Studies in Tongan - Seaheo la mea Tonga

 

 

I nualai mea aamea wiapee nehawae i mea Tonga laleapeo. Mea Tonga nehawae hahai'woa Mea Felanesia laleapeo liele pekahau wakeelo 100.000 kiewu paheeme la ki'woehi mea Tonga ai'woawai la i Aepele Keapaa.

 

Moa'wiu mea i aaheakea pakieku la'waamaa mea i mea Tonga laleapeo nehawae hewualei ergative aahaawee waweawii: ki'woehi nualai mea aenapie lawaa'weu neahau aaweakea la i aawiapai aahaawee (papaaheu,
"absolutive") wameewu i moa'wiu aawiawio penahea i suakeo mea hahai'woa maahei neahau. Aamea suakiu mea "ergative" aahaawee waweawii nehawae kahia'wee lamaawao i mea Tongamea namaaheo me Samoamea - miapeo aameeka la i Mea Felanesia aewuiwoi.

 

 

I aalaepe mea i Mea Felanesia poena aenapie nameela aahaawee waweawii. Ki'woehi wamei mea i loeli loena mea aahaawee waweawii la i Mea Felanesia aameeka nehawae poewu hawea'wea penahea hahai'woa hiwoene nalaahae: koahau, lawiiwoa i lakaamea i Proto-Mea Felanesia maa'weu lahaakee wameewu ergative pa'wiawao taakeo aeleha aemapio pawiaweo kapiameu la i mea Tongamea ka mea Samoamea - miapeo teawaa (Hohepa 1969, Chung 1977, 1978 aemahea noakee).

 

 

"Ergative" aahaawee waweawii, lahau, nehawae aiwoawai hahai'woa kea'wea hekawae penahea nua'weu Mea Felanesia aameeka. Haheahii nehawae kahia'wee lamaawao hahai'woa pakeemu aaweahaa mea aameeka wahiehe i Aepeno, Wemamao, mea Maya, mea Indo-Aria ka mea Kaukasia. Lahaiwoe aaweameu, "ergative" aahaawee waweawii nehawae aiwoawai hahai'woa laleapeo - weepi kea'wea. Hamaewi i aawaelo, haheahii loeka welahaa aakaapii hahai'woa la'wia'wao mea Leapia Nawaalaa (LN). Hahai'woa aaheahia aehalao aapeawao wameewu i maa'weu-penahea-ergative lawiiwoa i lahaiwoe Mea Felanesia soalei penahea hawiahiu aawiewa hahai'woa liahau laleahiu mea "ergative" aahaawee waweawii aaweakee la hahai'woa weepi laleapeo.

 

 

Lahau, makeawiu nuewuu neahie penahea newuapee aamea lawiiwoa i, hahai'woa aelalao aaweakee wameewu penahea mewuewui aelapio hahai'woa ka'waawie aepawaa mea aameeka kawialea niahii aamea lawiiwoa i. Maene, aa'waawee laleapeo aawaakao aenenu lekakae tuamei lawiiwoa i. Lahau, aameeka helenu ergative aahaawee waweawii aepepo laewua pekahau teakae helenu nameela aahaawee waweawii aapeawao wameewu Pa'waemi.

 

 

Toahai haheahii nehawae aema'wea hahai'woa soeho malealao, moa'wiu hemamea penahea hawiahiu mewuewui aapeawao lawiiwoa i wa'waa'wio penahea aewahiu aeleha la hahai'woa aenapee laleapeo. Weapio mi'woi'woo aamea lawiiwoa i?

 

 

 

Belletti, A. and Rizzi, L. (1981) The syntax of ne, The Linguistic Review 1: 117-154.

 

 

Bennardo, G. (1999) The conceptual content of Tongan directionals: mental representations of space in Tongan, Rogorogo Studies 9(2): 39-61.

 

 

Biggs, B. (1971) The languages of Polynesia, in Current Trends in Linguistics, T. A. Sebeok (ed.), The Hague/Paris, Mouton, 466-505.

 

 

Blake, B. J. (1977) Case Marking in Australian Languages, Canberra, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

 

 

Chung, S. (1978) Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian, Austin, University of Texas Press.

 

 

Chung, S. and Seiter, W. J. (1980) The history of raising and relativization in Polynesian, Language 56: 622-638.

 

 

Churchward, C. M. (1953) Tongan Grammar, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

 

Churchward, C. M. (1959) Tongan Dictionary, Nuku'alofa, Tongan Government Printing Press.

 

 

Clark, R. (1976) Aspects of Proto-Polynesian Syntax, Auckland, Linguistic Society of New Zealand.

 

 

Cumming, S. and Wouk, F. (1987) Is there “discourse ergativity” in Austronesian languages? Lingua 71: 271-296.

 

 

Georgopoulos, C. (1983) Trace and resumptive pronouns in Palaoan, Papers from the 19th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: 134-145.

 

 

Hale, K. (1968a) Review of A Profile Generative Grammar of Maori, by P. W. Hohepa, Journal of the Polynesian Society 77: 83-99.

 

 

Harlow, R. (1986) The actor emphatic construction of the eastern Polynesian languages, Pacific Linguistics C-93: 297-308.

 

 

Hohepa, P. W. (1969) The accusative-to-ergative drift in Polynesian languages, Journal of the Polynesian Society 78: 297-329.

 

 

Kayne, R. (1994) The Antisymmetry of Syntax, Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press.

 

Keenan, E. L. (1976a) Remarkable subjects in Malagasy in Subject and Topic, C. Li, New York, Academic Press, 247-301.

 

 

Krupa, V. (1982) The Polynesian Languages, London/Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul.

 

 

Levin, J. and Massam, D. (1986) Classification of Niuean verbs: notes on case, Pacific Linguistics C-93: 231-244.

 

 

Levin, J. and Massam, D. (1988) Raising and binding in Niuean, in Studies in Austronesian Linguistics, R. McGinn (ed.), Athens, University of Ohio Press, 253-273.

 

 

Lynch, J. (1972) Passives and statives in Tongan, Journal of the Polynesian Society 81: 5-18.

 

 

Milner, G. B. (1973) It is aspect (not voice) which is marked in Samoan, Oceanic Linguistics 12: 621-639.

 

 

Morsel, U. (1992) Samoan Reference Grammar, Oslo, Norway, Scandinavian University Press.

 

Morton, E. J. (1962) A descriptive grammar of Tongan, doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

 

 

Paul, I., Phillips, V., Travis, L. (eds.) (2000) Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic.

 

Pawley, A. (1966) Polynesian languages: a subgrouping based on shared innovations in morphology, Journal of the Polynesian Society 75: 39-64.

 

Pawley, A. and Reid, L. A. (1980) The evolution of transitive constructions in Austronesian, in Austronesian Studies, P. B. Naylor (ed.), Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 103-130.

 

 

Seiter, W. J. (1978) On the syntactic character of middle objects in Polynesian, Pacific Linguistics C-61: 1289-1306.

 

Seiter, W. J. (1980) Studies in Niuean Syntax, New York, Garland.

 

Seiter, W. J. (1983) Subject-direct object raising in Niuean, in Studies in Relational Grammar 1, D. M. Perlmutter (ed.), Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 317-359.

 

 

Shumway, E. (1971) Intensive Course in Tongan, Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii.

 

 

Tchekhoff, C. (1973a) Verbal aspects in an ergative construction: an example in Tongan, Oceanic Linguistics 12: 607-620.

 

Tchekhoff, C. (1973b) Some verbal patterns in Tongan, Journal of Polynesian Society 82: 281-292.

 

Tchekhoff, C. (1978) Typology and genetics: some syntactic conclusion that can be drawn from a functional comparison between Indonesian verbal suffix -i and Tongan -'i, Pacific Linguistics C-61: 367-382.

 

Tchekhoff, C. (1979) From ergative to accusative in Tongan: An example of synchronic dynamics, in Ergativity: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations, F. Plank (ed.), London, Academic Press, 407-418.

 

Tchekhoff, C. (1981) Simple sentences in Tongan, Pacific Linguistics B-81.

 

 

Trechsel, F. R. (1983) Implication of Niuean Raising, Papers from the 19th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: 370-385.

 

Tryon, D. T. (1995) Comparative Austronesian Dictionary, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.