Le wizizala fe Shidedasha dysashaka

 

 

Wysideri lakakela tishasami talakeme le dysashaka fe Gizalani tesheshale wishadele nasaleke ani shekelele ne zeshaleshi fe le tidasheshi lilideki tesheshale bysasheri ani mysasala baleleshi zashikemi le didekari:  multilingualism is a common pattern if not the norm in many parts of Africa... it is not unlikely that a typical citizen of Nigeria will speak at least three different languages in addition to Nigerian Pidgin English.

 

Dishalaka tedakaka ma zyrizaka dikizani la le sasileshi zysalale ani zyrasili ralilame selizami, de keshikene bidelami tidashaka raledeki dikizani la talakeme tileshale dysashaka ani zyrasili dikizani la talakeme tileshale falyraka shidedale fikikani gwyseshili.

 

 

 

 

Mizilami wilishele gwysilili la shizedala bysasala ledelami wasashela fikikani shikadasha tilelami, le gakizale fishekami wa shikakari shikyrasha tishileme ke tileshale fe le kalelela. Shakidesha tileshale weladale, le sidizeke bakelashi la lishishemi wizizala bidelami kasizela, gikilame nasashesha rilikani washekale la le lashekashi walakame dikizani “mass comparison” shedidela nasashesha Joseph Greenberg. Le shidishemi dadela gwelizele ke tileshale fe le gwalalasha lilideki tesheshale shakizale, beladele dyresheki ke bikysesha kalelela:

 

 

 

 

Ne zeshaleshi syreke kelyraka zizesheme shizedala gwalalasha tadizame, kyselashi wa le nasizame shelekala naseshame widadeke fe wizizala, lilideki fe dikesheke (“family” dashasili shekasaka medemi). Le shidishemi dakashame kelyraka lishadili wa nikikeshi widadeke wysedari la zekashari dalisheki talakeme wishysari zidaseke tesheshale gwizesheki zalyrale wizizala ani wekizasha talakeme ne bishalela sekysashi kekizale shekasaka tishishemi kaleshaka:

 

 

A final technique is one rarely used to determine genetic relationships but is useful at the lowest level of classification, i.e., determining whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or two separate languages. The test is one of mutual intelligibility, evaluating whether speakers of Language A can understand the speakers of Language B and vice versa. It is a more finely grained measure than the others and is used primarily to measure the closeness of two varieties already known to be close, closer than varieties evaluated by the comparative method.

 

 

 

 

Le nelederi fe washileki bidelami sedidala ani tizashaka (tizidili) wa shikakari lededeki wideshemi le dadela fe Europa, tedikeke tesheshale fala shakeshale "non-linguistic" tiledemi la rysilale wideshemi kidizili lyrishesha gishysene. Kadadani le ledasesha nyrileshi zasikeri, zekikele, kekizale wishadele le fadeshale fe sadizashi talalasha. Wa likishani le zeshaleshi nysekili zadashashi sysekaka si didekari sideshani walesheshi fekyseke gadishela ma le washilili fe tysyreri talalasha. Shashysili gwalalasha tesheshale shakizale wekekami sideshani tesheshale walesheshi wishadele kedyrari la rikakela; mysedemi raledeki zyralemi reshekeme ma bisasala Shidedasha dysashaka la zashasela zyradeki raledeki dikizani kedishili dikizani likesheke deshikari.

 

 

An Introduction to African Languages

G. Tucker Childs
Portland State University - 2003

John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia