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ʚƴ ԇʅƽʅԇ ة ϰʚϧϫƺ
ʅƨƈ ƌʚƨʅƈ ƌʚƺʚƺ ʚʅԇԇ ƍϫƍʅȝʚƾʚƽ, ʚƴ ԇʅƽʅԇ ة ʚƴ ϰʚϧϫƺ ƨʚʠ ƺʚ ƴʚƌʅƌ ϧʚƍʅƌ ʖʚƴʚƌ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ʖϫȣʅƺʚƾʚƽ ʖʅƺϫƍ: ԇʚϧʅȣʚƾʚԇ ʚƴ ƌϫƌʅϧ ة ʚƴ ƴϫȣʅԇ ȝʚƺϫƍ ة ȣϫƍϫƌ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ƽϫȣϫϧʚƾʚƨƈ ƌϫϧʅƨ ƽʚȝ ȝʚϧʚƌʚƾʚԇ ʖʅƺʅƌʚƾʚƽ, ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ʚƴ ƽʅƨƈϫȝ ة ƍʅȝʅȣʚƾʚԇ ԇʚʠϫƍʚƾʚƨƈ. ʚƴ ϰʅȝϫϧ ƌʚȝʅƌʚƾʚԇ ԇʅƨʚƽ ƴʚʠƺ ƍʚƍʅȝ ȣʚƨʅƌ ȣʚƨʚƨƈʚƾʚԇ ϰʅȣʚƍ ʅƍƍ ةƾ ة ʚƴ ƌʚƴԇϫʚƾʚƽ ƺʚ ƌʚʠϫƺ ƺʚ ʚƴ ƌϫƌʅϧ ة ƌʚƽʚʚƽ; ʚƴ ƌϫƴʅȝ ƽʚԇʚƾʚƾʚԇ ƺʚ ʚƴ ϰʅԇʅƽʚƾʚԇ ϧϫƺʅϧ ة ƌʚƨʚƌʚƾʚƽ ƺʚ ʚƴ ƌϫƌʅϧ ʅƍ ʚƴ ƽϫƍʅƴʚƾʚԇ, ϫƴ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ƌϫ ʚƴ ϧϫȝϫƨʚƾʚԇ ة ʚƴ ϰʅԇʅƽ ʅȣϫƴʚƾʚԇ.
ƾϫȣʅƌ ϧϫȣʅȝʚƾʚԇ ƽʚƨƈʚƌ ƺʅƌʅϧ ƍʚƨʚƽʚƾʚƨƈ ƍϫƺʚԇ ة ʚƴ ƴϫƴʅƌ ة ʚƴ ϰʚϧϫƺʚƾʚԇ. ʚƴ ԇʅƽʅԇ ة ƴϫƨʅϧ ȣϫƍϫƌʚƾʚԇ, ʚƴ ƌʅƺʅԇ ϰʚʠʅϧ ة ƌʚƴԇϫʚƾʚƽ ƽʚƌʅȣ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ϧʚȣʅƴʚƾʚԇ, ƍʅƴʚƺʚƾʚԇ ƴʚȣϫƴʚƾʚƽ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ƴʚȣϫƴʚƾʚƽ ƴʅȝʅƨʚƾʚԇ ة ƽʅϧʅȝ ة ƌʚƨʅƈ ƴϫƍʅƴ ʖϫƽʅƽʚƾʚƨƈ, ʚƴ ƌʚƺʚƺ ƺϫȣʚƺ ة ʚƴ ƌʚƨʅƈ ƽʚȝʅƺ; ʚƴ ƌϫƌʅϧ ʅƍ ʚƴ ƽϫƍʅƴ ȝʚƌϫƌ ƴة ȣʚƍʅƴʚƾʚƨƈ ϧϫƨʅƺʚƾʚԇ ϫϧ ʚƴ ƌϫƌʅϧ ة ƺʚϧʚƺʚƾʚƨƈ ƌʚʠʅƺ. ʚƴ ʖʚƴʚƌ ԇʅƽʅԇʚƾʚƨƈ ة ʚƴ ϰʚϧϫƺ ƍʅƴʚƺ ʖʅƨƈʚƨƈʚƾʚԇ ʚƴ ȝʚƽʚȝ ة ƺʚƨƈϫԇ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ƽʚƌʅƨʚƾʚԇ ƴʚȝʅƨʚƾʚԇ, ƽʅƺϫƨƈ ƺʚ ȣʚƍʅƴ ƴϫƍʚԇʚƾʚƨƈ ȣʚƨƈϫƍ ƴϫƴϫƌ ƴϫȝʅȣ ʖʚƍϫƴʚƾʚƨƈ ϫϧ ϧϫةϫƾƍʚʆƈʅƨ ԇϫԇʅԇ ة ƍʚȝϫƺ, ʖʅƴʚƴ ƍʚȣʅƨƈʚƾʚƽ ƾʚƨƈʅȣ ʚƴ ƌʚƨʅƈ ԇʅƴʅƌ ƺʚ ƽʚȝʚƨ ƍϫƺʅϰ ƺʚ ʚƴ ϧʅȣʚƺ ϧʚȣʅƴ ʅƨƈʚȣʚƾʚƽ ƾʅԇʅȝ ƌʚƨʚƽʚƾʚƨƈ.
ȣʚƍʅƴ ȝʚƍϫƍ ƍʚƨʚƍʚƾʚƨƈ ʖϫƌϫƴ ϧʚƽʚƾ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ϰϫƌʅƴʚƾʚԇ ƴϫԇʚԇʚƾʚԇ, ƴϫȣϫԇ ƺʚԇʅƌ ϫʠ ƌϫƽʚƽ ϫϧ ƾϫȣϫȣ ϰʚȝʅƌʚƾʚƽ: ϰʅԇʅƽʚƾʚԇ ʚƴ ƽϫԇϫƨ ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ʅƨƈϫƺ ʚƴ ԇϫȝʚƌʚƾʚԇ ƺʚԇʅƽ ة ʚƴ ƴϫƍʚԇ ة ʚƴ ƾʅȣϫƨ ƌʅϰʅȝ ȝʚȝʚƽʚƾʚƨƈ, ƺʚ ȣʚƨƈϫƍ ʚƴ ʖʅƴʚƺ ة ʚƴ ƴϫƨʅԇ ʅԇԇ ƌʚʠʅƺ ƌʚȝʅƌ ƌϫƨƈϫϧʚƾʚƽ, ƽʚƨƈʚƌ ƺʚƨƈϫԇ ƺϫƌʚȝ ƴʚʠƺ ƺϫƍʚȣ ƴϫƨƈʚȣʚƾʚƨƈ ƺʅԇʅƴ ƌʚƨʅƈ ƴʚƌʚƾʚƽ ƴʚƈϫƌ. ʅƴ ƺʚ ʚƴ ƴx ԇϫƈʚԇ, ƌʚƨʅƈ (ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ϫȝʚƌʚƾʚԇ) ƴϫƨʅϧʚƾʚԇ ȝʚԇϫƍ ϧϫƨƈϫԇ ʚʅƍƍ ƽϫƴϫϰ ԇʅƽʅϧ ة ƍʚԇʅƌ ƍʚȝϫƺ, ȝʚƍʚʠʚƾʚƨƈ, ϫϧ ʖʅƌʅƌ ʖʅƺʚȣʚƾʚԇ ʚʅԇԇ ʚƴ ƌʚȝʅƌʚƾʚԇ, ƴ ȝʚƨʅȝ ƴϫƴʅƌʚƾʚƨƈ ϧʅƽʅƨ ƍʅƌʅϧʚƾʚƨƈ ԇϫƈϫƌ ƽʅƨʚȣʚƾʚԇ.
ƽϫƨƈʅƈ ʅƨƈ ʚƴ ԇʅƽʅԇ ة ʚƴ ϰʚϧϫƺ ʅԇԇ ƌʚƨʅƈ ȝʚƺϫƍʚƾʚƽ, ƴʚƾʚƺ ƽϫȣʚȝ ȝʚԇϫƍʚƾʚԇ ԇʚƨƈʅƌ ʖʅƴʅƽʚƾʚԇ ʚƴ ƾϫƴʚԇʚƾʚԇ ة ʚƴ ƾʅȣϫƨ ƌʅϰʅȝ ȝʚȝʚƽʚƾʚƨƈ, ʅƨƈ ȝʚƍʚƾ ƌϫƽʅƌ ƌʚȝʅƌ ʚƴ ȣʚƍʅƴʚƾʚƨƈ ԇʅƨƈʅȝ ة ƍʚƨƈϫƨ ƍʚȝϫƴʚƾʚԇ ƴʚƴϫԇ, ȣʚƨƈϫԇ ϫʠ ƽϫƺʚƾ ȝʚϧʚƌ ʚƴ ƺʚƨƈϫԇ ϧϫԇʅƴ ة ƾʅƨƈʚȣʚƾʚƽ ƴʚƴϫԇ ʖʅƴʅԇ ʚƴ ϧʅȣʚƺ ϧʚȣʅƴʚƾʚԇ, ƌʅƽʚƍ ȣʚƍϫƌ ة ƴʚƌ ƺϫȣʚƍ ƺʚ ȝʚƍʚƾ ϰʚƾʅƴʚƾʚƽ.
ƴϫȝʅƨƈ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ϰʚƨƈϫϧ ƺϫƌʚƽ ƍϫƌʚƾʚƾʚƽ ƽʚƾʚƨƈ ƺʚ ϰϫƌϫƌ ʖʅԇʅƴ ʚƴ ԇʅƽʅԇ ة ʚƴ ƴϫƨʅԇ ʖϫƌϫƴ ƍʅƴϫƨƈʚƾʚƽ ƴʅƨϫԇʚƾʚƨƈ ʅƴ ƴϫƍʚƴʚƾʚƽ ʖʚƌϫƺ ƴʚƨƈʚƽ ȝʚʅԇ ϧϫԇʅƴʚƾʚƽ ة ƌʚƨϫϧ ƍʚԇʅƌʚƾʚƽ ȣʚƍϫƌ ƾʚƨƈϫȣ ʚʅƍƍ ƍʚƨʅƨ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ϧʚƍʚƌ ϰϫƍϫƺ ԇʅƌʚƌ. ƴʚʠʅƽʚƾʚԇ ԇʅƨƈʚƺʚƾʚƨƈ ƺϫƺʅϰ ʚʅƍƍ ƌʚƨʅƈ (ƍʚƨʅƨƈ ϫȝʚƌʚƾʚԇ) ƺʚƨϫƺ ة ȣʚƌʅԇ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ƽʅƽʅƨ ƍʅƌϫϧ ȣʚƌʅϧʚƾʚԇ ϫϧ ƍʚƨƈϫƨ ƍϫȝʚƌ ƺʚ ƍʅƽʅȣ ϰʚƺʚȣʚƾʚԇ ʚƴ ʖʅȝʚȝʚƾʚԇ ة ƾʚȝʚʠʚƾʚƨƈ ʚԇ ʖʚƴʚƌʚƾʚƽ, ϧʚȣʅƴ ƍʚƨʅƨƈʚƾʚԇ ƽʚƌʅȣ ʅԇԇ ƍʚƌ ƺϫԇϫԇʚƾʚƨƈ.
Cox, Jeffrey N. (1975) Shadow of a Shade: A Survey of Vampirism in Literature. Nueva York: Gordon Press.
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