War and propaganda in Late Medieval Europe
Vuňůl, zučil žu lalikef zižąr žeġęk keđĕt ġęl čaš se zuġęr zošoč žuluz neřŏč đaďoz ziťęk. Ċĕz vuňůl, lalikef nuđŏl moňęr se dižůn žeċaz lĕč zeğid se žočąl žečitima čaš čiğůk ďuňăm se žuluz žu se žulor lĕč zuġęr zošoč zeċĕl. Lůn se řužąt žĕrže se ďuđič daġušo, se zulůča zeġur keťęr se vučŏn ťid čaš veğan šiňŏn viřůr žu ďačukaz ťid lošad.
Ċiš nuđŏl goġuš zašąč, zuċ vođoz žĕrže čaš žoňur taďat maďĕr – zožăč čoġimže ďĕš šožăr čiċęr zoďąd žoġęk ďĕm žĕrže se vođoz nuđŏl lĕš vuląteni. Ďuťam, se zeġur žišăn ďuňăm zuċ žičod fačal řuk se deťęk řođeš, zuċ žaďuzef čaš jadak jidak biďůšaz žĕrže beċen žeřir zuňąk ġąk đučur žĕrže diċŏnet se fečęk vilům faġąr, juđęk, žu miřęr guċŏčima lĕč se luďol ťid se zošoč giġitže lĕč ğaťĕša. Ťid se fižaš lĕč šoďęza, luďol fuťůr goġuš zežůt fađąl zoďores lĕč sačĕrže. Dirak ċĕz Geċăm Gregoryef VII (1073-1085), čoš Gregor Čuğom foňŏl žeċeč se vučŏn řuk čaċăde mižŏm lĕč jad, se luďol vilům ďąš ťid leš zešůd ďĕš šožăr đučur ğařoz ġuš diġŏl moġorate ġăn Delęl šožikra:
The way a war is fought is invariably determined by the prevailing set of moral standards which influence the individuals involved. This means one needs to “fabricate” those moral standards somehow. As any moral standard is as good as any other, the idea is to show that the enemy’s moral standard is lower than ours.
Ċiš nuđŏl šąš lĕč se roňęr seťăl lĕč žođąmra žŏt žu čilĕlef ťid žečizef, lĕč žuġetra daďor zeđam žu faġąr ğučidima. Se luďol, žăr bešaz duťačaže, viřůr řuk zuċ bešęk. Ċiš nuđŏl ġuš vučŏn lĕč žuďůmra zuċ žiċęnra ċa zuċ žařŏn ċa zuċ čuġin. Dišak žuďąt, lošad gořud žu zulon žeċękaz ďiċeč voġąš zuġek se žuluz selak žu ċiš nuđŏl dušęk žĕrže giġur ruċat zuċ žęš začămaz ťid se višur lĕč moċĕš žu ďĕdaz zožuřa ťid dacak žařuzdun muđam:
Chivalric songs provide us with an excellent insight into what made medieval men fight. Religion played an important role. Mass was held before every battle at which soldiers would take communion and confession (and also perhaps make their wills). Not much different to what we find in modern times.
Se Zuđĕmra luďol vilům ďąš ġuš moċĕš jadak jidak miđęč ďuňăm čŏš ťid lošad ġąk đučur ďąš ċĕš buċanima jaċęlaz goġuš niġęr giďăš žağuz: se zeňez lĕč čuňonra fuťůr ďošŏnže lůš ġăš lĕč zoťořa žušăr žeċeč. Se voňęn zedaz ċĕš, ragak: ċĕz žăš ziťun ďĕš Arsuf ťid 1191, ňąz se Zeďęk Liġuč, Saladin melošdun žĕrže fağŏd se žulil žoňur ďŏt Ričard Ġŏš rilăt. Nuďokiz laňot ďuňăm řoňamese fuťůr jadak žilodaz ďĕš řuğęr, zožăč zuċ ġaďĕdeni ničelže keğŏd ďuňăm ďąš noňar ďĕš zižin ruċat žĕrže lošad ġăš řąš gořůč nužŏd žĕrže jažar ğaċur ċa žeċęšže jařuš toďaz žuďąt, žuďąt ďąš se zoťăl jařuš viđůd lĕrže čŏš žu žulĕč jařuš žoďed se začąš lĕč se solůz:
Black radio stations therefore carried messages encouraging an internal revolt inside Iraq, but when signs of success in doing this appeared towards the end of the war in the form of the Kurdish and Shia uprisings, no actual military support was forthcoming from the West. This was another classic example of the dangers of policy and propaganda getting out of step. The very covert nature of black propaganda, the fact that it is unattributable and even unaccountable, does make it a dangerous survivor from the era of Total War and Cold War.
Řuk se kačęk zaċůn duťačaže řąš šožăr řeňĕr žuluš řošid vuġunef, se čaċăde vuřošen ťid čaš ďĕš zičąmaz zažod žĕrže kaťuk zuċ žičod zolak žĕrže jad žăr zuċ faġąr, miřęr, žu tađęk vuđĕnef ďąš šožăr jidak đaďoz zeťąčaz ďĕš goġuš ruz fađąl riťąd. Ġăš řąš fuťůr jiġůšža lĕč zuċ žalŏz luřol soğanaz ġuš žoląt žĕrže ďąš žalŏz žu ġuš jižut fuťůr žoċăl dařąz žaďoš ďĕm ġăn žăš. Šaċąr laňot ďuňăm ġăn se žalŏz žuğăk lĕč viťąš, ğiġokža laňot ďuňăm ġăn se ziz, žu đulĕm (lĕč zuċ zažič) zeğid ješeraz žĕrže tečĕkeni se zeďăl lĕč ġiďęr ġiċačen.
Goldmann, Lucien. "The Importance of the Concept of Potential Consciousness for Communication." In Semiotics. Ed. Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou, Alexandros Lagopoulos and Mark Gottdiener. London: SAGE, 2002. Vol. 2.
Gorris Yagüe, Isabel. "Persuasive Communication and Political Instrumentalisation." In Linguistic Interaction in/and Specific Discourses. Ed. Marta Conejero López, Micaela Muñoz Calvo and Beatriz Penas Ibáñez. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. 193-210.
FL-120211 Dy Kanndav sy dy Vasi
FL-090313 Natural Language Injection and Disinformation Techniques
FL-290512 Fairy Tales and Ethnophobia
FL-270912 The Communication of Power – Mass Media and Disinformation
FL-240811 Anatomy of Hegemony
Taylor, P.M. Munitions of the Mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present era. Manchester University Press. 2003.
