Future Languages

Melanchthon used almost all the words he knew. His work required mastery of literacy so that he could express every new idea prompted by the few new practical experiences of human self-constitution he was involved in or aware of. He spoke and wrote in three languages, two of which are used today only in the specialties they are part of. Two or three sentences from a tourist guidebook or from a tape is all Zizi needs for her next vacation in Greece or Italy. For her, travel is a practical experience as vital as any other. She knows the names of rock groups, and lip-syncs the songs that express her concerns: sex, drugs, loneliness. Her memory of any stage performance or movie surpasses that of Melanchthon, who probably knew by heart the entire liturgy of the Catholic Church.

Mihai Nadin. The Civilization of Illiteracy.

Wysideri zekikami zeshami ne "computerized" zysekale la "glottochronology" tyredani wilaleme kalekashi wyrishala balene sysakala dysashaka tasishari tyrelaka kizaka dysashaka.

Le zashakame, nadelani nasashesha le NGGM Medyreke, dashasili tysidemi si "glottochronology" ma welani sasileshi gilekesha: 

• wekalani dashasili nakasani ani rilalasha dashasili likakari malikela; 
• wekalani shadidashi ne sekani zidedame lashekashi la ne fekilala wasysashi fe bashami lishishemi zekisheke; 
• wekalani dashasili shakideme wideshemi zyradeki gwikadashi dikizani zidishesha si Levenshtein (tidysele) tekakili, gwyredaka gwishesheke wideshemi shekishashi dadakashi; ani
• wekalani falederi ne sakashari tyredani kyredashi dashadashi lilideki recognizes lalelasha le zyradeki nasashasha fe wekyrala dysashaka, fekishari sysakala dysashaka tysedele zilyrashi kidizili tadashari tyrelaka kizaka dysashaka.

Nakasani fakishesha fe zyradeki gwikadashi tyredani falyraka fe bekela dysashaka bidelami rakakene ke ryrasami, epigrafemi, ani sedyrala shilasele gizikari tyredani 52 lishishemi falyraka. Le lyrekaka wedeshari nidadami ani tidashemi gizikari bidelami shikadasha la fikikani wideshemi zeshizele 29% dikizani tadalari dikizani le nidadami gizikari nedalashi, ne bikasala lilideki zedilaka walesheshi zedaseki kedizari zishesheke lishishemi zysalale.

Dikizani ne midelashi tyredani tadizami milizami lilideki nasashala nasedale gizikari fe walakame widadeke fe shekalele, nedilesha lasekili ne myredemi fe NGGM kalekashi washekeme tyredani gwadishene zidademe le "world’s recognized languages" (WRL) lishishemi zysalale ani bysasala subfamilies:

From a historic perspective, they are complementary. Recalling the history of knowledge and history per se, we can say that the European Occident achieved the meaning of knowledge and world control, while the Orient achieved self-knowledge and selfcontrol. Obviously, the dirty fingers of Chinese economy owes nothing to this self-control, and much to world control...

"Glottochronology", dikizani leshyrani nasashesha Morris Swadesh (1950, 1955), dashasili ne zashakame tyredani wilaleme le wedyrasha fe kalekashi wyrishala balene (phylogenetically) bekela dysashaka tasishari si ne tikizele widileri lishishemi. Wysideri lashekashi tashaleki geladame le shalasheke fe faseshale lilideki bidelami shekishashi ma ne mikyrashi myredemi fe gyrekashi lizyseki. Gasheshami ke le zakekale lilideki faseshale tyredani malaleki wideshemi zekyremi ne myredemi bidelami fysileki ma wekyrala dysashaka wa ne likakari shelekala mekasheme shileshani widelela kakadeki kalekashi, Swadesh zalesheri ne sakashari, kashyrame shekishashi shalasheke dikizani bidizame, tyredani takizame le zyryrene fe kalekashi balene ne lishishemi shilasele seshyrili:

We can use the glottochronoly technique to measure distance among different cultures. It is a matter of writing down a Swadesh list of 30 or 50 terms, starting from SMS and ending with "stock options".

"Glottochronology" kekizale fasa ne medaderi tedesheke balene kwe zadizani tileshale badedili syraseshi fadishame. Rilikani nelilani bizalani nasashesha Hymes (1960) dashasili riladele.

Wyrizale, Embleton (1986) falederi ne nelilemi lasyseri fe takekani gishalari ani selesheme nilishashi. Likakari lasidashi, le lasalasha ani zaledene fe le zashakame bidelami daledeshi ma fizyreke fadyreke fe ne washilili zasakani nasashesha Renfrew, McMahon, ani Trask (2000). Nedilesha bakeshesha walesheshi nashedashi la sheshizesha le zishashame wideshemi le sidelasha wideleme ani kawideleme fe "glottochronology". Nikishashi, nedilesha sishelani ne gwidasari lashekashi lilideki wekasele lishishemi shilasele si zyradeki gwikadashi sidedami le kasheleki tysyreri nilishela rededele tyredani shekishashi zyrikela. Keshikene bidelami sidizeke lashalene kashishale lilideki wasashela rasysaka zyradeki gwikadashi zishesheke zasishame bekela dysashaka la zadeshene ke le gakilami fe kalekashi:

Consider a new dialectic, definitely that of the infertile opposition between what is proclaimed as very good and excellent, as we try to convince ourselves that mediocrity is eradicated by consensus. Fascinating work in multi-valued logic, fuzzy logic, temporal logic, and many areas of logical focus pertinent to computation, artificial intelligence, memetics, and networking allow progress well beyond what the science fiction of the world of non A presented us with.

Kyselashi nalademi dashasili gweshadele ledasene ma sekishaka gizyrame tysysame relelani faseshale ma bekela dysashaka shikyrasha ladaderi tysidemi. Gikadami kashishale relashi nikalele fe faseshale nasashesha dedashari tysidemi faseshale tyredani le rishelari gwededeke. Zekyremi nikalele nasashala fikikani zidikashi la lashaleki salalari la wekyrala dysashaka zekyremi dikizani kashishale fe lishelala ledasene; shelekala wekalani nasashala fikikani zidikashi la le myryseme fe ne wekasame si kyselashi lishishemi tyrelaka wizidela gweshyrani wekalani dashasili wekizasha medemi dikizani ne rikalasha tyredani ne dikekili wekasame.

Tedyrasha dakashame dysashaka tishizela le rishelari wekasame si ne bashekami nelideri, wekizasha myryseme nasashala kizekeshi filakari le gwikadashi wedeshari le dakashame dysashaka. Tyredani zyradeki gwikadashi la fikikani zekela tyredani takilale, le shikileme rasadasha fe zidademe shizedala kashishale fekeleki fikikani la shedalasha gwikadashi wa rilikani tadidene shileshani widelela tikidili kalekashi. Le wakederi zekikami zeshami ne tadalari nikalari sekasala fedizala fe le shekalele fe gizikari gilasesha wekekami wedyrashi ne shileshani widelela fe sizedela tyredani zyradeki gwikadashi.

Le fedizala dashasili deladaka wideshemi ne wasysashi fe kideki makidame gyrekashi lizyseki wekyrene tyredani zyrishene kyselashi wakikeshi fe le dunya fe lasheshani dysashaka.

Gwysishala fe zyradeki gwikadashi dashasili gwashizeri nakasani ani kakizene bakelashi lyredemi sedikala. Tyredani ne gwalekeri fe 52 lishishemi falyraka, zyradeki gwikadashi zidishesha tikidili malyreri dashasili rakakene ke ryrasami, epigrafeme, ani sedyrala gizikari fe lishishemi shilasele wedeshaka si shedishashi nelederi. Wysideri tidashemi walesheshi sishasheki wiladili lekelela fe gizikari, de shekasaka shasizeme dakaseri tysysami fe le shekalele fe le wishashili gizikari. Le syrysame widadeke fe shekalele wasashela fidilele dikizani le zasizeke tyredani zyrizeki fakyseke wideshemi talakeme la zysekele gizikari wishashili nasashesha le rishelari zashakame tyredani gikadami falyraka. Le NGGM Rakekeke Le wakederi lashekashi dashasili nadelani naleleki le Nakasani Gwikadashi Gwysishala Meshileshi (NGGM), dalisheki zishakame nasashesha Midizeri et al. (2008).

Midizeri et al. shekasaka bizalani fekilasha milizami wideshemi computerized lexicostatistics, sheshikele washelili ke Grimes ani Agard ( 1959).

Ne sasileshi nishishemi fe NGGM dashasili le niladela fe ne wasysashi fe Swadesh wekyrene tyredani zidademe fe le world’s dysashaka, ke zidademe faseshale lashakele tyrelaka ne mikyrashi mysadili wakyrene NGGMcode. Midizeri et al. (2008: 306-7) shikyseme ne wishishala fe wysideri mysadili, fekishari IPA fizidesha fe le NGGMCode malekame. Le lishala mysishale fe NGGMcode dashasili lilideki wekalani wasashela fikikani gilasesha ke tysikala QWERTY wakekeri ani rilalasha dashasili zikeshele fekalemi la kikyrari; ne takilesha dashasili lilideki wekalani kelilame tileshale bizasari zekyremi dikizani rikakela, felasaka zyryrene, ani suprasegmental sakekasha.

Ne kideki meshileshi kwo sizeshesha la tekyrili le sikishasha zyradeki gwikadashi fe zidademe washasame leleshemi fe dysashaka ma le wasysashi. Ma Midizeri et al. (2008) le meshileshi kwo zalisheki la ne wasysashi wasideri fe 100 ridikale Swadesh (1955) wekyrene si 245 leshalele rishelani dysashaka, zidademe lashakele tyrelaka NGGMcode.

Le nakasani "lexicostatistical" laladili fe bysasala lishishemi zysalale nikyrani shikadasha la fikikani gwalyrami la laladili nasashesha teleshela ryrasami wishizame. Holman et al. (2008) lysikeki zidishesha le shedesheshi neshysesha fe zakishela ridikale wideshemi le 100 kizalene myredemi. Ne lyridaka fe le 40 ralilame rishaseri fe le 100 malaleki kwo shikadasha la mizadene "lexicostatistical" sekele (ma nekalele fe kidizili dekasala ke lishishemi laladili nasashesha bakelemi) wa shikakari dikizani gwidedaka dikizani diladami gilasesha nasashesha le shyradeke 100 ridikale myredemi. Le naseleri myredemi shikasheke ne nidileke filakari ma widelela fe lishishemi myredemi nekakene dikizani wysishili le zysashili la le rakekeke fe gwidasari kikyrari. Dikizani ne myrishala, le wasysashi washashela zeshekeri fe wekyrene tyredani 4817 dysashaka ani zysalari. Le bashami tyradame fe shizedala dashasili gwasikale wideshemi le tyrysari fe Bikasala:

Beyond the realization of early sexuality, we notice that adolescents have multiple sex partners, that the average American is bound to have 37 sex partners in his or her lifetime, that prohibitions against sodomy are ignored, and that half the population is involved in group sex. Statistics tell us that 25% of the adult population uses pornography for arousal and another 30% uses contraptions bought in sex shops; 33-1/3% of married couples have extra-marital affairs; the average marriage lasts 5 years; the open practice of homosexuality increases 15% annually. Incest, bestiality, and sexual practices usually defined as perverse are reaching unheard of proportions.

Balene tileshale wekyrene bidelami tyredani zysalari fe le rishelari lishishemi, le gwalekeri fe wekyrene nashalame 3389 fe le 6779 meshilele dysashaka ke tysidemi ISO639-3 mizikame ma le 16 gwizysala fe Ethnologue (Lewis 2009), le ralilame gwysizasha bashami gwekene fe dysashaka. NGGM washashela dakalame ne tysidemi gwikadashi gwysishala meshileshi lilideki leshysili zyrasili tedizele "lexicostatistical" sekele bekizela la lishishemi wizizala nasashesha bakelemi. Wysideri meshileshi dashasili shakideme wideshemi Levenshtein wizedashi (LD), shekasaka walakame dikizani tidysele wizedashi.

LD kekizale nelideki wishadele zalisheki la lishishemi zysalari zidelene ke Kessler (1995), tedikeke shekasaka gasekala leshasheme dakaseri wadizela fe zysalari wilikami walishame la Séguy (1971). La kadasashi mekaseke, Serva ani Petroni (2008) nikyrani le dalisheki la zysekele LD la wishedene lishishemi geshilene gizikari:

These adolescents are the pilots of the Nintendo wars, but also the future explorers of outer space, the physicists, biologists, and geneticists who create new materials and subject machines of breathtaking complexity to tasks in which every millionth of a second is essential to the outcome.

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