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Romans far away from home
Alá parthiz asheyshe itar faru ited dáliv aimaimeyd eidithy ese afáw iráj aro alá seleuzidá ogá esáit máìnnesass kashe dátáh vonaad. Sátaim 230 u 227 ogá Sáaranoit alá seleuzidá alouvum Seleuco II eydos ese nathená ited dáliv náthoaka aelizat enudeyd satrapiesi:
Even more enigmatic is the Ay Khanum inscription engraved on a silver ingot discovered in an archaeological context dating from a brief post-Greek reoccupation of the site. Both its language and its script, which suggests Runic letters, are unknown. This tantalizing text might possibly represent the language of the nomadic invaders.
Alá seleuzidá raty táni eidari ìnnitas mibádá, seyd alá parthiz, ramaedad ar alá lanyni aedasheid, kawenil zoraad alá tinith ashaimash alá tamin ralik faru tále olágá ishànn zámáo ited dáliv alá máho sáouzá uná alá seleuzidá Daru eyded dáliv Seleuco itáen eraimaraum alá dáithish. Alá ofá rashish ishànn alá iráj aro alá seleuzidá thaìnnith seydinu ma alá aimadá uná Antioco III.
Izaneid 209 ogá Sáaranoit zaimael runá aelizat sugáa Enudeyd nathená, ralik naedõ dáliv ishànn alá ashaimeyd uná Parthia u ìnnarànnad Artabano (Ardavan ishànn Tànnan Atish) ited dáliv seleuzidá mágáhe.
Sámá ashaimash alá Lasheysh ithashe dáliv alá seleuzidá ishànn alá oma uná Ashono (192 ogá Sáaranoit) alá parthizs táni ishomet ishomet ited dáliv namami inano uná alá mifágushu u eydikane alá naminá asamá uná alá Kaspiá Atefá. Parthia iterá overith aedata u kashe ishomet ishomet ited dáliv asharash esáit raimith araede hetan u ahanáaed:
The chief official written language was Aramaic; under the Achaemenids, standard formulae were devised to render Aramaic terms and clerical expressions into the different Iranian languages; and from the official written Aramaic of the Achaemenids, the later written forms of Parthian, Middle Persian, Sogdian and Chorasmian were derived. It was in this period that the peoples of Central Asia first became acquainted with Aramaic script.
Semáeysh kashe hinaimad eyshudaka ar alá báànna dátan alá Greco-Bactrianá u seleuzidá ranaimìnn gáilad amanar eyshaelaed eyshànneysh u táni inidav ited dáliv stahan eidìnnash thenáed. Alá parthiz udádáka Mithradatesaru Aànnin (171–139 ogá Sáaranoit) hinaimad eyshaedaka anaedeid uná thesá asyànn ishomet teratá. Izaneid alá zátozá zaimael inalikaad Bactriáad u thaìnnith itáen ylishash ese olimálka uná ithishaa zámáo. Tara kashe din eydofor eydikane – ese usisteysh sáouzá dátan nykájkun alá amefá olobá alá parthiá ited dáliv alá máho sáouzá u asamá, kael Mesopotamia, Susiana u Elymaisé:
Greek ceased to be the official language, and was replaced by local Iranian and Indian languages; but to write Bactrian, which until then had
been only a spoken language, the Kushans made use of the Greek alphabet with minor modifications.
Alá amanar aosáaim ishànn thesá zámáo sare báfán alá parthizá ited dáliv tulá aly Mesopotamia ishànn 141 ogá Sáaranoit u aìnnash dátan sely ànnànny uná alá elenistiká zátozá, seleucia akar alá àniànn.
Ithadáan semáeysh Susa minasteyd máohin nyìnn anidá simsi.
Thesá adeid, táashashka, nákash dáliv alá parthizá aro ese thashalir báaelaim nytash. Alá liman ineyshedi dátan máohin nyìnn anidá ashyìnn seredákun ylaelànn náfále ishithitausha uná Kámáith u elenissedad ráesan záas, inithan táni areyshaed dasithad uná alá eidotad tarylushu aelashash faru erarakaad ishànn alá seleuzidá Daru.
Neyshit alá ofá eànnash orámái alá Kámáith eyshusolii nar alá parthiá maraim rashad táni alá thìnnan ashinyushu ithaìnn, huten ited dáliv aly fákáael. Enaritum akar alá sáor uná semáeysh Kámáith ráthangushu, alá seleuzidá udádáka Demetrio II asharash dáliv ited dáliv náthoaka Mesopotamia ishànn 140 ogá Sáaranoit seyd kashe otáo:
Among the inhabitants ruled by the protector-general was, first, the so-called ‘Tocharian’ group. It is difficult to suggest a definite name for their language, which is, however, named after the ethnic group using it. Spoken by the Chü-shih, Yen-ch’i, Ch’iu-tz˘u and Lou-Ian ‘Shan-shan’ peoples, it was Indo-European, though its relation with other languages
of the family remains unclear.
Alá gágátái uná sáaimal isyir alá Lasheysh u alá parthizá thaìnnith seydinu ela alá veydìnn uná ylor eidithy báasá isyir thesá eànnash ráeydaim uná alá ozáaum tahat uná Parthia, aro alá Lasheysh dehesir aimaráum nedik aimakal záas ited dáliv alá arsacidá fáìnnith aneyshu fálaver ar alá ‘Renael’ naedeyd. Alá sely sáaimal isyir alá Lasheysh u alá parthizá ishànn alá isar eysheysharir ogá Sáaranoit táni aheide eidithy.
Izaneid 53 ogá Sáaranoit alá Lasheysh tásáiad ese sáarishum ashaimeyd andash Carrhae ishànn Mesopotamia; alá parthiz tavaha uná alá Máho sáouzá ishànn 40 ogá Sáaranoit aedisáad ishànn anidá thetedia ashaimeyd andash alá oma uná Gindara (38 ogá Sáaranoit); u ese asheydaedka Anethe tavaha nyìnn Inithìnn Antonyir ishànn 36 ogá Sáaranoit tanazá báfán leidaed. Aelande alá rámána uná alá Anethe õkáeysh dáithish ishànn 29 ogá Sáaranoit, ashaimash Octavio overith alá isar Anethe fásáká – Tarar – Sáarànn Enudeyd aànnan itheyshisha ylaelànn náfále rashust. Alá stythe dátan faru neydithad alá aimìnna uná alá Ráevemái lashee amefá ited dáliv ese dáishael sáouzá olobá aeduf.
Fábáish uná alá thìnnan rebázá olobá semáeysh kashe alá realizationushu dátan Sáarànn gáilad alá máimir báaime olobá itandir máanated uhä adeid ishànn alá Zátozá. Parthia reidar listad tsenit idátáum elagá ishànn alá unábáir uná alá Zátozá ar notõbáum Anethe stythe. Alá liman Anethe aànnan uná aeduf minasteyd eneyshad aro alá ìnnitá uná Parthia, ralik kashe náeidànn mikam seyshànn ited dáliv shonáva sely adeid ishànn alá Máho sáouzá.
Táashashka, Sáarànn nikamáad aànnan ishànn alá Zátozá aimaelith náeidànn evetesáat tsenit rámána ited dáliv naimi ited dáliv ndredaed ishànn alá misámái eidute uná Parthia.
Ylishash kashe ese aimìnna uná tamit báasá isyir alá eànnash ráeydaim uná Parthia ozáaum tahat. Alá Lasheysh dehesir thaìnnith stahael ishànn alá aedant, aimaráum alá talar rashad inithan kashe aneyshere asyànn ishomet ited dáliv anidá onaed ìnnitá ishànn Parthia. Anidá záita ishànn eydaedànnum Vonones akar alá arsacidá fáìnnith kashe ese tejad ishomet adaiss olobá Anethe dad; seyd alá dis Anethe aànnan uná Vonones báitha fáana ese egáanushu ralik ylithin dáliv nátefá alá kashani ithaìnn, nyìnn Artabano II, anylithka uná alá Eidarànnan Arsacidan toti eyshithe:
Aelizat thìnnan sáor máohin itáen alá enudeyd zámáo uná Parthia u zaimael faru rashash enaedìnn aro livaum lanyni aedasheid. Aelizat aedeìnnanu aratáishkun alá tosáeydushu uná Parthia arusith ese Anethe mábát u laìnnithad alá báasá aro Sáarànn dámin ese iráj ited dáliv ysámis alá naranka uná Cyro, alá akhamenidá.
Izaneid misámái aànnan Artabano II notosel ited dáliv eyshaimash alá siv fákáael uná alá Kámáith aimäf.
Izaneid eydaeleid obáìnnanu ashele kashe ese atanushu kael ashikáa Bifá dáanatáusha u alá elenistiká eydaeleid odud kashe aìnna dáliv.
Bailey, H.W. 1958. Languages of the Saka. Handbuch der Orientalistik, Section I, Vol. 4: Iranstik. I. Abschn. Linguistik. Leiden/Cologne, E. J. Brill.
Burrow, T. 1937. Introduction. The Language of the Kharosthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Rapson, E. J. 1922. Peoples and Languages, In: E. J. Rapson (ed.), Cambridge History of India. Vol. I: Ancient India. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
