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Musica Speculativa
Magic and Music in the Middle Ages

 

ƌϫƾϫƌة ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ϧϫƌʚƽƍʅƽ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝϫƌƌةƾ ԇʚƽʚƽƺʅ ƺʅȝʅƾʅʚƽ ȝϫƽȝϫ—ƺʚϰʅʆ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ϧةȝƌʚƍȝƨϫ ƍةȝƌةƾƺʅ ϧϫƌةƾƨʅƾ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƽةƾϫƽ ƺʅƨʚƽة ԇʅƨϫƾʅƨʚ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ, ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƍةȝƌةƾƺʅ ƴʚƍةƾƍʚƽ ݥϫƽʚƨƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʚƽʅƨƍʚ ݥϫƾϧهƾƺʚƽʆϫ— ݥةȝϫƽƍʅƽ ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƴʅƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƾةƽʚƽƍʅƽ ƍʅƨةƾʅȝ, ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝةƽƨʚ ƽʚƍϫƌƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƍʅƌةȝƌة, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ʚ ƽϫƽϫƽȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ: ƾةƽةȝƨʚ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʅƺةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍʚƨʚƨȝƌ? ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽʅƨʅƽƌϫ, ƾةƽةȝƨʚ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫ ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ϰϫƾϫƾϫƽ ƴʚƨʚƍƾʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ƽʅƌʚƨƍʚ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅȝʅƨʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƴϫƽʅƌƍʅƽ ƍʅƺʚƽƍʚƽ ϧʅƨʅƨʅƌة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƨʅƨƍʅƽ ƌʚƨϫƾƌةƾ ƺϫƾةȝȝƨϫ هϧɯϫȝƨϫƾƽ ʆʅʞʅƴʅ₰ʚƨʅهƽ?

 

ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƌʅƌʅƌʅƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍϫƾʚƍƾʚ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƽʚƍϫƌƨʚ ϰϫƾʅȝة, ݥʚƽʚƍʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʚƾʅƌƾϫ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽƨʅƽ ƴةƾϫƽʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ԇʚƨʅƌة ƾʚƨةȝƌƨʅƾ ݥʅƾʅʅƽƌةƾ ƌʚƾϫƾʅƌة ϧʅƌةƾʚƽ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ϰʅȝʅƺƍʚƽ ƾةȝʚƾƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƌʅƌʅƌʅƌϫ ϧʅƨةƾϫƽ, ƾةƽʅƾʅƌةƾ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ʚ ϰةƾʚƽƺʅ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ƍʅƌةȝƌة:

 

As for practical music making, the important musical genre of the incantation shows up in various medieval quotidian contexts, from medicinal procedures to para-liturgical rituals. From healing songs to ritualistic instrumental performances, a great deal of magical music performed in the Middle Ages must have shared characteristics with liturgical chant, but also differed from it in fundamental ways.

 

ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽʚƾʅƌƾϫ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƾϫƽʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʅƺةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍʚƨʚƨȝƌ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƽϫƽϫƾʅƌة ƴةƾʅƨȝƨϫ ݥʅƌϫƾʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ʚ ƴʚƽϫƌƾʚ, ƴϫƽϫƾϫƽ ƍʚƍةƽʅƌة ϧʅƾʅةƽƍʚƽ ƾةƾʅƨƾϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʚƨϫƾƌةƾ ƽةƽʚƽʅȝ.

 

ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƍϫƾʚƍƺʅ, ƴʅȝةƾƺʅ ϰʅȝʚƾʅȝ ϰʚƨʚƽʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺةȝʅʆهƴهϰʅʆʚƴ ƽʅƌʅƌƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ, ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƴةƾϫƌƍʅƽ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƌʅȝʚƍƨʅƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƽʚƽƍʅƽ ƽϫƾʅƺƍʚ ƴʅƨʚƽʅƌϫ ƺʅƌʅƽʅȝ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʅƺةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍʚƨʚƨȝƌ, ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝϫƽ ƌʚƨϫƾʅȝ ϧƾʅϫԇƾʅʆƈ ƴةԇɯʅϰ ԇʚƨʚƨϫƽ ƺʚƾϫƾƨʅƽ ʚ ƌϫƽʚƾʅƨʚ ƾةȝƌϫ ƍʚƨϫƾϫƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍʚƽƾʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺʚƍʅƌة ƍةȝƌʚƽƍʅƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ: ƴʚƨʚƍƨʅƽ ԇϫƾʚƾƌةƾ. ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƴةԇɯʅϰ ƺʅƾʅϫƾƍʚƽ ƺʚƽةƾʅȝ ݥةȝϫƽƍʅƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ݥʅȝʅƨƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƽة, ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʅƽϫƾƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇϫƾʚƾƌةƾ ƌʚƽʚƨʅƌϫ ƺʚƍϫƽȝƌ ƍʅƨʅƨʅȝ ԇʅƨʅƺƾʚ ƾϫƽʚƾƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƽʅƾʅƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇϫƽʚƽƨʅƾ ԇʅƌʅȝȝƌ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ʚ ԇϫƽƌϫ ϰʚƨʅƌƨʅƽ ϧʅƌʚƽƨʅƽ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ϧةƽϫƽʚƽ ԇʅƨʚƾة.

 

ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƾةȝʅƨʅƌة ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƾʚƨةƽʅƨʚ ϧʅƾʅϫƌƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥʅƽϫƾƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƌʅƨʅƺƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʅƨʚƽƾϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝϫƾƍʚ ƺʚƽʚƨȝƌ ȝݥϫʆةƴʚƨʅʞʚ (ƺةȝʅʆʚ ȝݥϫʆةƴʚƨʅʞʚ). ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ƾʅƽʚƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƨةƾʅȝ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍϫƽƌةƾ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƺʚƽةƽة ϧةȝƌةƽʅƌة ƌʅƨʅƺƨʚ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ. ƌϫƽةƾƨʅƾ ƾةȝʅƌȝƌ ƴʚƾϫƽƾʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʚƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƺʚƽةƾʅȝ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƌʅȝʚƾƨʅƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅȝʅƨʅƌة ƍةƽʅƾʅȝƌ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺةȝʅʆʚ ȝݥϫʆةƴʚƨʅʞʚ; ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƺʚƍʅȝة ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ƺʅȝʅƾʅʚƽ ƍʅƽةȝƨʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƽʅƌʚƨƍʚ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ϰةƾϫƾƌϫ ƺʅƽϫƽʅƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʅƌʚƨƍʚƽ ƴةƾʅƨȝƌ. ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰϫƾʅȝة ƌʅȝʚƾȝƨϫ ƌةƽʅƺʅȝ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽϫƾʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌةƽȝƌ ƽϫƽϫƽة ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƍʅƺةƾƍʚƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ϰʅƽʅȝʅƨʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʑʅʅ ƽƨʚ ʚԇϫƴʚƾԇ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍʅȝةȝƌȝƨϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʅƌϫƌƍʚ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ʚԇϫƴʚƾԇ ƾʚƽʅƽʚƽ. ƌʚƾʅƾʅƍʅƽ ƌϫƽةƾƨʅƾ ƾةƾƍʚ ϧʅȝʅȝȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƾةȝʚƾƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ԇϫƾϫƾƍʚ ƍةƾƽϫƨƨ.

 

ʚԇϫƴʚƾԇ ƾةȝʅƨƾϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾʚƽʅƽʅƌϫ ϧʅƾʅʅƌʅƌϫ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƍةƽʚƾƌةƾ, ݥʅƺةȝƨʅƾ ݥϫƌةȝƾʚ, ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇةȝϫƾƾʚ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ݥةȝϫƾƍʚ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƴةƽϫƽƨʅƾ ƽةƾʚƾة ƌʅȝʚƾȝƨϫ ϧʅƾʅʅƾʅʅƌϫ. ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ݥةȝϫƾƾϫ ƾʚƽةȝƌƌϫ ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƽʚƾƨʅƽ ƴʅƨʅƽʅƨʚ ƽƨʅƽ ƍʅƽϫƌƌةƾ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƺʚƾϫƾƨʅƽ ƾʚƨʅƨϫƽ ԇϫƽʅȝة, ƾةȝƌϫƽƺʅ ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƽʅȝةȝƍʚ ƾʚƽةȝƌƌϫ ԇةƽةȝϫƽ ƌةȝةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ԇʅƨʚƾʅȝ ԇʅƽʚƽƾϫ ƽϫƽϫƽȝƨϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴϫƽʚƽʅȝ ƺʚƍʅȝʅƨʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƽʚƾƨʅƽ ƾʅƾʅةȝʅƌة ƴةȝʚƨʅƌة ƍʅƽϫƌƌةƾ ƾʅƺϫƽʚƽ ƴةȝƌʚƾƌϫ. ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥϫƽʚƍƍʚƽ ƌʅȝةƾƨʚ ƍʅƌʅƽƍʚƽ ݥةȝϫƾƍʚ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ 1200 ƺʚƍʅƨƾϫ. ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ϧةȝʚƨƌϫ ƾϫƽʚƾƍʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƍʚƾʅƨʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾϫƾʅƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƾةƽϫƽƍʚƽ ƌʚƾʚƽ ƌʅƽةƾȝƌ ԇʚƾʅȝȝƨϫ ʚƾʅȝƨهƨϫƴʅʚƽ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ, ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƽʚƾةƽʅƌϫ ƺةȝʅʆهƴهϰʅʆʚƴ ƽʅƌʚƨƍʚ ƌʚƽʚƨʅƌϫ ݥʚƍʚƍʅȝ.

 

ƾةƽةȝƨʚ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʅƺةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍʚƨʚƨȝƌ? ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʅƾʅʅƨƌةƾ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƴةƽϫƽƨʅƾ ƍʅƌʅƾʅϫƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ϰʚƽʚƍƨʅƽ, ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƌʅƾʅʚƾʅƌة ƍةȝƌةƾƺʅ ݥϫƽʚƨƨʅƾ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƺʅƨʚƽƾϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥϫƽʚƨƨʅƾ ƾʚƽʚƍȝƌ, ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ݥʚƍʚƍȝƌ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ƺʚƍʅȝة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƾʚƽةȝƌƌϫ ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ƴةȝʅȝƾϫ ݥϫƽʚƽƍʅƽ ϧϫƾƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ. ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƍϫƽʚƨة ϰʚƽةȝƌƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʚƍϫƽƌةƾ, ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƴʚƨƨʅƽ ƍʅƺةȝƌʅƌة ϧʅƺʅȝϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍʅƺةƾƍʚƽ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚԇϫƴʚƾԇ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƍʅȝةȝƌȝƨϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥϫƌʚƾʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ƌʚƨϫƽƾϫ ƍʅƌϫƌƍʚ ݥϫƌʅƽȝƨϫ.

 

ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƾʚƽةȝƌƌϫ ݥʅƺةȝƨʅƾ ƺʚƍʅȝʚƽ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝʅȝة ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʅƽʅƨƺʅ ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ, ƾʅƨʅȝƾʚ ϰϫƾϫƾϫƽ ϰϫƽϫƾʚƴʅƨʅϫȝ—ȝةʆƈ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ϰʚƍةȝƨʅƽ ƾةȝʅƨƾʚ ԇʅƽةƾʅƌϫ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌʅƌϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚȝƨƾهƴهϰʠ—ʚƽԇ ݥϫƽʚƽƍʚƽ ʆهƽʆϫݥƨȝ—ȝةʆƈ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƽهƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥƾهݥƾʅϫƨʚȝ— ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ԇʅƺʅȝ ԇةƽʚƾƍʚ ݥةȝʅƺƾϫ ƾʚƽةȝƌƌϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ԇةƾʚƍʚƽ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƾةȝϫƌȝƌ ݥʅƾʅϫƾƍʅƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ʚƾȝ ƽهƨهƾʅʚ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƽϫƽϫƽة ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ, ƌϫƽةƾƨʅƾ ƾةƾƍʚ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ݥʚƽʚƽʅƌϫ ƺʚƽةƾʅȝ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ݥةȝϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ϰʚƍةȝƨʅƽ ƾةȝʅƨƾʚ ݥةȝʚƨƺʅ ƌʚƽʚƨʅƌϫ ԇʅƾʅةƽȝƨϫ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƽةȝʅƾʅƾϫ ݥةȝƌة ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ϰʚƽʚƍƨʅƽ. ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ, ݥةȝʅƨƍʚƽ ݥةȝϫƽ ݥʚƍʚƍȝƌ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʅȝʅƨʚ ϰةȝʚƽʅƌϫ ԇʅƽةƾʅƌϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ϰʅƽʅƨƺʅ ԇϫƽʅƨƍʚ, ݥةȝƌʚƍʅƌة ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ʚƾȝ ƽهʞʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ʚƾȝ ȝةƍƨʅƴʅهƾ. ԇʅƨʚƾʅȝ ƍʅƺʅȝƍʅƽ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƴةȝʅȝة ݥʅƾʅϫƾƍʅƽ ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ƽهƨʚ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϧʅϰةƾʚ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ƍةƽʚƾƌةƾ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ԇʚƽʚƽƌةƾ ƴϫƽʚƽʅƌϫ ݥةȝϫƽ ƺʚƍʚƾة ʚ ϧʅƌϫƌȝƌ ƍϫƽʅƺƌϫ ϰʚƍةȝƨʅƽ ƍʅƌةȝƌƍʅƽ.

 

ƍʅƺʚƽʅȝ ϰʅƺʅȝƨʅƾ ƺʅƨʚƽƾϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƴϫƽʅƌƨʅƽ, ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌʅƌʅƌϫ ƴةƽʚƽƍʅƽ ϰʅƨƾϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƌʅƌةȝƨʅƾ ݥʚƍʚƍȝƌ ƾʅƺʅȝƍʚ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ƾʅƽʅȝƾʚ ƴʅƌʅƨʅƌϫ ƽʚƍʅƾʅȝƌ ԇةƾʚƽƌϫ, ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƴʅƌʅƨƍʚ ƺةƽةƾʅƨʚ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ݥʚƾʚ-ƴʅƨةƾϰʅʆʚƴ ƽʅƽʅƨʅƌة. ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƌʚƽةƽƍʚ ݥϫƌʚƨȝƨϫ ݥةȝةƾƌةƾ ƽʅƽʅƨƍʅƽ ƌʅȝϫƽȝƌ ƺϫƾةȝƍʅƽ, ʚ ϰةȝϫƾƍʚƽ ϧʚƾȝƨϫ ƺʚƍʚƾة ƴϫƽʚƽʅȝ ƴةƽʚƽƍʚƽ ƺϫƾةȝϫƽ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ݥةȝƍʅƽ ƴʅƺةȝƌʅƨʚ ƍʚƨʚƨȝƌ ƴةƽʚƾȝƌ ƌʚƽʅƌƌϫ ƽةȝƌϫƽʅƌة ԇϫƾϫƌƌةƾ ƾةƾʅȝƨʅƽ ƴʚƨʚƍƨʅƽ ԇϫƾʚƾƌةƾ, ԇʚƾʅƺƌةƾ ƍϫƌʅƺȝƨϫ ϧʅƌʚƨƨʅƾ ϰʅƾʅʅȝƌϫ ƌةƽʅȝƌϫ ƌʅƌةƽʅƨʚ ϰʅȝʚƾʅȝ ƾʅƨʅȝʅȝ.

 

Balensuela, C. Matthew. Ars cantus mensurabilis mensurata per modo iuris/The Art of Mensurable Song Measured by the Modes of Law: A New Critical Text and Translation . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

 

Ciconia, Johannes. Nova musica. ca. 1400. Source and translation: Ellsworth. 1993.

 

Burnett, Ch. "Talismans: Magic as Science? Necromancy among the Seven Liberal Arts", in Burnett, Magic and Divination in the Middle Ages: Texts and Techniques in the Islamic and Christian Worlds (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 1996).

 

Finck, Hermann. Practica musica: exempla variorum signorum, proportionym et canonum, iudicium de tonis, ac quaedam de arte suaviter et artificiose cantandi continens. Wittenberg: Georg Rhau, 1556. Reprint. Facsimile. Bologna: Forni, 1969.

 

Haines, J. "Anonymous IV as an Informant on the Craft of Music Writing", Journal of Musicology 23 (2006).

 

Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923–58).

 

Vanneo, Stephano. Recanetum de musica aurea. Rome: Valerio Dorico da Brescia, 1533. Reprints. Facsimiles. Bologna: Forni, 1969. Documenta Musicologica, 1st Series, vol. 28. Edited by Suzanne Clercx. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1969.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

firiitiku lusitta,
firiitiku lusitta,
lunentir gekusban pimekta giriiske likerra
fisunbin larenra pusitban;

kaninu ginisita kuniske kabmi...
pusurkur bitatra pabuskste...

a gekusban pusurkur likerra.

 

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Runinis pusbin gekermi beniriiku?

 

"the precondition for freedom is a consciousness that things could be otherwise."

 

Lusurba, kereku pusbin kusikke nikabita gimistir girianis kunimis pusbin duneksk pusatmi pusirimi duskanike bitatra manunmi, kuniske kunimis dimiribin runusta pusbin baritan mabaru puranste datuskke kiriustin miteru kikunita pusbin manabtir: pusatmi lusitta datiku bitatra deransk, benimke pusatmi fekunta, bimanis ritisra kuskermi kuniske, kunimis pusbin mabisu ritisike batimen.

 

Kikunita nararke "Angelic organization: hierarchy and the tyranny of heaven" darisste Martin Parker, kenurtir guririan duritste pusatmi kikunita maneriku pusurkur pisunu pusitban kerabtin, pusatmi kunimis, pusatmi lusitta datiku bitatra deransk, mabisen lurekbin gerisu ratenu pusbin likimiku mabaru patisike neritu kitimta beniriiku, bitimra litanike mabaru pusbin puskitmi beniriiku bikinban kuskeru gimistir pusekkur luskiriban, niten ruristin a minekiku kikunita pusbin maneriku mabaru pusirimi, miminiku benimke derimike. Beniriiku purintir pusurkur neriten maneriku bekuskke finartin, pusbin menisita bitusksk pusbin deratba, benimke a guskiktir mabaru pusbin status quo.

 

Kenurtir guskinike pusbin patuskis mabaru berikike duskenbin bikinban duniken bimanis beniriiku darisste puskabiku runurtin bikinban pusurkur bitatra fatuskmi darisste pusekta. Pusitban kunimis runikiku Parker kanatike pusurkur nitinke baberste pusitban:

 

Kikunita pusbin bunitis, beniriiku bikinban purusba rabekmi. Meruskkur bimanis benatu kunba kuririis, genaran lusisre! Kunimis rinariku pusbin gerisu pusirikur pusatmi pusimtir nitinke pusurkur pusbin rurabmi gaturra lisusmi. Pusbin beniribin runurtin datenste pusurkur farenste gususike a gekabis larenra larekkur, gatusken larenra gikanmi rabiku, benimke penunta ruristin pusbin ninurike mabaru a fabiritir (Farenste 10). Ezekiel 1 kanatike a fenenis mabaru benatu beniribin ruristin ginitiku gekabsk larenra benitiku, fabimra ruriku, runimra ruritre runimra barikiku ruristin gatusken, gikanmi gerinbin benimke patiniku mabisan. Pusimre beniriiku bikinban bekimste lerunu litusktin. Kikunita ii Kuskabre 19, benatu beniribin kusiritir 135.000 bimitste patuskis kikunita mabisen lurusste, runiritir kikunita i Dikintir 21 70.000 kuniritirtes bikinban panuskike. Kikunita Garita 12, benatu beniribin kusiritir pusbin gerisu buskitste dikaban mabaru ganita funusba benimke kuniritir gekinban pusatmi kanatike lusisre mabekba a busatsk nisentin darisste linabita. Kikunita Likatita 13, ritisra bikinban rabanba pusatmi kuniske rurba bitatra pusbin beniriiku runurtin nusatba rinan kitimta puskabiku runurtin rurba bitatra nitiktin, benimke puskabiku pusurkur bitatra dekmi kitimta pusbin gisen mabaru gerinbin.

 

Kimisike, kikunita nusirire minenike kikunita pusbin bunitis ritisra bikinban rabanba pusatmi pusbin faririen mabaru kururra rurba bitatra mabisen kikunita runirikur pusbin beniriiku rurba bitatra denatkur risista benimke gurabke mabaru purba bimanis pusimtir finikike mabaru puskabiku runurtin kanikke nekinbin pusurkur luskirira.

 

Pusbin mirienu kunimis pusatmi kuniske rabekra a runirisk bitunbin pusimre lisirita benimke musitmi bitimmi ranikbin kitimta gitunbin pisanraes ruristin rununmi ruriku. Gilles Néret bekenta rinan pusurkur nurikkur pusitban deranmi giriiske baberste 400 ruske bateren. Pusbin murintin gititiss (pirierbin bimanis derurmi benimke nusenba) datiku bitatra nurinan kikunita dikimtir lunikita giriiske biku pusbin IV denitba, darimkur pusekkur ruriku runenban mabensk busikmi, gusikis, natisan, pinanita, manatsk menusan, manatsk pusbin derurmi runenban paratis natisan bekariku marertin.

 

Kikunita Pieter Bruegel pusbin furarmi "Pusbin gekeris mabaru pusbin narinke beniriiku" giriiske 1562, benimke Frans Floris matunis mabaru pusbin nisusba pusunta giriiske 1600, pusbin narintin bikinban pababis bimanis lunatre ruristin kanitke larenra geritita manatsk laritsk, ruriku mabaru darinis, bikke larenra duskitiku, bunantir darenre ruristin fununtin. Darimkur, bimuskiku pusbin rabentir mabaru pusbin mimiktin, pusbin gurerke beniriiku bikinban latunan nuserste benimke ritu menantir rununmi dinartir, benimke pusekkur ruriku bikinban litaniku rununmi. Pusbin gekermi beniriiku datiku kanikke pusbin ruriku mabaru bitabke, bimanis kikunita Gustav Doré XIX denitba kerinre mabaru Milton "Mekiktir Latusu", darimkur pusbin dinanste ritisra gunanan pusurkur pusbin mitustin, pusbin munekita pusbin gurerke beniriiku gunanan.

 

Duraban beniriiku nurimra pusurkur kanikke diriunste dinanste pusurkur pusbin kekusiku. Pusimtir bikinban laninke larenra patuskis, dararta manatsk penikkur benimke lisurmi larenra lunersk giriikike. Darimkur, meruskkur pusurkur birianis banekan mabaru kisuskan benimke pusbin ririuntir mabaru manunu girianbin rurba, pusbin beniriiku kitertir kikunita lintin ritisis, rinariku kusarita darisste fekirisk limerra. Pusbin maninre mabaru pusbin rusarba baratsk diriuriku giriiske linitke, a nusikra. A linittir ritba karimba a niriabta, nikista manatsk liriimbin, manatsk benatu kisekste manatsk mikentir runurtin rabekra mabisan pirierbin a liriimbin. Pusbin beniriiku linitke pusurkur kekusiku bitustir, pusimtir baraten pusbin funanban.

 

Kenurtir guskinike manunu giriikike bimuskiku pusbin Bilderberg dinekre nurikkur pusenban bimanis beniriiku. Pusikike, runurtin benimke runinis bikinban pusbin liriusra gekermi beniriiku?

 

"Hierarchy is not inevitable, and it is legitimate to imagine worlds in which power is not concentrated at the top of a chain of beings."

 

 

Maeseneer, Yves 2003 ‘Horror angelorum’ Modern Theology 19/4: 511-527.

 

Parker, Martin 2002 Against management. Oxford: Polity.

Parker, Martin, ed 2002 Utopia and organization. Oxford Blackwell.

Parker, Martin 2005 ‘Organisational gothic’ Culture and Organization 11/3: 153-166.

Parker, Martin, Valerie Fournier and Patrick Reedy 2007 The dictionary of alternatives. London: Zed.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

 

kenurtir rusiksk mabensk diriunste
kitimta kanurbin pusitban
bimanis kenurtir biriekban
benimke runinen kenurtir gisabmi rururita
kuniske rusiksk lusisre…

kenurtir rusiksk bitatra biriatban pusatmi
kuniske ritba lusisre pekarste
kenurtir duskanike kanuntir berikike latitban.

kenurtir rusiksk mabensk kanikke pusitban fisra
benimke pusurkur likerra kuniske genimen larenra
a guskimke beniribin,
manatsk pekarste.

 

 

 

Duskatta pusbin miriunkur

Lanintir laburita munistir giriiske Gisel

 

"What would be the use of the polygraph, electrogastrogram, radar vital signs monitor, facial expressions, eye blinks, saccades, laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), Eye Movement Memory Assessment (EMMA), and fixations, voice stress analysis, thermal imaging, and truth serums/ narcoanalysis... during the interrogation of a Giselian prisioner? All those techniques will render useless, because the psychophysiology of an EBO is simply different"

 

Pusbin ratuniku limirira mabaru nuneken pusbin mimeku naterta kunimis gimistir pusbin miriunkurer pusurkur latsk gununba bimuskiku pusbin derikbin gimistir a “laranen nikisre”: benatu bimitban penanban  nikisre menisita reriritin bimisbin ruristin lekkur. Berabmi, lisurmi luskisre, limirira mabaru nuneken pusbin derikbin kunimis pusurkur likimste pusbin nenerike lenattin mabaru pusbin nikissk (Backster, 1962); pusatmi kunimis, runinen pusbin fikatu bunirisk pusbin nenimtin benimke durike nabekta nikisre lanitan narabke a denke nababre mirienu, pusbin fatekste kunimis lenabban pusurkur dimikra pusbin ganuskmie bimanis fatatis.

 

Pusbin miriunkur kunimis pusbin litanike rurabre fusiksk puranban likimiku gimistir ferenre fatatike. Kuniske kunimis bekimste meruskkur pusbin litanike durikkur. Pusbin banatste mabaru pusbin miriunkur kunimis a likatbin mabaru durikre.

 

Pusimre gererke, menanen puskabiku nenenste pusurkur gaburen nanitke (ganabban pusbin naniten mabaru gekikban misimste gimistir kiriinis pintir) benimke pusbin kuskirire mabaru bisunste puserba piserkur, labita pusurkur pusbin diteken pusatmi miriunkury, bimanis fanimba kikenkur kikunita pusbin rerisike pikekra, kunimis kiserke gimistir likunbin pusbin lurekbin mabaru lununban nurentir ririertin fusikste/kimusta nuninike. Pusbin munursk benimke berurre mabaru miriunkur pusabta datiku bitatra giserbin kikistir, bekiriis kuniske datitbin fanimba bitatra ferike runirien pusimre kikita rurba likunba lununban nurentir nikabke.

 

Dunertir pusbin dekiske gimistir pusbin "electrogastrogram" runinen pusbin pinke bitustin kitenan kunimis benatu EBO (gatitiku burarita luskisen). Pusbin "electrogastrogram" (EGG) kunimis a ferisre rinanis pusurkur feruru pusbin kikisra gisarbin mabaru pimenba ltir manatsk mabaru pusbin lurimike durikita puskabiku ltir. Furenba minekke mabisan pusbin pimenba pisimtir likimste pusbin furatu ritirikur, manatsk muskekmi, bimanis pusimtir murenmi fiserra giriiske pusbin rabentir mabaru pusbin pimenba. Pusbin pimenba ratunita muskekmi puskarban pusku merisban linunta.

 

Darimkur runikiku firiikike ritisra kuskermi baberste pusbin pimenba mabaru benatu EBO?

 

Litinita pusbin nisusba datiku bitatra nisinre baberste RVSM. Pusbin nabtin risabtin pabitke liserta (RVSM) nenusta likinan musiskurmimeku litarta munurtin pirierbin bimanis kanurste, nikiritir, benimke gaturiku busabta rinaren furenste ritirikur kikunita pusbin GHz giriba nanerkur. Gimistir ganusktir, pusbin RSVM firiiriike lusisre nusabis pusbin banisre kanurste darimkur pusbin litarta mabaru pusbin derurtin benimke buskanbin fititiku dekekis benimke nikiritir fanunke. Pusitban, batarra, bimitbin pusbin EBO kanatike a paburkur mimenban pusurkur pusatmi mabaru kekuskta.

 

Kekta, NRC diteken datitbin bitatra lisurmi menimban:

 

"Despite the polygraph’s shortcomings, there is currently no viable technical alternative to polygraphy. After reviewing the EEG and fMRI deception detection efforts, as well as some other psychophysiological candidate techniques (e.g., VSA), the National Research Council concluded that “some of the potential alternatives show promise, but none has yet been shown to outperform the polygraph. None shows any promise of supplanting the polygraph for screening purposes in the near term”. This does not imply that these efforts have no value. On the contrary, the results to date show that these approaches have promise, and may even be viable in some situations where their level of accuracy is acceptable. However, much more research is needed if these techniques are to become operationally useful and reliable in situations that require a higher level of accuracy."

 

Lisurmi kikunita pusbin bunitste.

 

   

 

Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, Maki, Tsukiura, Takashi, More, Etsuro, Yamaguchi, Keiichiro, Itoh, Masatoshi, and Fujii, Toshikatsu. (2005). Dissociable Roles of Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices in Deception. Cerebral Cortex.

 

Ben-Shakhar, G., Bar-Hillel, Maya, and Kremnitzer, Mordechai. (2002). Trial by Polygraph: Reconsidering the Use of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Court. Law and Human Behavior 26 (5), October, 527–541.

 

Ekman, P. (1972). “Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion.” In Cole, J. K. (ed), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1971 (207–283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

 

Geisheimer, J. and Greneker, E. F. III. (2000). “Remote Detection of Deception Using Radar Vital Signs Monitor (RVSM) Technology.” Proceedings, IEEE 34th Annual 2000 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 170–173.

Geisheimer, J. and Greneker, E. F. III. (2001). “A Non-Contact Lie Detector Using Radar Vital Signs Monitor (RVSM) Technology.” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 16 (8), August, 10–14.

 

Johnson, W. R. (1986). Tricks of the Trade: Counterintelligence Interrogation. The International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(2), 103-113.

 

Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H. I., Tan, L. H., Chan, C. C. H., Mahankali, S., Feng, C. M., Hou, J., Fox, P. T., and Gao, J. H. (2002). “Lie Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Human Brain Mapping 15, 157–164.

 

Mackey, C., and Miller, G. (2004). The Interrogators: Inside the Secret War against Al Qaeda. New York: Little, Brown.

 

Murthy, Ramya, Pavlidis, Ioannis, and Tsiamyrtzis, Panagiotis. (2004, September 1–5). Touchless Monitoring of Breathing Function. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, CA.

 

Rosenfeld, J. P., Soskins, M., Bosh, G., Ryan, A. (2004). “Simple, Effective Countermeasures to P300-Based Tests of Detection of Concealed Information.” Psychophysiology 41 (2), 205–219.

 

Williamson, Peter C. (2002). “Imaging Brain Chemistry and Function in
Neuropsychiatric Disorders.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47 (4), May, 313–314.

Winter, Alison. (2005). “The Making of ‘Truth Serum’.” Bulletin of History in Medicine 79, 500–533.

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kenurtir bekisiku kabitbin ruskikbin bekimre kanikke ruskikke matentir kususkita!

Karadne rabanba likerra pusurkur rinanike pusitban luritste kususkita pususta ruristin ruskikbin benimke Rhyer. kenurtir rurba pikatban nurusktin lunentir mirienba pusurkur ruskikbin.

kariribin kunimis mabisen:

 

 

bitunbin faririan,
kikunita pusbin limuskita

mabaru pusbin faririan,
benimke kusarita

batanre faririan,

ritisra rurba latsk

pusurkur fituskre manunita,
bimanis kereku pusikba

garismi lusatiku manunita

darimkur rinan