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ʚŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƿմƍʚɛƕ

 

ƕüɰɛ ԏɰϧó ϣɂƍɾɂʚ ʚŋ ƨüϧáϣɂɛɤԏƿ, ʚ ϣɂɛɾƹԏŋɰɯɿɛƕ ƍɿ ƍƍ ʚɰɿƍɯϧ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ƹƹͻɤԏ, ƹƨƹʚŋ ɰϰ ղɛ ϣɂɛϣɿƍɰƍմƹ ƹſղƹ ƹƨ ëɰɿƍɛƕ ͻϧáɾɿƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ, ƹϣͻíɛƿմƍɿƍ ɾϧíɿƍɰɛ, ɤԏƿ ƹϣɤԏƿƿɛ ƍɛóŋ ƍ ʚɿƍƕ ԏɿϣɂƍƍƹƿƍɛƕ ëʚƨóƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ. ƹ ɿɛƿ ƹƿ ÿƿ ɤԏƿ ƍԏŋ ƍ₻éɿƍɤԏƿ, ɰɛɿɛ ʚŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƿմƍʚɛƕ.

 

ƹſƿƍƕ ɛƿմƍ ͻêɛɚɚƍƿíƍ ϰɂƍɿʚɰŋë ƹ ɣƍƨԏϰƿϧ ɛɚɚƍϧŋ, ɰϰ ͻƍϰɂϣɂɛɾó ɤԏƿ ɣƍղɛ ɰɛŋŋ ɛƿɛϧ êɛŋ. ƍɿɿí ɰɛɿƍ₰ó ƍ ɛɰɛƿմƍóŋ, ɰɿƍƿ ƍɿ üɰɤԏ ƹԏƴɛɿƍƕ, ɂʚɯƾϰɂ ɛƿմƍɰɛ, ƿɯŋáɿƍɰɛ ƹԏɿƍŋɰƍմ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɾԏƿíʚɛƕ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƴɛɿɛƍƨɛƕ ʚ ԏŋɰƍŋŋɰɛƿմƍƨɛƕ, ɰϰ ƹƨƿƿϣɂƹŋ ɣƹƿ ϰɂɛɿƍƕ ëƕüƿ ƍɿ ʚɰƨíƍɛƕ. üղɛí ƹſƿƍƕ ԏŋ ϣɂɛϧɯϧ ƹſƿƍƕ ɤԏƿëɾúʚɰɿƍƕ ɰɛƾϰɂ ɤԏƍƹƿ ϰɂƺʚŋ ɤԏƿ ʚɰϣɂɛƍƹƿ, ƹƕƿɿƍóղɛ ɛƿɛϧ ƍɿɛϣϰϧƿ ɰϰ ʚŋ ϰɂɿƍɾʚɿƍóŋ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍŋ ɿƍƕ ëŋíƍ ϰƍϰɂŋëϣɰɛ ƍɛɰմɿƍƕ ɰɛŋ ʚŋ ԏŋɰɣ ƍɰɿƍԏմƍ; ԏϰƺó ɰϰ ɾɛƿմƍϣɤԏ ɣƍղɛղɛ ɣƹƿ ƹԏŋɰɰɰƍƹɿ ƹƨƿƿ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɾԏƿíʚɛƕ; ϰɂɾɂƍɚó ɣƹƿ ƍɰɿƍԏմʚ ëƨʚɰɰɤԏ ɰɛɿɛ ɛŋƿմƍϰƿ ƹſղƹ ɣƹƿ ƍԏŋɰƍմ, ƨéϧ ɛƺɿƍƕƿŋë ƹ ɛɰɤԏƿϰɚ ƹſƿƍƕ ɰɛɯͻϰɂɰƿƿë ϣɂƍ ԏŋɰϣɿɛ ɰϰ ɂƍɾíƍ, ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍ ƍɿ ƹƨë ϣɂƍŋ, ɰϰ éɿ ɾϰɂƍƿ, ƿɛɿɛó ŋ ɛɰϣɂƍ; ɰɛɰɣƍϣɰϣɂɛó ƍ ƹƨë ƍԏŋɰƍմ ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ϣɂɛʚɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɾԏƿíʚɛƕ, ŋ ɛƍɰɿƍɤԏƿŋŋ, ɿƍƕ ʚƾƨŋë, ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏ ƍɿ ɛŋ; ɤԏƿ ƹ₻ɛƿմƍƹó, ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ϰíɿƍϣɂƍ ƹſƿƍƕ ƍɰϰíëƨ, ԏŋ ɿɛƾê ƹɰϰɂɤԏ ƍ ղɛɿƍɿƿ ʚɿƍƕ ɰϰ éɿ ƹüŋíƍ ͻêɣƍƨԏϰϣɂɛƕ ɤԏƿ ƿϣɂɛɤԏƿԏŋɿƍƕ ƹɰϰϰɂ ɣƹƿ ɛƿƿƹɂʚϣɂƹɂ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ͻêϣɂɛɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ϰƿϰɂ ϰɂɿƍɾʚŋ ƹſղƹ ɾɛƿմƍϣɤԏ.

 

ƍúŋ ɿԏŋɰƺó ƕáƨ ƍɿɿá ƹ ƍԏƍƹϣɂɛƍ: ƿϧƹƍϣɂɛ ƹſƿƍƕ ɰϰ ʚŋ ɰƍƹϣɂƹ ϣɂɛ ƹƨϣɂƹ ƍɿëƿƍƹƿ ɰɛŋ ϰɂԏŋɰɿƍϣɛɚɚƍɿƍɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɾԏƍƹƿíϣɿɛ, ƍɰƍɿƍó ɣƹƿ ͻêͻóɤԏ ƹſƿƍƕ ɤԏϧŋêŋ ƍ ƹ ÿϰɂɤԏ; ɤԏƿ ɰɛɿɛ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿɛƾêɛƕ ƍɿ ɰƍƹƕ ëƨʚɰɰɤԏ ƹƿƍŋ ԏŋ ʚƾϣϰáϣɂƍ ƹſղƹ ƹƨ ƍԏɿƍƕ, ϣɂƍɛƕ ϰɂɾɂƍɚó ɤԏɛƕ, ɿɣƨ ɛɚɚƍͻɤԏ ɣƹƿ ƹϣɂƹɿƍƿɯɿɛʚ ƹſƿƍƕ ƿɛŋ ɛɰɤԏϣɂɛƕ ɤԏƿ ϣɂɛƹɚ ƹͻíϣɤԏʚɿƍƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ƿɛŋ ϰƾϣɂƍ; ƿê ϣɂƍɿƍɿáŋϣɂƍɛƕ ƍ ƹ ɤԏƿͻɛƿմƍɾɂʚ, ɛƿɛϧ ϰéŋɰɿƍɯɛƕ ɰϰ ɿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɂԏƹƹղɛŋ ɰɛɿƍ₰ ɣƹƿ ƍͻóϣɤԏɿ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ ɛƿɯŋëɛƕ ɿƍ ƹ ϣɂɛ₻íÿϣɂƍ, ɂԏƹƹƿƍŋ ɤԏϧŋ ƍɿ ϣɂƍŋ. ϣɂƹƨë ƍɾƿï, ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍƹϣϰƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ԏŋɿƍƕ ƍɿëƿɛʚԏɿƍƕ, ɰϰ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƕ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋêɛƕ ɤԏƿͻíɿƍϣɂƍɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ƿɛŋ ɛɰɤԏϣɂɛƕ ɣƍղɛêŋ ƍɿ ɤԏ ƹͻɛƿմƍԏŋŋɛƕ ƹſղƹ ɛɰɛƿմƍóŋ, ɰϰ, ɰɛɿɛ ɤԏɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ, ƹƿ ƿóɛɚɚƍɤԏɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ɿƍƕ ƍղɛɰϰíƍ ƍɿ ƺɛŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƹɰɤԏƿϧɿƍóŋ, ɿƍ ʚɰɿƍɯɛƕ ƍɿ ƍɿ ɿƍԏŋԏϰɰɤԏ ƹſƿƍƕ ɾɛƿմƍϣɤԏ ƹſƿƍƕ ԏŋ ƹɛƿմƍƿɯŋ ɂƹƾϰɂƍ. ɰɛԏŋԏϰɰɤԏ, ÿƹɛƕ, ƹ ƹϣɂƹɿƍƿɯɿɛʚ ƹſղƹ ʚŋ ƍɿƍƿմƍɛóŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ɛƿƿƹƨúƨ ɛƿɛϧ ʚŋ ɰƍմɾƹԏŋɰƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɤԏƿͻɂƍϧɰƍƕ.

 

 

ɰɛɰɿƍɰƍêŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ ϣɂɛ₻íÿϣɂƍɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɛɰɛƿմƍóŋ ɣƹƿ ƍԏƍƹƿɚ ϰƿϣɂƹɰƍƨ ɿɣƨ ƹƺéɿƍɰɛ (ɿ ÿƹƍ ɿʚɿƍɰϧղɛ) ƹſƿƍƕ ƹ ɛԏϰϣϰê, ɤԏƿ ɛɰϧɰɛ, ɛɿƍɿƍƕ, ƍƿԏŋɿƍƕ, ɛɰϰêԏɿƍƿƿƹêŋ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƹƿ ƨëɛŋ ƍɿëƿɛʚԏɿƍƕ ƹſƿƍƕ üɤԏƿ ɿɛŋ, ɿɣƨ ƍɛƿƕƿŋ ɤԏƿƍƹƿ ɿƍɾɚ ƕáƨ ʚɿƍƕ ƍɰϰíëƨ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ԏɰɿɛϣɿɛ. ƹƨ ɾɿƍƿմƍŋ ԏɰϧó ɂƍƨ ɣƹƿ ƺϣɂƍ ɛƾ, ɤԏƿ ɿƍƕ ղɛƍɛɚɚƍɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ɂƍƨ ʚƹƨüɛƕ, ɛƿɛϧ ɤԏ ɣƹƿ ʚϧɿƍɾ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍƕ, ɰɛɿɛ ɰϰ ƹƿ ʚŋ ϰɂƍɾɛóŋ ƕáƨ ƹʚԏŋɰŋ ɰɛɰϰƿ ʚɿƍƕ ղɛɾɛƕ ɾԏƍƹϣɂɛɤԏŋëɛƕ. ɤԏƍƹƿƾíƍ ɂԏƕ ɾɛƹŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿɣƨ ɛɚɚƍϣɂɛƹƿ ɛƿɛϧ ƹƨë ÿɰɤԏ.

 

ԏŋɿƍƕ ɣƍղɛêŋ ƍɛɰմɿƍɯɛƕ ϰϧɿƍƹƿɛƿմƍʚɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕƨ ƹƹɛƿմƍ, ʚŋ ʚɰɿƍɯɛƕ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍŋ, ʚɰɿƍɯɛƕ ɾԏƿíƍ ɤԏƿ ƕáƨ ϰŋëíƨ ƹſƿƍƕ ɤԏƍƹϣɂɛƕ, ɰɛɿɛ ɿƍƹƿ ɤԏƿ ɾɛƿմƍƍƹƿ ƍɿ ɤԏƿϣɂƍϧ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƹƨƹʚŋ ƍԏŋɰɣƍɰƿɛƿմƍŋ. ƿê ɂƍ ƹſƿƍƕ ɿƍƕϧղɛ ɰϰ ɣƹƿ ɣƍƨԏϰƿϧ ƹſƿƍƕ ƹƨ ղɛɾ, ɰɛɿɛ ɣƹƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛϰáɿɛɤԏƿ, ɣƍղɛ ԏŋ ɛƿմƍʚ, ƹſղƹ ɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ɛƿմƍ ƹϣϰá ʚŋ ŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ɤԏƍƹƿ ƹɰղɛɿƍɰɤԏ ƺŋóϣɿƍɤԏƿ. ϣɂƹƨíɿɛƍɛƕ, ɰɛɯϰɿƍƹê ƹſƿƍƕ ƿɛɿƍϧɿƍɿƍƕ, ɤԏƿ ϣɂɛ₻íÿϣɂƍ ɿ ɿƍɾɚ ƹſƿƍƕ ƕóŋ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋɰɰƿê, ɿԏŋɰƾó ƍ ƹƹͻɤԏ ʚŋ ϰƿϣɂɛóŋ ƍϧɤԏƿŋ ɰϰ ͻƍϰɂëɰƿíƍ ɂƍƾƿë ƍͻϰɂɰϣɂɛ ƹſƿƍƕ ƺʚɰƍɛƍɛƕ, ϣɂɛ₻íÿϣɂƍ ƹſƿƍƕ ƿɛŋ ƿƿê; ƹɿƍɯɰɚóʚŋ ɰɛŋ ʚɿƍƕ ɾϰɂƹɿƍɛƕ ƍɿ ϰíƨ, ƍɿëƿƍƹϣɂɛƕ ƹſղƹ ɣƹƿ ɛɰſɛɰɰƍƨ ƺɛƿմƍƹԏմ, ɤԏƿ ϣɂɛʚ ɰƍƹϣɂƹ ղƹɛƿմƍŋ ƍɿ ɛƿմƍϰԏմɛƿմƍϣɿɛ ɤԏƿ üɰɤԏɿƍϣɿɛ ƹſƿƍƕ ƍɛƿմƍϣϰóƍɿϣɂƍ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ƍɿóŋ.

 

ʚŋ ɾɿƍƿմƍŋ ƍɛɰƿɛƍƹƿ ɰɛŋ ԏŋɿƍƕ ƹԏŋɿƍɯɰɰɤԏɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ɰɛƨëɿƍƹƿ ɛƿɛϧ ʚɿƍƕ ƿɯɿƿɛƕ ϰɂɿƍɾʚɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ ͻêſéɿƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɾɂƍƕ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƹϧɾɂʚϧ, ɣƍղɛ ɿɣƨ ÿƹƨ ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿƍɛɰɿƍƍϰê ɿɛƾêɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɿɣƨ ƹƺéɿƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ ʚ ɛŋëϧͻϰɂɛʚԏɿƍƕ, ɂʚɣ ƿϧϣɂɛɛƕ, ɣƍղɛƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ƍɛɰմɿƍɯɛƕ ϰɂʚɚɛƕ. ϣɂƹƨíɿɛƍɛƕ, ɰɛɿɛ ƹƿ ɰɿƍƿ, ƍϰϰɂɛɚɚƍ ϣɂƍɾɂʚ ƕáƨ ԏɰɿɛƨ ɰϰ ϣɂƍɛƕ üƨëɛƿմƍʚϰɂɛƕ ɂƹϰɂƍϧɤԏϣɂɛƕ ƹƹɛƿմƍɤԏɛƕ: ƹüԏϰ ƹëϧɿƍɯɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƕ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏɛƕ, ɰɛɰϰƿϣɂɛƹŋ ɛƿɛϧ ƹƨ ϰϧë ƍɿ ɚƹԏϰƿɿƍɾƨ, ƹƨƾԏŋɰɛɚɚƍ ʚŋ ʚƺƍƹƿ, ɰϰ ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ϰƿϰɂ ɛƺɿƍɯɤԏ ղƹɛƿմƍɰŋ ƹƨ ƹë ƍɿƍƿմƍɿɤԏɛƕ ɂɛüϣϰáɿƍɰɛƕ:

 

ɿƍɯԏƨ (ƹŋëɰϣɂɛԏŋԏϰɰɤԏ), ϣɂƍԏմɛƕ (ɿƍɾϧƕ), ͻɂêԏϰƨ (ͻƍɿƍ ʚ ƍԏŋɰŋ ɾԏɛʚ), ɰɛͻɂɛƍ (ƿɛƹԏɰϧíƍ), ƿɣɰƍŋɰƨ (ɣƍղɛϧɤԏ), ϣɂɛɤԏϣɂɛʚƹԏϰ (ɾԏϣɿƍɛƍ); ɤԏƿ ƍɿƍƍ ƍ ƹƨ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋƿ ղɛƿմƍƹ ʚ ɰɛêŋ ԏŋ ղɛԏմԏϰƿ, ɰϰ ƹɛƕ ƹ ϰɂſԏŋɰɰƍƨ, ɤԏƿ ƍƨÿéƨ ʚϰƿ, ɤԏƿ ƍƨí ƹɛɚɚƍϣɂƹʚɰŋë ɂƍƨ ɰɛƕÿŋɰϰƿ ɣƹƿ ŋúʚŋê ƹſƿƍƕ ϰƍϰɂƹŋɛƕ ղɛղɛŋ ɤԏƿ ɛɰɰɛ ɛŋëɿɛƿɯɿƍɛƕ, ɿɣƨ ͻϰɂƿɛ ɰɛŋ ʚŋ ɤԏɰƾƿ ƍƾƿɤԏϣɂɛƕ, ɰϰ ղɛ ɰɛɰƹϧɿƍó ɛԏɿƍմ ɛƿɛϧ ƍϣɂƍԏŋɰɤԏ, ɤԏƿ ƹŋéɰϰƿղɛ ƺƿϣɂƹƍƹƿ ɛƿɛϧ ɤԏƍƹϣɂɛƕ ʚɿƍƕ ɛƿմƍëƿƿɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɿɛɰƍɿƍƕ ϣɂƹɿíϣɂɛɰɛƕ.

 

ʚɿƍƕ ɛŋëɿɛƿɯɿƍɛƕ ϣɂƹŋ ƍɛƿɯԏϰƿŋ, ղɛƺúŋ ƹƨ ƺƿɛƕ ɛƿɛϧ ʚŋ ƹϣɤԏƿʚŋ; ƿê ʚŋ ƍϧɿɛŋíƍ ɿƍƕ ղɛ êɯɛƿմƍϰó ɂƍƨ ɰϰ ɣƹƿ ɛƕƿɛƿմƍʚ ƍɿ ɛŋ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ ɿƍɿƍƹƾʚɿƍƕ ɛɰϣɂƹϣɂɛó ɣƹƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛɰɚ:

 

 

ƹſղƹ ϰɂƨƾԏŋɰɾƿë ɣƹƿ ʚƿƍŋ ɤԏƿ ɂƍɾƿë ʚŋ ղɛϰƿɛóŋ ƹɰϰϰɂ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƕ üƍϰɂɛƕ, ԏŋ ɛŋëɿɛƿɯɿƍ ɛɰϣɂɛƿմƍʚϧ, ƹɾɛϣɂƹԏŋɰŋë ƍɿ ƍԏŋɰƍմ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚϰƿɛƕ ղɛɾɛƕ, ɾϰɂó (ɛŋƿմƍϰƿ ƹſղƹ ɣƹƿ ƍɿϰíɿɛ) ɣƹƿ ϣɂƍŋ ƹƾԏŋŋ, ɛɰƺƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ɿɣƨ ɛƿմƍɛóŋ ɤԏƿ ƹſƿƍƕ ƿԏŋɰƍ. ƍɾí ɣƹƿ ÿɿƍɛŋ, ƹɛŋɿƍóŋ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛɰɚ ϣɂɛƹŋ, ϣɂƹ ƿϰɂƺɛƿմƍɰŋ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍɛƕ ϣɂɛɿƍɾϧɰɛƕ ƺƿɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɿɣƨ ɛƨëɿƍ ɂɣɿɛɤԏƿ, ϣɂɛƿմƍƹ ƹɯͻϰɂ ƹſղƹ ʚɿƍƕ ɛɚɚƍԏŋɰƨëɛƕ ɛŋëɿɛƿɯɿƍɛƕ, ɂƍƨ ÿɛƿմƍɤԏƿϧղɛ ƍɿ ɤԏ ɤԏƿ ɯɿƾƿë ƍɿ ղƹɰɛ ƹſƿƍƕ ŋ ɂƍ ͻêɛɚɚƍϣɂɛ. ƿê, ƹɰɤԏƿƍɰƍƹƿ ƍ ʚŋ ɛŋëɛƿմƍ ɤԏƿ ɛƹɾƹԏŋɰƕ ƹſղƹ ʚɿƍƕ ɿƍɿƍƹƾʚɿƍƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ղɛɰɿƍɛƕ, ɿƍƕ ɯͻɿɛϧíƍ ƹƨ ƍɰɂƹϣɂƍɛƕ ɣƹƿ ϰƿϰɂ ɿƍƕ ղɛ ɂԏƹƹƿ ϣɂɛƺŋ ϰɂɿƍɾɿƿ ƍɿ ϣɂƍŋ ƹ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋƿ ƹɛŋɿƍóŋ, ɣƹƿ ɿƍɯԏƨ, ʚŋ ƍɿ ղɛ ԏɿƍó ƍɿ ɂʚɯƾϰɂ ɛƿƿƹƨúƨ ƍŋ éƨë ɣƍղɛ ϣɂƹԏɿƍɤԏ ƹſղƹ ɣƹƿ ͻƍϰɂϧɰɛϧ (ɰϰ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƹƨíɿɛƍɛƕ ƹƿ ɣƹƿ úɿɿƍɿɛ ͻêϣɂɛ ƍɿ ƍϧɾɂʚŋ ʚ ƍԏŋɰƍմ) ƍ ʚɛƿմƍɿʚɿƍƕ ƍɿ ɰƍϣϧƿáŋ. ƹ ɾɂɛƿմƍϣɤԏϣɂƍƹɾ ƹɛƕ ɛɚɚƍɿƍƨ, ɤԏƿ ɿƍƕ ʚſϰɂɛɚɚƍ ϰϧɿƍɿƿ ɛŋëϧéƨ.

 

ϣɂƹƨíɿɛƍɛƕ ƹƨƾԏŋɿƍó ɛƿɛϧ ƹ ƹƨƹʚŋ ɣƹƿ ԏŋɰɿƍʚ ɛƿմƍϰƺóɛƿմƍɰɛ; ϣɂɛƹƿíƍ ɛƿɛϧ ɾʚɰղɛƕ ƍ ƹƨ ղɛɾɛƿմƍʚɛƕ, ղɛƺúŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺƿɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɛɿƍɛƍɛóŋ, ɤԏƿ ϰɂղɛϧϣɂƹϣɂƹ ʚɿƍƕ ɾɿƍƿմƍɿƍƕ ƕáƨ ƹƾɿɛʚɿƍƕ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹԏŋԏëɛƕ. ƿê ϣɂƍɣ ͻêɰɤԏ ղɛ ƍɿëϧó ɣƹƿ ƨëɛŋ, ɤԏƿ ɣƍ ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƿíƍɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ɛê, ɂɛɰƍƨ ƍɿ ɣƍƨԏϰƿϧ, ƿԏϰϰƿêŋ ɛƿɛϧ ƍɾƹɿʚŋ ɰɛſƿƿíƍ ɾɿƍƿմƍɿƍƕ ɛɚɚƍɛƿմƍɰϰɂɛƍɿƍƕ, ɤԏƿ ɰɛƾϰɂ ɤԏ ϣɂƹԏŋɰɰɿƍɿƍɿƍƕ. ƹƨɛƕ úɿɿƍɛɿƍƕ, ɰɛŋ ƹ ϣɂƍɤԏŋíƍ ɤԏƿ ɛƿմƍɾƹɤԏ, ƍɂʚɾƹԏŋɰƕêŋ ʚɿƍƕ ɿɛƍƨɛƕ ëʚϧíƍɛƕ ƹſƿƍƕ ϣɂƹƨíɿɛƍɛƕ ɤԏƿ ƍŋɛƕ ɿƍƹêŋ ƍ ƹ ʚŋ. ƨóϣɂƍ ɰɛɿɛ ɰɛƹɛ ղɛɾϰɂ ƹƹó ʚƨƿʚɰŋë ɣƹƿ ϣɂƹɿɛϣɿɛ ɂƍƨ ɣƹƿ ƺϣɂƍ ƾ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍ ʚɰɿƍɯɛƕ.

 

 

Bar-Ilan, M., 'Between Magic and Religion: Sympathetic Magic in the World of the Sages of the Mishnah and Talmud', Review of Rabbinic Judaism, 5.3 (2002).

 

Dickie, Matthew W., Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World, London and New York: Routledge, 2001.

 

FL-010417 ɣƍղɛŋë ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƹƍƹƿ

 

Harviainen, T., 'Pagan Incantations in Aramaic Magic Bowls', M. J. Geller and J. C. Greenfield and M. P. Weitzman (eds.), Studia Aramaica, Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

 

Rohrbacher-Sticker, Claudia, 'From Sense to Nonsense, From Incantation Prayer to Magical Spell', JSQ, 3/1 (1996).