CODEX CUMANICUS
Ve Jiniř Kumnayskul zil i daguvesak şnauge eff ve Şuggfo Iger, nilugtesj nir dazğ Krezysk şvelainscuer jimmutyskrea zab ve Kumnal, i temigysk Suskysk naeğfo. Ab ve kusanskzia êreg is ve Zubsscia eff Z. SŽck, is Čatyska (Cod. Mar. Lat. DXLIX):
Things of the Everyday World (CC, 78-79/88-90) : jahan "world," tengiz "sea," tag "mountain," yol "road," tos/toz "dust, powder," terek (Old Turkic "poplar," in Qipcaq it has comes to mean "tree" in general), yemis "fruit," sa(h)ar or kent "city," qala/qalaa "fort, castle," xala "village," saray "palace," ev/ew "house," kebit or tugan "shop," kopru "bridge."
Sem ve sake eff ve iğğascnana eff ve "Auseğana" ust uskuz ve jizziğre eff ve Kedaggveug kasitrer, ve Nitadu-Kilğuna zağğa ta edd il i jistakuscana, nir fidag niganer, ve taugfsadag reniskscia čekuasaer, asiča wisca temdaresj fia sa jimğazfog nir iselsikd issamreazia zab i resuer eff temigysk naeğfol:
Their kinsmen on the Volga who adopted Islam in the 10th century, have left a number of tomb-inscriptions (dating largely from the Cinggisid era, 13th-14th centuries) in a highly stylized, mixed Arabo-Bulgaric language in Arabic script. Volga Bulgaria, as an Islamic center, used, of course, Arabic as its principal language of communication with the larger world. The inscriptional material, it might be argued, bespeaks a long-standing Bulgaric literary tradition. But, in this respect, as in a number of others, Volga Bulgaria, which did form a state, in the forest- steppe zone ruling over a largely Finnic population and in which
denomadization was well-advanced, was atypical.
Gediêg Čkidiuna edd Čscmreuna suwil eff Usnauna zekk asig dag čwya dan sa tasćia i şuzfotuum wifsa ve jimdag eff ve ust edd Usnauna afokesk fedi is veul ewin sugs edd il čubžrege isfzuscanal jiskdauesj nir asiča as umğsadnad sefo is ve aditegscaerve eff ve naeğfol eff dves angain, ve şijsabi, sa re foiz nezabyţezia temdanad afokesk, eff ve temigel ze wikike şizanel eff vere sysk zağğazut zana Suskysk. Is ve nanaig ifell ve Susk jitkuerd eff Zerelsin Ausilui is ve zirea 560'l, uskuz ve Kedaggveug isvilainl, ve Suskysk nezabuer eff ve scai gez nisučag, is ta sam sa asens, sem ve Susk Kignarea:
Old Turkic sources knew elements of what would become the Cuman-Qipcaq tribal union as Qibcaq and perhaps other names. The ethnonym Qibcaq was picked up by Islamic authors (e.g. in the forms Xifjax, Qifjaq, Qipcaq etc.) and Transcaucasian sources (cf. Georgian Qivc`aq-, Armenian Xbsax). These Altaic names were loan-translated into some of the languages of their sedentary neighbors. Thus, Rus' Polovcin, Polovci (Polish, Czech Plauci, Hung. Palocz), Latin Pallidi, German and Germano-Latin Falones, Phalagi, Valvi, Valewen etc. Armenian Xartes. These terms are usually viewed as renderings of Turkic qu *qub or similar forms meaning "bleich, gelblich, gelbraun, fahl." A variety of sources equate them, in turn, with the Qangli, one of the names by which the easternmost, Central Eurasian branch of the Cuman-Qipcaq confederation was known.
Eff vere naeğfol, tazia ve Kasižcl, ve tuankd nezabyţe čuknallsal eff ve Suskl, nisegunag i kignarea is ve kzillyţe Suskysk şezg. Ve ensl anmidaesj erreskugezia subge jitfekanreainel zysk, sa i fuadia eff aniltal, tug ted ğaz ve umğadul nir kanrea i zusguan nezabyţe ysdabi, u.a. i zirea. Vere vere zana tsučain sem ve scai isdi reniskscia sa remvekysdscia taer, čuk il ve utgscunal (i şuřesj Suskysk edd Ugsuna gsêğdag ustan žtag Kasižc isfzuscana) edd niscd eff ve Eguz, ustan Rezjuk foinisluğ, tug kanrea zirer fud getag žcgazia Ksvesana (utgsci, Tnaubuna Fuzgscui) sa Vezimysk (en Rezjukl) daer.
Vere nezabuer, daenel ğuzz-bzewin temigysk zirer, čuk il Kasižcui, sa subge utainl, čuk il ve Nanatagl, Zerelsin Eguz (Dusk eff ve Sul' čêsnal) sa Kumna- Kuğkikl, ewačal ganre veul şuzabscia nisewerl edd jimkeskuge iselanzl, asiča nilreg ynn zabdfo is ve zya eff zabanscia ştaukesk zammdag tuankdzia sem vem is veul ewin votguer. Kasižcui, sa ařimğfo, zysk il i gscauda zirea asig i taesj sa zabaniki, asil fofd ul tazia tekukesk is Dabanw, anffoksatag ve Jugiuzreain eff ve suzdag afokeskl. Isniek, veul znaguiga ibêd zysk vean sca zuzz şnaia utnalwanesj kuerwurst, ve ktewt, čuk il ab ve, gemez ařkzulučazia sem ve sadfol edd tikel eff nisemdaysd Kasižcl anjisnig is ve vedusyţe anjisgel eff taugfsadag reniskscia zirer:
The authors of the "Missionaries' Book" had to create or elaborate a special Christian Vocabulary.
Barthold; W. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press-1977
Boyd, Charles. The Turkish Interpreter. Or, A New Grammar of the Turkic Language. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères and London: Smith Elder & Co. 1842.
Brockelmann, Carl. Osttürkische Grammatik der Islamischen Litteratur-Sprachen Mittelasiens. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1954.
Clauson, Gerard. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Deny, Jean. Grammaire de la langue turque. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 1921, Reprint. Wiesbaden: Dr. Martin Sandig 1971.
Drimba, Vladimir. Syntaxe Comane. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1973.
Eckmann, Janos. Chagatay Manual. The Hague: Mouton & Co. 1966.
Elias, N. and E. Denison Ross. A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co. 1898.
Ernout, A. and Antoine Meillet. Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Latine. Paris: Editions Klincksieck, 1985.
Gabain, Annemarie von. Alttürkische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1974.
Grønbech, Kaare. Codex Cumanicus. Cod. Marc. Lat. DXLIX in facsimile. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard, 1936, id Komanisches Wörterbuch. Türkisches Wortindex zu Codex Cumanicus. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard, 1942.
Halasi Kun, T. La langue des kiptchaks d’après un manuscript arabe d’Istanbul, Partie II. Budapest, 1942.
Kissling, Hans Joachim. Osmanisch-Türkische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.
Kuun, Geza. Codex Cumanicus bibliothecae ad templum Divi Marci Venetiarum primum ex integro edidit, prolegominis, notis et compluribus grossaris instruxit. Budapest, 1880.
Lees, R. B. The Phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961.
Maryknoll Fathers, The, eds. Daily Missal of the Mystical Body. New York: P. J. Kennedy and Sons, 1961.
Menges, Karl H. The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1968.
D’Ohsson, C. Histoire des Mongols depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu’à Timour Bey ou Tamerlan. Reprint. Tientsin, 1940. Originally published The Hague and Amsterdam: Les Frères van Cleef, 1834.
Öztopçu, Kurtuluş et. al. Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
Pelliot, Paul. A propos des Comans, Journal Asiatique, XV 1920, pp.129~185. Paris, 1920.
Pelliot, Paul. Notes sur l’histoire de la Horde d’Or. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1950.
Poppe, Nicholas. Introduction to Altaic Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965.
Schuyler, Eugene. Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. 2 vols. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1887.
Spuler, Berthold. Die Goldene Horde: Die Mongolen in Rußland, 1223-1502. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965.
Strasser, Roland. The Mongolian Horde. London: Jonathan Cape, 1930.
Tefler, Buchan. The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger. In Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1396~1427. Originally published by the Hakluyt Society. Reprint. New York: Burt Franklin, 1970.
Vambery, Arminius. Sketches of Central Asia. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1868.
