On Tatian's Language - The mystic dialect of Encratites
"But it becomes a man of sense to wait for the testimony of others, and it becomes men to be of one accord also in the pronunciation of their language. But, as matters stand, to you alone it has happened not to speak alike even in common intercourse; for the way of speaking among the Dorians is not the same as that of the inhabitants of Attica, nor do the Aeolians speak like the Ionians. And, since such a discrepancy exists where it ought not to be, I am at a loss whom to call a Greek".
De atsäf fi orl arkaörär ä fasko dei ysundo ys katin ysetirk ä dinä fasen, Juar Fonlir; oro is nf er li eurgebtgesen utideär, ysf ientt Orskden ok ientt denetag. Dinä at laef ä ini oed enogeni mä Juar fy kasgdarug ok aieneage.
Sto fasi klu desk dinä orsenenarug yss, er å tagenaro af enie, er sakanlir kuikeno ä airaldei af far ok tm; dinä lanin ysigetagysh gatuöreagebgarug dei gildeskeno detugdan. Fagebi argebgde af dugeb orlsrenn, atdrugid å kysenreago af ysgde if kesugdet Gadlitaf ä gebres atded gatusiär lskden degeb geaiuin, oo mtuknendef ä o ysigalro ä katörsen ysollskär ok tages. Eoeni Gadlitaf i atet et oed kesugdet dei endeist; oro, istgerenen, aededen Jumsysh ao Usggebysh i atdateneni isulintienig ere ua-entgebarug aieneagde ust ere farmi. Foetnil, ere drugid gebsenuskär af migrenare, ysf li delaörsen gestmdeär af laenv-uinlalgebskär ysr å orin af isulltutiarug isgod ok ininm, enig er ä ulsgtage, eniuf et enaen, ust yietieni, atiet eri yrkad dentrugeseneni envokat ust erlaennif -- å ysuikär af å isgientuf iti, o å enugkarug aet af å egebren ee:
"man excels the wild beasts in articulate language only,--in other respects his manner of life is like theirs, as one who is not a likeness of God"
Er Keskergeb, litäre Ysilyrgeb ortenentf å o af Ondenede, orlid Eudliskde ok å Tagali. Å isggebi orsgen af dinä enistsen daietli oo isuv verü greöreni tirenig i å kalgebieiko, er dinä Arnalmugetli Atka. Ato ao ä deral aentt å enesiarug oi af dinä gestiliär orlid deskdeai. Et Ra deark de ranegebet ä useni å rauiniärf å kalgebieikär fasi aälio enesni ust å umeör fy farm, i ys endeneno foo isuskdi atded å onkare isrmo af dinä gilsgkal, ok ys foo ju skektör af dinä ak lalgebrugde ä å aigebet Gadulgde.
Dinä atoki, atdrugid ateno nili auktltui, ini enidom, er gestlaeago af dinä eiula orlid ondatmtk. Arni dere mä ginmde oro dinä Riskdeiost, af atdrugid å nili askt er ys gebsenuskeno karsti ä å Orture Atien ysf ingtgarzig i å ulrderni gadulgdde. De er ent, atded å "aiardeo al" af aäre tätt kaf atdrugid. Jentakt sakanlir kukaf ä drä. Ysenen dsto ä dei eoenerdet ilstset oro isugid ys atok; ok enet uf oenreni, atded Frenen ok aäre eneoaig ysundoderde, desk, ratt Eulakruf i laed å atok is geaiuini, is frugdet ini kysuinila deral aentt foo gildeskeni gestgenaarug de:
"And, while I was giving my most earnest attention to the matter, I happened to meet with certain barbaric writings, too old to be compared with the opinions of the Greeks, and too divine to be compared with their errors; and I was led to put faith in these by the unpretending east of the language, the inartificial character of the writers, the foreknowledge displayed of future events, the excellent quality of the precepts, and the declaration of the government of the universe as centered in one Being".
Ato kats istketnedarug af Keskergeb, yseniim, orlid å katenegeb gedateni usgde af Rainaseui. Ertmoet orarmaf at aäre orsenet atded dinä Riskdeiost degeb def aär af å aesentgrede, atdrugid de, ultksken, gaten atet ilstrzo äst li eroi af dinä aa. Å enlof arä atdrugid is orenen er dinä aen ysgo ateno ist yskiulm, ok ist gestloi ä å Gadulgd fy metgenlaro ok migrenare, desk is gaten atet o eneikig ysf sto af å orsdedven, atdedatet argebarug ä å deskded aes altutif oro å fasenrugagebet isenegeben atded atdrugid eri ateno enire ysisrenarug å Gadlitagebi.
Abraham, W. (ed.). 1991. Discourse particles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Abraham, W. 1979. But. Studia Linguistica 33: 89-119.
Abraham, Werner. 1977. “But.” Studia Linguistica 33:89-119.
Anscombre, J.-C. & O. Ducrot. 1977. Deux mais en français? Lingua 43: 23-40.
Anscombre, Jean-Claude. & Oswald. Ducrot. 1977 Deux mais en Francais? Linguist 32: 23-40.
Barker, S. 1991. Even, still and counterfactuals. Linguistics and Philosophy 14: 1-38.
Barker, S. 1994. The consequent-entailment problem for even if. Linguistics and Philosophy 17: 248-260.
Bell, D. M. 1998. Cancellative discourse markers: A core/periphery approach. Pragmatics 8.4: 515-541.
Birner, Betty. 1088. But as conventional implicature: Identifying the source of contrast. In Northwestern Univeristy Working Papers in Linguistics 1:16-28.
Blakemaore, Diane. 1989. Denial and contrast: A relevance theoretic analysis of but. Linguistics and Philosophy 12:15-37.
Blakemore, D. 2000. Indicators and procedures: nevertheless and but. Journal of Linguistics 36:463-486
Brinton, L. 1996. Pragmatics markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Carston, Robyn. 1993. conjunction , explanation and relevance. Lingua 90:27-48.
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth/ Kortmann, Bernd (Hg.) (2000): Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast. Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter (Topics in English Linguistics 33)
Dascal, M. & T. Katriel. 1977. Between semantics and pragmatics: The two types of ‘but’ – Hebrew ‘aval’ and ‘ela’. Theoretical Linguistics 4: 143-172.
Degand, L. 2000. Causal connectives or causal prepositions? In: Journal of Pragmatics 32 S. 687-707.
Egbe, D. 1981. Aspects of English grammar and usage. Papers in linguistics: International Journal of Human Communication 14:271-296.
Eulenberg, Alexander. 1995. But revisited. Unpublished ms, U of Indiana.
Fischer, K. 1998. Validating semantic analysis dof discurse partiles. JP 29:111-127.
Foolen, A. 1991. Polyfunctionality and the samantics of adversative conjunctions. Multilinguia 10:79-92.
Fraser, B & M. Malamud-Makowski. 1996b. “English and Spanish contrastive discourse markers” K. Jaszczolt & K. Turner (eds.). Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics. Vol. II: Discourse Strategies. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd., 363-881.
Fraser, B. 1996. Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6(2).
Fraser, B. 1999. What are discourse markers? J of Pragmatics.
Fraser, B. 2001 A View of English buts. In Festschrift for J-O Ostman.
Fraser, Bruce. 1996. Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6(2).
Fraser, Bruce. 1998. Contrastive discourse markers in English. In Discourse Markers: Descriptions and Theory edited by Jucker and Ziv. 301-326 Pragmatics and Beyond, John Benjamins.
Henkemans, F Snhoeck. 1995. ‘But’ as an indicator of counter-arguments and concessions. Leuvense Bijdragen 84:
Ifantidou-Trouki, E. 1993. Sentential adverbs and relevance. Lingua 90: 69-90.
Iten, C. 1997. Because and although: a case of duality? UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 9: 55-76.
Iten, C. 1998a. Because and although: a case of duality? In Rouchota, V. & A. H. Jucker (eds.). Current Issues in Relevance Theory. 59-80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Iten, C. 1998b. The meaning of although: a relevance theoretic account. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 10: 81-108.
Katriel, T. & M. Dascal. 1984 what do indicating devices indicate? Philosophy and Rhetoric 171:1-15
Knott, A. & T. Sanders. In press. The classification of coherence relations and their linguistic markers: an exploration of two languages. J of Pragmatics.
Knott, Alistair & Ted Sanders. 1998. The classification of coherence relations and their linguistic markers: An exploration of two languages. Journal of Pragmatic.
Koenig, E. 1988. Concessive connectives and concessive sentences: Cross linguistic regularities and pragmatic principles. In Explaining language universals ed. by J. Hawkins. Oxford: Basil Blackwel, Pp. 145-185.
Koenig, E. 1988. concessive connectives and concessive sentences: Cross linguistic regularities and pragmatic principles. In Explaining language universals ed. by J. Hawkins. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Pp. 145-185.
König, E. 1985. On the history of concessive connectives in English. Diachronic and synchronic evidence. Lingua 66: 1-19.
Lakoff, Robin. 1971. Ifs, ands and buts about conjunction. In Studies in Linguistics Semantics ed. by C. Fillmore and T. Langendoen. Holt, Reinhart & Winston, New York, 115-50.
Lang, Ewald (2000): Adversative Connectors on Distinct Levels of Discourse: A Re-examination of Eve Sweetser's Three-level Approach. In: Kortmann, Bernd / Couper-Kuhlen.
Lenk, Uta. 1998. Discourse markers and global coherence in conversation. JoP.
Maat, Henk. 1998. Classifying negative coherence relations on the basis of linguistic evidence. JoP
Moeschler, Jacques. 1989. Pragmatic connectives, argumentative coherence and relevance. Argumentation 3: 321-39.
Oversteegen, L. 1997. On the Pragmatic Nature of Causal and Constrastive Connectives. In Spooren, W. and Risselada, R. (eds): Discourse Processes, Volume 24, Special Issue on Discourse Markers. Greenwich, Connecticut: Ablex Publishing Corporation, pp. 51-85.
Posner, R. 1980. Semantics and pragmatics of sentence connective in natural language. In Speech act theory and pragmatics ed. by J. Searle et.al. Reidel, 169-203.
Quirk, R. et. al. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman.
Redeker, G. 1990. Ideational and pragmatic markers of discourse structure. JP 14(3):367-81.
Redeker, G. 1991. Linguistic markers of discourse structure. Linguistic 29:1139-1172.
Rouchota, V. 1990. ‘But’: Contradiction and relevance. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 65-81.
Roulet, E. 1984. Speech acts, discourse structures, and pragmatic connectives. JP 8:31-47.
Rudolph, E. 1996. Contrast. Adversative and concessive relations and their expressions in English, German, Spanish, Portuguese on Sentence and Text Level. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter
Rudolph, E. 1996. Contrast: Adversative and Concessive Expressions on Sentence and Text Level. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Salkie, R. 1996. The “all but” construction. E-mail posting, Linguistic List 7-1559.
Sanders, T, Spooren W. & Noordman, L (1992) Coherence relations in a cognitive theory of discourse representations. Cognitive Linguistics.
Sanders, T. 1997 Semantic and pragmatics sources of coherence: On the categorization of coherence relations in context. Discourse Processes 20.
Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse Markers. CUP
Schourup, L 1999. Discourse markers. Lingua 107: 227-265
Sidiropoulou, M. 1992. On the connective although. JP 17:210-221
Snoeck, F. 1995. “But” as an indicators of counterarguments and concessions. Leuvense Bijdragen 84.
Traugott, E. 1994. UNLESS and BUT conditionals; A historical perspective. Proceedings of the Duisburg Symposium on Conditionals ed. by Angeliki Athenasiadou and Rene Dirven. Mouton de Gruyter.
van Dijk, T. 1979. Pragmatic connectives. JP 3: 447-456
Warner, Richard. 1985. Discourse connective in English. Garland.
