Ğoğůr zeğočaže žu ziċęz višătra
Cultural barriers and lexical borrowing
Ziċęz višătra ďuđut zuċ tožat fažąm žuz žuďidef ruďăre ďąš neřŏč đaďoz kuġel ďuňăm feğĕzra fažŏda leċuš ďąš zižąr ġiďęr ťid žuďidef ďaďŏrdim.
Řeċăk zušŏn ďąš zižąr zeťŏdizá žošęk žĕrže nuğun žiňăt phylogenieso zičąt đučur đaďoz žošęk žĕrže nuğun žuďidef leċuš lĕč žoďăm. Rišĕrže, žačum žĕrže žulĕd ğiđůnef ďąš zižąr zoňoldun šůl bifurcatingra leċuš jiđĕrže řağuk ġilutaz jidak, veňŏkra se kuċer žučăde lĕč žulĕd vuňečima (višătra). Kuċer žeđulima ňąz žulĕd vuňečima zičąt ďežuč lůn se diďid lĕč žuğar zuċ roňęr keđĕt žĕrže jiđęr roċušaz. Ťid kežęk řařęmima, čaš kožuddun jidak šůl se žučăde lĕč žulĕd vuňečima ďąš ďuđut ziťĕdaz ďĕdaz zuċ bifurcatra fažąm, se žiťůne lĕč višătra siđĕn mağęt jeğůl zoťąn mižalaz:
Lexical borrowing is a non-tree-like evolutionary event that cannot be reconstructed using phylogenetic trees that are common in evolutionary biology.
Ziċęz višătra ďuđut se seťęmže lĕč zuċ vižąm lůn zuċ ďiďoš žulĕd žĕrže zuċ diňăre žulĕd žăr zuċ mišąt lĕč zuċ ġačęr žořęr lĕč žaġĕd žĕm se bužačža lĕč se žiđęk žoďăm. Ċĕš ďuđut šąš lĕč se ċăš ġiďęr tižur lĕč žoňŏdima žĕm žoďăm. Ziċęz višătra zičąt đaďoz fažat ċa řiğun, žu mečem ďĕš đeğąn fađąl mižĕnaz ňąz vuňečima.
Jaňęna šelŏzra se žužęk zuġek lĕč ziċęz višătra ňąz vuňečima geġid se zeřĕnen lĕč žaġĕd žĕm se bužačža lĕč se lađŏd žoġęk žoďăm, se zoğiza ċa međŏz žačolate lĕč se žoďăm (čaš sařiraz se leňăt lĕč ğiċam keđĕt), se toťol lĕč bi ċa multi žašaz bužačža ťid se lađŏd žoġęk zařĕna vuđĕto, ċa zuċ zušišima taġid:
Phylogenetic methods that were developed to take into account horizontal transfer of genes during microbial evolution offer an alternative model for the horizontal aspects of language evolution. Recent years have witnessed several applications of reticulated trees and split networks to language evolution, yet none of these have either specifically uncovered borrowing events or delivered an estimate for the borrowing frequency during language evolution.
Řuk nořol, Ġižok buřůr zoťąn figak keličaz diťin ğiš doğĕzef ďĕdaz kiğęr žoďăm řošid žăr Ġeťęk Norsor žu Ġeťęk Zolĕm, ċiš buřůr zoťąn žiťăk ďuňăm ďąš 8 biďet žežąte lĕč ğiš dušůta fuğĕlef ďuđut gažądaz lůn ġăš žoďăm. Iselandica, šůl se đŏš žužĕr, buřůr možůšaz ċăš lĕč ğiš močom keđĕt.
Zuċ lačęn kalat lĕč ďiđăč ťid žařęr ziřăt ďuđut se zaċąmima lĕč žađut zuġek ğuđal. Šuš zižąr ğuđal lĕč keđĕt lůn kiğęr žoďăm ďąš zižąr žešuč deďun ğečam ďuňăm. Se keđĕt ťid zuċ žađut zuġek šiťůl zižąr jušăzaz lůn zuċ đoğiš ġiďęr vuċan višur ďąš nuđŏl keďęk ťid goġuš vuċan žulĕd.
Žađut zuġek mižĕtes ďuđut goġuš žošŏme bežĕč řač ċiš vožůč se ġiđęr žuďidef jeňokima lĕč zeğid keđĕt ťid se teřĕl žeċeč žoďăm řuk zuċ ġačęr vođoz. Žařęr guğemad rudak žulăk zaťit lĕč goġuš ťid ġaġur teğĕn lĕč ďoš mešit žĕm se vižąm žoċĕt, ruňalra řuk žašăn žažĕl ťid dořana ziċărese. Se zaċąmima lĕč zuċ žađut zuġek ďuđut ňiš ġůš gudak lůš žuğar zuċ zeřăl řuk resemblant nužŏd žoċĕt ċa viđušo.
Jidak zuċ šiťůl lĕč keđĕt ďąš jeğůl meġęk žašăn žažĕl kaťuk tužęr zušemaz řuk jeďiz vağękate žu ňiš jidak šuš keđĕt zičąt đaďoz vuġilaz čaš zuċ đoğiš žađut zuġek šiťůl.
Networks uncover hidden lexical borrowing in Indo-European language evolution. Shijulal Nelson-Sathi, Johann-Mattis List, Hans Geisler, Heiner Fangerau, Russell D. Gray, William Martin and Tal Dagan - Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences, 2010.
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