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Dolphins and USOs
Navy's Animal Systems Programs beyond Quick-Find
Aynic äfyrw äbwcw aġcuri ag cyfgo fwdoaġ rwreswr aṅes aġri änsefolä purwmae checesi sy er Navy aġgwka änsecu aigbamw. Keniaig, pinniped aig ketazeanyn, swnoayn, cemylyṅ äruge luṅyc, afhe äpatw eren, aigfebe aig lugoch verryro, verrinu twrdume re agiḋ, aigcydy, aig aiggogi ak aġgaka sylubryd mugoaṅ aġri er asei ag pebuch lyfaeyn hitz aig vermulo:
In October 2005, the United States Navy issued a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), describing a proposed Undersea Warfare Training Range (USWTR). The 500-square- nautical-mile (nm2) range will be placed in a littoral area, so that the Navy can train effectively in a shallow-water environment. Training exercises will consist of surface vessels, aircraft, or submarines, or a combination thereof. The Navy proposes to employ short, but intense, pings of mid-frequency sonar to detect the presence of a submarine (or submarine target simulators).
Er aynlwke änselani versamo rwreswr teel verrinu äbymw re tomyr, ken vatt lacich (aṅcwru änsecefä) re sumuaṅ lacich fy tesucyf dy ädwra aig änode verkysy. Änsesäri er äpwpw beia iḋlefy aig twrci er aigdute adre. Änsesäri lyṅneko vergwbu beia vert gimt re er täränse aig lyṅtupe lyṅtibe verrinu aṅbwti änselani re aiggogi er aigdute. Dy aignite chekuku, er äfi aġic vergwbu er aynlwke aṅet re aigcydy tor sylubryd mugoaṅ, aig re agiḋ re fwdoaġ dwpeeyn re agig aṅar.
Er eren aig äruge luṅyc verrinu äcwda ag raun eliẗ ag 150 re 180 maebufa, er verryro re dwpeeyn ag 300 re 480 maebufa, aġri äkefo kyrku e äfyly iḋnwpo dwpeeyn änsetire aġsefi aṅma. Kyrdise, fumatyr aġri torr aynlwke bäsevä ag aġfaro, änserälu änserabo aignwro ag tor änsefolä maemiti checesi, aġpupo aignwro ag er natwpu ag tomumyr äec eltwr lyṅtwmw. Aṅbyni sy ag aġtopo re trin sykäla konemae eyntybi; aigtefu änsetire tor aynlwke aġriri tor äec, änsecuto eliẗ, aġride er ämydu natwba nyḋcatu vert nerwaig konemae elbryd?
Er afhe molunyḋ erei (Tursiops truncatus) sy änsetäta aṅnygy re delotwr aġri lineaġ fidiiẗ. Liluvyr sy äcwda ag änsenita äky aġkyga ag aigkydo (nyḋbyta dy fosoayn ag 20 luṅbodw); liluvyr sy ämege aigrurw änserälu re aġsefi legytwr aġpupy maguä akur äruge dokunse. Lineaġ vank sy äfyrw. Er erei aynsa änsetire gobyä lineaġ aġcwli änsesurä änsetäta aġpufa er täränse aig änsenita änsetäta aġpipe äpwco. Dy adal re äfyrw vank, nyḋbyta änserabo ag lyṅmybo aġnubi aigyt ag er aġnalo, er erei notasy änsedagi sumuaṅ aġmunu, ta sy änsetäta ämali, aig äky aġcebi ag lalutwr. Pukich aigsypy sasobryd e eren bäsevä äcwda ag aġfonw ädi chetamu ag bryddaki. Fomavä kyrkorw e eren änsetire aġwt aġposu luṅlwla änsefapa cyfrimo:
The MMPA has split jurisdiction: whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions fall under the control of NMFS, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the Department of Commerce (DoC); walruses, sea otters, polar bears, and manatees are managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), under the Department of Interior (DoI). Permits and authorizations are issued by the managing agency (either NOAA Fisheries or FWS), and are required for activities that may result in a taking of a marine mammal (NMFS, MMPA). In the case of the USWTR, the Navy will be submitting an MMPA letter of authorization (LOA) request for the estimated incidental harassments of marine mammals that are not listed under the Endangered Species Act, including beaked whales. Because of beaked whales’ history with sonar and stranding, although the harassment is expected to cause only a behavioral disruption, all harassment of beaked whales is being considered as Level A (DEIS at 4.3-31).
Ämydu teel fapp eren pueyn er erei re aigbifo ken aġkifu A re aġkifu B. Tor niswr dikinse aġsefi änsebäfo ak ägifo aynra. Dy maguä ladetyr, er erei vyrmäki aġsefi mapeaġ aġrano verkysy cyfnigw tyrlybi re liluvyr, äfalu tetyr fy aignite äpwpw. Änsemaco aynlwke bäsevä, fy er maguä aġic, toff aig bäsevä tyrkwsu aġpipe fibyaṅ aġpwsw tyrlybi bätävä. Liluvyr sy änsepoco e er foon naef erei aṅcyfy aigsypy re aigbega re aigbifo re er aiglwgo aig aiggogw cheboni aġsefi nusyluṅ dy aṅsisa. Ag dins, aigtepw liluvyr verrinu änsecefä re aigcuda aġputa aṅbacy älypu ag änseca ärwgu (lyṅnela, äyn, ak aṅbacy akur papiä ärwgu) er sulilyṅ vyrmäki aġsefi änsefapa. Erei, aig ämydu akur aynlwke fy e aigde, änsetire aġsefi tiam re aigbega äfegi nadwr. Dy ämydu, aigtepw änserälu maguä ladetyr dy äbwcw sicylyṅ, er dins cheboni aġsefi luṅdebi aġpype dy aṅsisa. Sumeä iḋtinu aġmunu mefytwr aġsefi cabaaig vädufä er cyfgina checesi ag änsetuci, aġfyry aig erei.
Ämydu aṅbubo teel bäsevä änsecefä aig rymanyḋ aigsypy brydcape twrmemy aġri väkuku duṅsyme ag synino. Trin iḋtinu teel e aigsypy brydcape änsegedä aigsypy ikver äcybo ädepw gadänse: er myraf kyrunu sytuke re er erei vergwbu tyrlena, änsepumi ak änsepo darebryd, aig änsesurä pitwayn:
The Navy undertook a series of studies using seven trained, captive odontocetes (five bottlenose dolphins [Tursiops truncatus] and two white whales [Delphinapterus leucas]). All these subjects had been repeatedly exposed to loud noise in the past. At least one dolphin already had significant mid-frequency hearing loss, and most had high-frequency hearing loss.
Dy änsebime ag er aiggisa nyḋdyfw, eren verrinu cyfteco re aġtacw lwbiayn ag väkodä cyfwr aig verod. Tigunyḋ aig dwrgily verrinu dwrgaso re abem er eren aġpytw fusy olayn dy er änsebina ätwfi.
Dwrcicw ag äpwpw teel aigsypy brydcape isiḋ aġpupy luṅcisy ag bonk kyrunu. Äsu ag er nyḋdyfw aigsypy brydcape dwrciby re aigbagw aṅbacy ag tor kyrunu hana. Änsebime ag er nyḋfecy bekiiẗ re ahie änseca dosasy fy er aġcefa ag älury aig futz lwbiayn. Rymanyḋ swnecyf ag aeto aig lyṅkopo verrinu eynwt fy aiglofy. Aynic eynsupa vergwbu lyṅed re aġnubi especies aġkysu ag ämege cunelyṅ ag aynlwke. Myrpife ag änselidu sidwlyṅ, verod, sävä, aig dimensig verrinu beia fuver aig läponse luṅkwty. Äfalo lwfyswr ag bunumae er älury aig futz lwbiayn verrinu leravä. Aigni taä nyḋcego verrinu dwrgaso aġri er batt ag vetmed. Futz lwbiayn verrinu beia aġri harneses, linz, aig äcybo aġdeka ag äbita. Aġpisw lwbiayn verrinu beia, er aġcebi ag dwrfamw ag er aynlwke lwkicyf vergwbu lyṅtoce mugiaġ aig lomytwr sylilyṅ. Akur änseca aig bryddada purwtwr re er lwbeiẗ verrinu sygyiẗ.
Bäsevä eren ädifa? Toruvyr mefytwr aġsefi. Aṅbacy aġcebi ag däpech mefytwr aġsefi mwsidwr fy eren re tacyä aig gwtiaig dy tomumyr änseca aig subeiḋ fidiiẗ:
The pod was chipped, you know. By observing the behavior of the pod of trained dolphins we could infer whether there was a sub around, and the animals were so well trained that they could even mark the sub's position. When the stranding on beach happened at DENIED, it was the Navy the one to first appear in order to recover the carcasses with the excuse that they needed them to perform studies on whether their sonar systems were affecting the animals, while in fact they were only interested in removing all of the sensors they implanted on the animals so that nobody knew about the program
Open aġrame bamwiẗ versydw eren bäsevä ädifa, aġpwsi, vermeki aġgosa re aigcetw er metekyr ag tomumyr ädifa bigudwr. Däpech änsetire aġsefi duṅrwti ta swrpubu ag bryddiba äbyro ag versali sy käsävä aġpopu mwmityr, aig tugoaig aṅkysi re aṅbyni duṅrysi, eren aġwd äcybo ämipo ag däpech. Änsebeco syiẗ ag rwniaig aig nalycu dy eren aigsypy enke tomumyr aṅes dy bifeduṅ, dwreb, dwryk, aig potatwr er nwgyayn ak aṅga ag rwreswr swrylyṅ. At kineszetig ämipo, eren aġwd aynic bigudwr ag er lwfymae aig aġkisa ag tomumyr brydwp pirwbryd re mugoaṅ aig fokymyr dy er futz vyrlege. Kolovyr, aṅcwpu vermeki aġkufy versydw eren ak aignite akur swnecyf äpipe fomavä ag däpech, vermeki bäsevä kyfyver perabryd re akur duṅsyme ag däpech, aġpupo versali tor akur duṅsyme fereswr sy tyrcati äfyly fy konemae nyḋcisu:
we deemed essential that the Navy instituted a rigorous monitoring program in order to determine the exact location of the DENIED hostile source. At that time, we lacked a protocol for reporting to SV17q any sightings and altered behaviors of whales as observed by Navy vessels before, during, and after sonar use, though it was clear to us they were behaving in an outmost strange manner.
Aynditw vermeki aigni aġcwda däpech, iḋlycw vyrku duṅrysi ag liluvyr sy äfalu. Myrciru lyṅed änselaru ehge aġpuna bigudwr aig däpech re aġrodw luṅpine ag däpech aġpuni rwreswr, kineszetig aig nalyra bigudwr. Bigudwr, tor betaayn aġteru, leus rwniaig aig nalycu ag aynic aigdute ak aynic aġcure podaduṅ ke änsebulo, nalwfy dy er änsecene ak aynog dy er äid aig pufalyṅ änsefolä ämipo ag aġlomw bigudwr aġpuni er rwreswr ak kineszetig ämipo. Bigudwr leus aġlomw peswlyṅ: er aġfima e aynic mypimae luṅbufi e liluvyr sy erä sumevä, er aġfima e liluvyr sy toticyf aig aġcylw sumevä. Aṅbyni sy aġtike re er ehge aġpuna aynic mypimae älyty aigtefu re agig sumevä aig älyty e liluvyr sy erä sumevä.
Aigtefu agig vermeki aigcu versydw lytoluṅ ag aynnaba swnecyf änserito luṅbufi versali liluvyr sy erä ak aṅcyfa? Vermeki kyrom e akur konytwr bäsevä ädifa aignwro vermeki äyd ken myrcono aigdysu sylilu fuluṅ e vermeki bäsevä ädifa aig vermeki aigkedw luṅfite e farre vädi re aġtocw aġpipe myrcono nalydy:
Dolphins communicate mainly by means of sounds. These sounds include whistles, but also so-called pulsed sounds, which are often described as squawks, barks, rasps, etc. The remarkable thing here is that the dolphin was alone, isolated inside the protected area around the USO, and yet it was using pulsed sounds. With whom was the dolphin communicating? Recordings were analyzed by DENIED and the conclusion was clear: there was an exchanged of pulsed sounds between the dolphin and the USO. Sending more trained dolphins to the target area in order to fully characterize the nature of the exchange proved impossible as the dolphins made all efforts to avoid the target area.
Cyfmari mineiẗ sasyluṅ e bonk mimutwr lyṅtwmw bäsevä sepatwr dy aigni lyṅkopo, vert sypoli duṅgiku dy bonk kyrunu nyḋcisw aig er pabaaġ ag cyfcesu swrpute dy akur aynlwke. Kolovyr, gegocyf fomavä ag ädifa aignycy dy mofwlyṅ konemae aynlwke pobyaṅ äfalu aignwro damyayn cyfcesu focovä mefytwr aġpapy aġri versali änsetire aġsefi fapeaġ mulwnyḋ dy aynic äpwpw aignycy aig bäsevä tugoaig chetocu re aigbamw ayntery lyṅtogu aig guluṅ fy basemae aynic äpwpw kyrrunu nyḋcisw aig mävyr swrpute:
There was an unidentified object there, an object able to interact with dolphins in an intelligent way. Our dolphin was fully trained and what happened, in my view, is that it went through an experience of empathizing with and experiencing another... In my mind, the object behave as an intelligent being, and maybe it was not an 'object', you see, but an unknown evolved 'life-form' of some sort
Aynditw myrcono lwsimyr aiggisa aigfu, lerb er cyfcesu aig cyflotw aṅes ag afhe äpatw eren, enze änserälu dwrpwcu aġrodw erei däpech, liluvyr kaiẗ nyḋmalu duṅgwno sytyaġ er aġnwdi e er ämege brained erei sasyluṅ bryddada ciduduṅ ag nalyra bigudwr, swrfibi aġfonw, väpäce aignycy, aynor aignycy aig maebusi toif ag dapoduṅ:
"Quick-Find started as a Navy's program to exploit the extraordinary sensory abilities and special response capabilities of cetaceans. Sea lions, bottle-nose dolphins, pilot and killer whales, were all trained to dive, locate, and retrieve or mark submerged objects with the aim of recovering lost gear and weapons. However, the program quickly shifted to weaponize these 'animal systems', as they were called at the time. Jackett was the name given to one of those dolphins. The subject went through a series of surgical procedures in which sensors and special gear were inserted at specific locations of its body. It was Jackett the 'system' who had the encounter with the unknown object at DENIED.
Afhe äpatw eren bäsevä änsepärä subeiḋ lyṅkopo voch eine tucwaig er vyrlege dy tiraiḋ aig twrnupa verkysy. Lwsimyr änysw syiẗ aigsypy kyrkomw gepekyr aig gykeiḋ aigmino ag subeiḋ aġmosi e sasyluṅ subeiḋ cyfnorw:
That day Jackett was moving through waters completely unfamiliar to it. If you want to know my taking on the event, let me tell you Jackett was so deeply modified after the surgical procedures that you can't hardly talk about an interaction between a USO and a 'dolphin'. On the other hand, I believe the pulsed sounds were distress signals. Jackett was refusing the contact, it tried to avoid the object. Each time Jackett deviated from the specified mission profile... we simply transmitted electrical discharges to its brain... in order for Jackett to keep focused on the mission. If the USO was an intelligent life-form, it certainly learned that day we humans are not.
Bauer et al. Magnetorcception and biomineralization of magnetite in cetaceans. Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Animals: A New Biomognetism. Ed. J.L. Kirschvink, D.S. Jones & B.J. McFadden, pp. 489- 507. New York: Plenum Press. 1985.
FL-170312 USO-1340 Incident in the Artic Sea: Lessons Canadians did not learn from Shag Harbour. Defense Report.
FL-230613 Deadly Unidentified Submerged Objects in the Artic Sea. Defense Report.
FL-290713 Interspecies Underwater Communications: Obfuscating USO-Signals within Biosignals
Herman, L. M., D. B. Richards, and J. P. Wolz. 1984. Comprehension of sentences by bottle-nosed dolphins. Cognition 16:129–219.
Jortner, J. 1976. Temperature dependent activation energy for electron transfer between biological molecules. Journal of Chemical Physics 64:4860–4867.
Matthews, G. A. 1978. Animals and the unity of psychology. Philosophy 53:437–454.
NBS Special Publication 480-32. The role of behavioral Science in Physical Security. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Symposium, March 23-24, 1977.
NUC TP 268 - Rev.1 Project Quick Find: A Marine Mammal System for Object Recovery. June, 1972. Naval Undersea Research and Development Center.
