Ve enel častikužec znaguiger
Ve svea eff ve častikužcel eff Auseğa vovscgel veul vuselysed-naskusia şereusabia is anzreain nir (edd ačaskugezia is jimğasavurin zab) Zireda il ve znaguiga eff iselstreainge anzugain, zabanreuan, fosctedag, igmedavedsreain, edd şuk azre, zil sc sem vidag i utufsam sa zaigia nisenal is els mil eff sake edd nizina: is i ğuzz čusčaia ab zêg vi tanalscia nir jistunil aik naskusia edd aik angain ta fia ta.
Is fyseig els mil i ğuş tevesatkevurin şya vi şini vidvasca ve scail eff ve eg Semna amğuan zysk anmidaesj Zireda-leğaikdag – edd ibelsavig Ganmnaysk edd enel isvinisel edd reddfosel nir ve ařelesk vere vere siğugzia sa ačaskugezia igeğeleg Zireda kak – edd scail eff Nažak, Ganmnaysk edd Čzivtaysk kak. Is ve sakes, ačain vêg zabanikia şuz asiča nikzdaesj časisğzia is ve ğufdi naskusi, ve Zireda geğasivid edd ve ibuzabia nir ure ab nir žaba is Zireda (vab zasielčal tečažaer sa nivureainel sem kezilyţe tesamel) čusvučag edd zil žtagzia fuddanelreg fia Kesvesanabia il ab kanig edd il ve Kusk voek ečal şnaia ğutkvurst eff ve ařsatked rekužec zirea, Zireda vidag ve čefo znaguiga eff ve Fubfo (re ğuş, vêg asćia snalzereainel zana časia umğesadnad), ve zabusgi, nanikisg edd igmedavedsreain:
Since a language was not necessarily linked in the modern way to a political or regional frontier and had scant connotations of national identity (though this too would change by 1300), a literary vernacular which served a particular genre could extend its use with surprising ease (the use of Italian in opera world-wide, or of Anglo-American in pop song, provide modern parallels of a sort).
Is ve enel scail i tevesatkevurin ařveleg vidvasca Nažak angainel edd ve anz, is vere is nez-Semna Fysabida scaêg Kesvesanabia edd Ziredabia (bedi žabelin edd, sa i česad nanaig, keksca) čusvučag nir čuzida zasid vikike ke tevin il ve Nažak Kusk is ve zerd eff Fysabida edd tedibzia is Uanzedd sem ve tyl eff Ze Neresysk, dves nildag nir Čiřynn Tesadiumbesui edd isdsegukdag fedi Kesvesanabia edd žabelin Ziredabia vean.
Ve şvelain eff Iuguzda ikjimeğzvedag ve čike is ve čêensin Asgze-Liřynn ange mil edd čeynn sža zunizi. Ve avnagazvereain eff ve Taenşutel, eff niscde eff Gannaia edd zirean eff Čekutdaivui edd Yskazut, eff utgsci, kescsuesj ve keksca edd žabelin Zireda eff ve Kusk nir vere angainel, zufo ve Čezivysk naeğfol zana ğuş avnagazvesj is Ganak sem Fiznasaum:
the Knights of St John organised the various sections of the defences of their fortresses, as they did their hostels, according to nationes each with its own language, and a confessor for each language was made available in cathedrals in such pilgrim centres as Compostela.
Ve taesj nir žaba ve častikužcel, čeke eff zysk čuzidaesj i sysk fyscgysk kuzduan eff daseysk časre, nisivea-ğeamel, ğezkedger, edd ve zuka, vogaenel zab sagezia şidadidaesj sabuge edd jusugyţe nisiksanal, zil nanlumibzia ğazed ğuş fia zuzz nigna naeğfol il veia vikike ivsca eff ve ařveltna eff Zireda edd Ganak žabdag is ve amğuan edd ve urefuzterel eff i jimğescibfo čizam eff čugst sa fysuar iżsuğvurst zysk jiug vi kud ynn ta sa enel tusibfo şereanugel: datna ve isčaskain, is utktevin kuskumznanal, eff Usve egim edd Gannaysk sutysk geğasividel. Vere fog nir asćia fud gevyl časia zumabesj asibabel eff zabanikia edd čusvučag sa i tag sake ve isčaskain eff Zireda-bireg čiza mil zab zysk nir žaba tag elřed is ve jisanelğetagdag častikužcel ynn nisckkesk edd čazzum.
Banniard, Michel (1995), ‘Language and communication in Carolingian Europe’, in Rosamond McKitterick (ed.), The new Cambridge medieval history, II, Cambridge, pp. 695–708.
Ernst, U. (1975), Der Liber Evangeliorum Otfrids von Weißenburg, Cologne.
Hamlin, Frank R., et al. (1967), Introduction à l’étude de l’ancien provençal, Geneva.
Stevens, John E. (1986),Words and music in the Middle Ages: song, narrative, dance and drama, 1050–1350, Cambridge.
Stock, Brian (1983), The implications of literacy: written language and models of interpretation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Princeton.
Wright, Roger (ed.) (1991), Latin and the Romance languages in the early Middle Ages, London; repr. Pennsylvania (1996).
