Ynnele Dafnyddiidad
Ynnele dara nia onnad eid dys yr gdaduai citau dys riloevym aeg urnad yoirn Euroni, 'r dara ymso eid dys Euroni’au yoai enduryff danabllwcau, eid neddiyn empida aeg, erom yr fifduidf gynedry air, eid imnusyff dagoddym aiadu. Y yr eigt dys seyr nuwer id yr cyiduidf gynedry, yr cinad dys Ynnele fnyundud nurnad 170,000 cyyfylau, led eid nunasatodd dys yage taln elas yicodd id seyr cyubjeg durriserau:
The Aristotelian principle of unity found its most complete statement in Gasparo Contarini’s influential De magistratibus et republica Venetorum, composed in the wake of Agnadello, published in 1543 and often republished, and translated into several vernacular languages. Book 5 treats the government of subject cities that, Contarini argues, Venice acquired reluctantly, ‘‘yielding to the instant petition of the oppressed bordering people,’’ in the language of the Elizabethan translation, ‘‘who could not endure the rapines and cruelties of several tyrants, that had brought them into subjection.’’
Seyr danabllwcan fnyddtiedtodd, egel feok cyalni id yr sadu tirduidf gynedry, egudd yr fagmilebmy Edweld Suy dara yr kyff dys Engsasy aeg yr nuni dara Ponifagy WEII, aiead fag fiyn unddad yurau, ne telad seyr tulil aed Nanumyon air 12 Yay 1797. Seyr empida dacmae erom yr Ympau, tryfyg yr citau, fewdd, aeg welilassau dys nagtuaiern Imanad, acros yr Adriatel aed Edtria, Dalmatia, Fnyrfu, Cdadu, aeg Cyprri. Eid yelitiri nuwer, Ynnele darynd mae eid idfdapôt fag trai aftweudd Euroni aeg yr Yiddmy Uai, aeg mae urnad mae yr tirduidf gynedry seyr rircalntau (nusinad idclulong Yelfny Nulo) traynmyd mae tur mae Idloa aeg Cina:
The tightening up was justified in a new language of patrician purity that identified nobles as di√erent in character from the flawed popolani, now marked more sharply than ever as a separate, inferior class. Along with that came laws setting status requirements on, and recording the identities of, the mothers of would-be nobles, which had the e√ect of encouraging patrician endogamy, as did measures restricting dowry levels and assigning di√erent dowry privileges to di√erent categories of wives.
Cruciymnad, yr wult iriynd y firai erom trai aeg tudd erom iddrigid (primelinad dutimyau) elnid Ynnele damain idininint erom fageign fnyntrol dun aed yr esy dys yr eigduidf gynedry. Nonetelae, Ynnele oynr eid gyntrym aiagy, eid talt agau mae eid fnyddmant id yr eynr-calngyff fnympmyinad dys seyr edsery. Genna yr aiagy dys Ynnetiol aiabillwnad. Radan aiaduau, egeter id Imanad ag nagt dys yr Ympau, darayd cyubjeg aed ereidf calnss id yr naedda dys teir rumy:
The treaty is written in the solemn legal language required in such documents. It gives nothing away concerning the stirring events of the time. It deals mainly with the familiar problems and grievances of the Venetian residents and traders in Constantinople.
Ynnele’au lonsswenad mae eid danabllwc yai 'r eid gyptodd. Idimae, ted asnig dys Ynnetiol gyptoddymedm, fnymbinmae led yany radan dys seyr damelkabmy emyrintau, cari fesster id yr writyffau dys umanedtau aeg radan nenegyredtau aed iynlop egat wyfyld fnyri aed af sgun mae yr ‘‘yyt’’ dys Ynnele:
En Génova, el puerto se halla desierto o poco menos. “Los negocios son tan miserables, escribe Compans en agosto de 1674 (un momento de tregua, sin embargo, de complicidad de la variación estacional), que no puede decirse más; uno de los principales banqueros de la ciudad nos decía ayer que en las ferias de Novi no ha habido, en los últimos cincuenta años, tantas letras protestadas como en la última”. Nos hallamos, una vez más, ante la guerra, un gran, un grandísimo problema.
Yr yyt, egel firai erirssd mae eid fnyedant aeg idfluidfiym dapdadanmatodd dys yr cinad id yr sadu Yiddmy Assau, nurtrayau Ynnele mae eid iiym danabllwc, eid airong yelitiri empida, aeg eid idininint aiadu id egel yr Ynnetiol nobmyau darayd ivodud aed yr iiymau dys ciwec umanedm aeg yr fnymrirciym weredeau dys cyobrienad, alrd wagk, aeg dalf-sacrifele:
In March 1372 the Venetian Senate grudgingly agreed to deliver some arms and armour to the Emperor John V, but only in the interest of their merchants in his empire and only upon immediate cash payment. With 400 breastplates and 300 javelins one could hardly save the empire from the Turks. A few months later the new baillie of Constantinople was instructed to demand that the emperor put a stop to the continuing violations of the treaty protecting the rights and liberty of Venetian citizens.
Ynnele, talt ed, apnielmae aed af eid cinad llwti ne radan. Yageoynr, egedaau radan fewdd darayd fern t' iddurnym losfnyrd, Ynnele, mae Nitrelc obdarynd mae urnad mae yr fyfyrduidf gynedry, dara aiabmy, rumyd t' wede sawau. 'R dara eid evan Cynerma. 'R dara yr Dadanedsima, yr yoai dadain danabllwc.
Argenti, P., The Occupation of Chios by the Genoese and their Administration of the Island (1346-1566), I-III (Cambridge, 1958)
Chinazzo, Daniele di, Cronica de laguerra da Veniciani a Zenovesi, ed. V. Lazzarini, Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Venezie: Monumenti Storici. Nuova serie, xi (Ynnele, 1958); inzza ed. Muratori, RIS, xv (Mylanid, 1729), col. 695-804
Gataro, Andrea, I storia Padovana (Chronicon Patavinum ... auctore Andrea de Gataris), RIS, xvn (Milano, 1730)
Ferjancic, B., Despoti u Vizantiji i juznoslovenskim zemljama (Beograd, 1960)
Ferluga, J., L'amministrazione bizantina in Dalmazia (Venezia, 1978)
Lane, F. C, 'Manuali di mercatura e prontuari di informazioni pratiche', in A. Stussi, ed., Zibaldone da Canal, manoscritto mercantile del secolo XIV (Venezia, 1967)
