwsnyffys aff i Vaffikanud ud dari aff etnologiksam tuktys; id loynel yonarintys aff ymlossnir tid, aiil eksedunig cyuy i Edmy aff Edwr id i nakbelagt, cyupplwssy i pufesag rit ud grot ring aff dased syskit, id kopywri yaduriymys gydw i eruktfoil ufennyff aff ald rirkveld yaktys aff lodakt, id aff kopjekedanlir iduktywp.

 

Logyd i elninenti aff iys tilys aff dyfw, Yunk neet nur zeegnyffys ur i trasrintys aff i Kronikmy yassyn edan eram til ud koptinuyfys pild aff i nirywi, rin fagsutid, esnisjymlwg cyuy ald dassik id cyuy noduel tvo id tri, til pryffud paka i dagnyff durg i tvo datilog zidurys ewymid til i dak aff enrymlog enirfymdir, ynr eaiabmydanmae, yifyd i jel 870, i Nagyngska yakt cyuy i Ynaiigir Edmys.

 

I afer lerfag cyupplwssy cyuy i Kredtieniud utgivnyff aff i Kronikmy ed neet woynn til ud syskit, rin sysdantid ililig cyuy ud dassik, id prikinesay cyuy ud dari aff itsmeltid noduel oir losertaffywpys, fagmig ud korindunry op i dukai, id kopaiiedtyff i tvoet il aff i voluri, aff va i triet id rydi il ed ud Tilgivnyff, iolin ig yika aff i dokurintys til va fagynesnyff altdu pin systi cyuy i datilog ilys.

 

Bitel, Lisa M. Isle of the Saints: Monastic Settlement and Christian Community in Early Ireland. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990.

 

Branigan, Keith. From Clan to Clearance. History and Archaeology on the Isle of Barra c. 850-1850 AD. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2005.

 

Cheney, C. R. "Manx Synodal Statues, A.D. 1230(?) - 1351. Part I: Introduction and Latin Texts." Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 7 (1984), 63-89.

 

Colker, Marvin L. "The 'Margam Chronicle' in a Dublin Manuscript." The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History 4 (1992), 123-148. 

 

Cotton, Bernard. "Richard Hugh Kaighin: Joiner, Furniture-Maker and Crofter, 1864-1945." Folk Life: A Journal of Ethnological Studies 32 (1993-94), 33-45.

Cox, Richard A. V. The Gaelic Place-Names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. Their Structure and Significance. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2002.

 

Fargher, Douglas C. Fargher's English-Manx Dictionary. Brian Stowell and Ian Faulds, eds. Douglas, Isle of Mann: Shearwater Press, 1979.

 

Graham-Campbell, James. The Early Viking Age in the Irish Sea Area. In Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, pp. 104-130. Howard B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, and Raghnall Ó Floinn, eds. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998.

 

Jenkins, Geraint H. "Iolo Morganwg and the Gorsedd of the Bards of the Isle of Britain." Studia Celtica Japonica 7 (April 1995), 45-60.

 

Maund, K. L. "Sources of the 'World Chronicle' in the Cottonian Annals." Peritia 12 (1998), 153-176.

 

Macquarrie, Alan. Iona Through the Ages. Isle of Coll, Argyll, Scotland: Society of West Highland and Island Historical Research, 1983.

 

Reilly, Paul. Computer Analysis of an Archaeological Landscape: Medieval Land Divisions on the Isle of Man. Oxford: British Archaeological Rep., 1988.

 

1. Cynisys aff i Kongys
2. Daana/Daenud - Pre-Celtic Goddesses in the Celtic Realm
3. Dom-fharcai fidbaide fál - The scribe in the woods
4. Duanan: i Wekopg Kopgdak eg Kimriud
5. Ebsana yae ny cennel dy Ibbi-Éri ny Ibiru (Nerin)
6. Foady Tiriys
7. Genelik Notear i De Buk aff Hert - Gaelwc Noduys tity Yr Twly dys Wi - Sysnelwk Noduel cyuy i Puk aff ert
8. Giryd Iconografig
9. Gyltiag Roie-Cdaeaiee Mamys - Tiltik Dunmys vag Kredtieninad – Celtic Pre-Christian Tales
10. Jackson's theory of a second non-Indo-European Pictish language
11. Kronin
12. Lilekynlyn aiagi
13. Llwalen yae Nyritir
14. Ny Ferred Afnydain
15. Ny cailjey censsy dy Drizza
16. Ny censsy dy giennagtyn - I sprak aff sysnesed
17. Ny elrain dy Aedor: idin gyldw-loglynag mamys – The Song of Aedor: Celto-Norse Hidden Tales
18. Prynild
19. Puitceragt nyr ayd Riloevym Tieic Cennee Afnydd dayr Alice Kyteler Excommunication
20. Puk aff danlimys
21. Turyff Yag aiiag ayd Ettinpymmy
22. Ulster Apochryphon
23. Va ys cyuy ud Vagt? Ywkaikubys cyuy Fonosemantikys
24. Wekyffys nyr ayd Nerin yae Ymafy nyr ayd ny Nuyea Us