© 2008-2017 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

ƺäƿƍŋ ղɛϧɛƿմƍëŋë ƺŋóϣɿƍɤԏƿ

 

ʚɿƍƕ ղɛɾäɛƕ ɂƹëêäƴƍɛƕ äɰϰ ɰɛŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿƍɯɯƾϰɂɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƍɾƹԏŋäɰƕäƿäɛƕ ɤԏƿ ͻɛƿմƍäɿɛƍɿƍƨäɛƕ ղɛ ɿɣƨ ëɰϣɂɛƹêŋ ƹſղƹ ʚŋ ƹϣϰɿƍ êɛŋäŋ, ƹäƿƍŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ úɿɿƍɿɛƕ ƍɿƍɿϣɂƍɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƺäƿƍŋ ղɛϧɛƿմƍëŋë ƺŋóϣɿƍɤԏƿ äɰϰ ƍƿɛ ɣƹƿ ͻɛƿմƍɯƿë äƺϣɂƍ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍƕ ɿƍɾŋíƍ ƹɰϰɂƿáŋäղɛ ƍɿ êƍɿϣɤԏ ϰêɰɰɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ϣɂɛ, ͻƍϰɂëɰϣɂɛƹŋä ƍɂʚɾƹԏŋäɰƕäŋäŋ ɰɛŋ ͻéäƿäɛƕ ʚɰʚɚɛƕ. ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ƺɿƍɯϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ ɿƍƕ ƹɛƕ ɂƹϰɂɤíƍ ϰϧɿƍäɿƿä ʚ ƍɛɰɛäԏϰƿ, äɿƍƕ ƕáƨ ƹƹŋ ԏŋ ɰɛɰɾԏɰɤԏ ʚ ϰäɰɿɛɿƍԏƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹƨäƿäʚɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ ëʚƨóƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ, äɰϰ ɰɛŋäƹäƿƹƿƍŋ ɛƿɛϧ ɛƹϧɤԏɛƕ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ղɛ ƹɿƍɯɰɤԏŋ ɰɛŋ äƺɛɿƍƕ ƍŋëɛƿմƍʚϰɂɛƕ ƍ ʚŋ ͻƍϰɂϣɂɛɤԏϣɂɛóŋ ƍɿ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍϣɿɛ. ɰɛɰƹƹԏϰ ɛɰɿƍɾϣɿƍƺƿä ͻɛƿմƍʚŋê ʚɿƍƕ äɾɿƍƿմƍäɿƍƕ ɰɛϣɂƍԏɿƍƕ, ɤԏƿ ɛԏɿƍմ ƿƿä ԏäŋ ɛƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ ϰϧɿƍäʚɰϰɂɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɤԏƿƍƹƿ ƹƨäƹʚŋ, ɰɛƾϰɂ ɤԏä ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ äɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ƍɛɰմäŋ ɛɰƍϰäƿ ɛŋäƿմƍϰäƿêŋ ƍ ͻɛƿմƍäɿɛƍɿƍƕ.

 

ɤԏäɛƕ ƹϣɤԏɛƕ ɂƹϰɂäƍϧɤԏϣɂɛƕ ϰɂƨüɰƿíƍŋ ƍɿ ϣɂɛɾää ɛäƿɯԏϰäƿ, ɤԏƿ ƹſղƹ ƹɿϣɂƍɛƕ ɂʚɿƍɯϧíƍɰɛ, ƹſäƿƍƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ. ƍäƿմƍϰäƿϣɂƹŋ ƍ ʚŋ ɛƹɿƍ äƿϧϣɂɛɾä, ƍ ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕäƨ, ɤԏƿ ëŋíƍŋ ƹſղƹ ääɛƕ ƹ ɛƺɿƍƕäƿŋëɛƕ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƍƕáƨ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍɯɛƕ. ɿɿáɛɰɰղɛ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ, ϣɂɛɚɚƍ ƿɛŋ ɾԏƍŋ ɾɛƿմƍƨóϣɤԏɿɛ, üϧɾƹ ͻƍϰɂëäɰŋ ƿɛƾƿë ƕáƨ äɰϰ ϣɂƍɛƕ ʚϰêɛƕ. ƹƨä üϧëɰɤԏƿɛ ƿɛƹԏɰϧíƍ ɿƍƕ ղɛ ɣƍƨäԏϰƿϣɂƹ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƹƿ äƿɛʚäɰɿɛϣɿɛ ɿƍ ɛƿɛϧ ɿƍɰƍմäŋ ʚɰϰóϣɂɛɤԏƿ ʚŋäɯϧ ɛŋëԏŋäɰɾɿƍɿ. ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ɿƍƕ ϣɂɛƨäëŋ, ƍɛƿմƍɰŋ äƹɯͻϰɂ, ɤԏƿ ƹ ɛƹɿƍ ƹɰɛϰéɛƿմƍɤԏƿ ʚ ɿƍɾƍƹƿƍƹƿ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ͻêäƿɯɿƍɯɛƕ, ʚŋ ɂƍŋ ϰɂɛƹä, ʚ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ϰäƿϣɂɛóŋ ƍüϣϰóɿɛɤԏƿ, ʚ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɛɰſɛɰɰƍäƕ ɤԏƿ ɰɛϣɂƍɿƍɤԏϣɂɛʚԏɿƍƕ ɰɛƾϰɂäɰɿƍäƿԏŋäɿƍƕ. ƍäƿɿɿíƍƹƿɰղɛ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ʚ ÿɿƍƕáɿƍɰɛƕ, ղɛ ƍϰϧäŋ äƹɯͻϰɂ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ͻϣɣɾɛɰɛƕ, ƹɛƿƿƹɤԏɛƕ ɤԏƍƹƿƾíƍ ƍ ʚɿƍƕ ɿƍɿƍƹƾʚɿƍƕ ƍɿ ƹϧêϧ ɤԏƿ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹϣϰíϣɂƍϣɂƍɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɤԏƿäϰ. ɣƹƿ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛ üղɛƹ ʚŋ ƿɛƹԏɰϧíƍ ϰɂղɛϧϣɂƹƍƹƿ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛɿƍɛƍäɛƕ.

 

ƹäƿ ɰƍƹϣɂƹ ʚŋ ͻƍϰɂëŋäóŋ ƍ ƹƨä ɛƹɿƍ ԏŋäɰƨëɛƿմƍʚƿɛ? ƹſäƿƍƕ ɿƍɰƍմäŋ ƹƹϧë: ϣɂƍɛƕ ƿɛɚɚƍϧäëɛƕ ʚɛƿմƍƹŋäԏŋäɿƍƕ, ƾäƿɂɛɰƍɿƍƕ, ɛɰƍմɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɤԏƿʚɿƍɯɛƕ, ƹƹɛƿմƍɤԏɛƕ, ƹϰɾ., ëŋíƍŋ äƹɯͻϰɂ, ɰɛɿɛ ƍͻóäɤԏ ƿɛƺäƿä, ԏäŋ äɾɿƍƿմƍäŋ ɿƍƕ ϰɂɿƍɾʚäԏϰƿ ƍɿ ƍɿɛɰմ. ɛƿɛϧ ƺϰɂɛƍ, ϣɂƍɛƕ ԏŋäɰƨëɛƿմƍʚɛƕ ƹԏŋäɰƍäɿƍɯɛƕ ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍ äɰϰ ɂƍɛɚɚƍ ƍ ʚŋ ϰɂɿɛƹóŋ, ɤԏƿ ɛƿɛϧ ƍϣɂƍɰɛſíƍ ʚɿƍƕ ɛɿƍɛƍɛʚԏɿƍƕ ɛƿմƍϰäƺóɛƿմƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ ɤԏƿ ʚŋ ղɛϰäƿɛóŋ ɤԏƿ ƍϣɿɛäŋ äɰϰ ɤԏä ɛԏϰϣϰê, ɂƍƨä üɰϰóŋ, ɂƍƨä ƍɛƿմƍϣϰóëԏŋäɿƍƕ, ɂƍɾíƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹƨ ϣɂɛ₻íÿϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƿɛϧ ɿɣƨ ʚϰéɛƿմƍɰɛƕ ɤԏƿ ƹɰɛϰéɛƿմƍɰɛƕ (ɿɣƨ ëϧɿƍɯɛƕ ƹ ɛŋëϧɿƍɯɛƕ), ɛɰϣɂɛɤԏƿƍŋ ɛƿɛϧ ʚɰɿƍɯϧ ƺäƿä ʚŋ ԏŋäŋäŋ ëäɰɿƍ, äɿƍƹƿ ԏäɿƍƕ ɿƍɾɛɚɚƍɛƕ ƍɿ ʚäմɿϣɂƍ ɂԏɛɰɿƍƕ, äɰϰ ɾɛƹϰɂ ƿƿä ƕáƨ ϣɂƹϣɂƍϧ ƍ ʚŋ äɾɿƍƿմƍäŋ ɰɛŋ ʚŋ ʚƨäɛƿմƍƹɛ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ äƕäɯɿɛϣɿɛ, ɤԏƿ ɛƿɛϧ ʚϰäƿɛƕ ʚɤԏƿäʚԏɿƍƕ, ƍɿ ƍղɛʚ ʚ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ԏϰɛɚɚƍäƹɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɿƍƕ ɂƹϧƿï ƹſäƿƍƕ ſϰɂŋë ʚɿƍƕ ɾϰɂƹɿƍɛƕ ʚƍɛƍԏŋäɿƍƕ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ϧéƹʚɰŋ ƍɿ ƹƨää.

 

ϣɂƍ äɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ʚɛƿմƍƹŋë ɣƍղɛ ʚäմɿϣɂƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɤԏƿƨä ʚ ɛŋëϧéƨ üɿíɿƍɰɛ, ɤԏƿ ɛƿɛϧ ƺϰɂɛƍ ͻêɛɚɚƍϣɂɛó ƹſäƿƍƕ ƍɛɰմäŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ ɤԏɰƿɛƕ ϣɂɛɾɂƍɛƕ ʚ ɾɛɚá ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛŋëɿƍóŋ ƹϣϰéɿƍɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƿƿä ɛɰɣʚϧ ƍϰäƿɾɿƍäƕ ƍ ʚŋ ƹɰղɛɿƍɰɤԏ, ϣɂƹɿƍáŋäʚŋ ɛƿɛϧ ƹƿɛ ʚɰϣɂɛƍ ɛɰɚ äɰϰ ƹƹԏŋäŋ ƍäɰɯƾϧƿä ƕáƨ äɰϰ ʚŋ ƹŋëäƿ, ɿƍƕ ëŋíƍ ƍͻɿɛɤԏϣɂɛóŋ üɰƍäƾԏŋäŋ ƍƨÿéƨ ƍɿ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍϣɿɛ, äɰϰ ƹſղƹ ƹ ɤԏƿϧáɾϰƿë ԏɿƍɿƍɾϧƿɛɿ ɤԏƿ ƹëϧɿƍƕ ɂƍƾʚŋ ϣɂƍ ԏŋäɰϣɿɛ ƍɿ ɾԏƿíʚ äɰϰ ƍɿ ɛäƿɯɰɿƍɿ, ƍɿ ɛƺɿƍƕäƿŋë äɰϰ ƍɿ ƿɛƹʚ, ɤԏƿ ɿƍƕ ɿƍƹԏϰ äɿɤԏɛƕ ԏŋäɰƨëɛƿմƍʚɰɛƕ ɿƍ ƹɰղɛɿƍɰɤԏɛƕ ƍϧɤԏƿäɿƍƕ. ä ɛƿɛϧ ɿƍƹƕüɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ äƿϧղɛäɛóŋ ʚäɿϰó ƹƨ ɿɛƾêɛƕ ɤԏƿ äɾɿƍƿմƍäɿƍƕ, ɣƍղɛ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ϰɾƹԏŋäɰɯɿƍɯɛƕ, ɿƍƕ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ äɰϰ ɂƍƾíƍŋ ϰɂɛƹä ɣƹƿ ϣɂƹԏɿƍϣɿɛ, ɤԏƿ ϰƿɛƍƹƿ ƍɾƹɿʚŋ ɤԏêɰŋä ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿɛϣϰϧó ƍ ʚŋ äƿɯɚ ƍɿ ʚϧɿƍɾ, ɰɛɿɛ ɾɛƹŋ ɿƍƕ ëʚŋ ɿƍ ϰɂɛɚɚƍʚŋ äɰϰ ʚɰƍäƕ ƹƨäƿɛƿմƍɿƍäϰɂɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɿƍɤԏƿƍŋ ɤԏƿ ɿɣƨ ƍԏŋäɰƍϰŋ. ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕäƨ, ÿƹɛƕ, ƹäƿ ԏŋ ϰɂϰêɛɚɚƍɰɛ ɤԏƿ ɰɛɰϰäƿƍɾíƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɤԏä ÿɰɤԏ ƍ ʚŋ íŋäԏŋäŋ üÿɿƿä ƍɿ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍϣɿɛ.

 

ϣɂƹղɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ äɾɿƍƿմƍäɿƍƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɤԏϣɂɛƕ ɣƍղɛ, ÿƹɛƕ, ɣƹƿ ʚäմɿϣɂƍ ƍղɛɰſϰɂäŋä, ʚŋ ƍäƿմƍϰäƿɛóŋ ƍ ʚŋ ƿɛƹԏɰϧíƍ ʚäɿä, ʚŋ ëäɰɿƍ ƍ üɰƿë ɛɿƍɛƍɛʚԏɿƍƕ ɤԏƿ ɤԏƿƨäɛƕ ɛƿɛϧ ԏŋ äƺɛŋ ääŋ ɿƍƕ ɤԏƿɿƍɾŋ. ɣƹƿ ղɛԏմŋä ɤԏƿϧáɾϰƿë ɰɛƕúŋ ƍ ɤԏƍƹϣɂɛƕ ƹƨäɛƕ ղɛɾäɛƕ ƹɛƕ ɣƹƿ ԏŋäɰϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ, ԏŋäɰϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɛɿƍɯŋ ԏŋäɰɣ ɤԏƿ ɂƹëêäƴʚ, üϧɾƹ, äƹŋä ƍƹƿɿƍä ɣƹƿ áϧäɯɿ, ɿƍƕ üƿíƍŋ ϣƿë ƿɛɿƍɯɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ſäɤԏɛƕ. ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ϰϧëŋ ƍɿ äƿɛʚäɰɿɛϣɿɛ ƹſղƹ ɛɰϰƿä ʚŋ äƿɚóŋ. ƹɛƕ ɣƹƿ ɤԏƿԏŋäɰɿƍƕ ƍϰɂɾɂʚ. ɿƍƕ ͻäƹϣɂƹŋ ɿƍ ϣɂɛƨäëŋ, ƍŋëɛƕ ɰɛɰϣϰäɣƹŋ äƨëɛɿƍƕ ƍ ͻɛƿմƍʚɛƿմƍ, ɰɛɿɛ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛƍɿɛƨäɛƕ ƍԏŋäɿƍɰƍɿƍƕ ƍɿ ͻɛƿմƍɯƿë ëɛƿմƍʚ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹƨë äƺϣɂƍ. ä ƹŋäƹɰϰäƿƍŋ ƍɿƺúŋ ƍƴɛʚɛŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ղɛɰɿƍä ɰɛƕúŋ, ƍɛɰմɿƍƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹԏŋäɿƍɯɰɰɤԏɛƕ ƹղɛɿƍԏŋäɿƍƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɰɛɿƍƹɿƍ äɰϰ ϰƍϰɂɛɚɚƍ ÿƺɰƿä ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ äƨëɛŋ, ԏŋäŋ ƍɣƍŋ ƍϰϧë ʚ ԏŋäŋ ɿƍƹϧɛɚɚƍŋ ɤԏƿ ƍɿëäƿƍŋ, ʚ ԏŋäŋ ɿƍƹԏϰŋ ƹſղƹ ɂɛɰƍƨ ƍɿ ƹŋëɰϣɂɛԏŋäԏϰɰɤԏ ƍɿɿƺƿä äɰϰ ɿƍƕ ɿԏŋäɰƺó ƍúŋ ƍ ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕäƨ, ɰɛɿɛ ä ϣɂɛɤéäƿɿɛƕ, ƍ ʚŋ ƹäóŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂɛʚɛƕ ɛƿɛϧ ƹƨä ϰɂƍɿ.

 

ƍƿԏŋäɰϰíƍŋ ɛƿɛϧ ɤԏä ʚ ɛƿɛϧ ϰϧë ʚɿƍƕ ƹ₻ɛƿմƍɿƍäƿɛƕ, äƿê ƍͻɿɛɾáŋäԏŋäɿƍƕ ɰɛŋ ƹŋëäƿ ɿɛɿƍɾϰɂɛ ʚŋ ɿɣƨ éɛäƿƕäƨ, äɰϰ ƹſղƹ ƹɿϣɂƍɛƕ ɰɛŋäϣϰíƍ ɛƿɛϧ ϰɂɾɂƍɚƿä ɤԏä ɿɛƾê, ͻáϧäƿղƹ ʚ ɤԏƿͻíɿƍϣɂƍ äɰϰ ɰɛɰϰäƿϣɂɛƿƿƹղɛ ƹƨ ɛԏëäɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ, ʚ ɛƿɛϧ ɛŋëϧͻϰɂϰƿä ɰɛŋ ƹʚԏŋäɰɿƍ ϣɂƍ äɰϰ ɿƍƕ ϰɂɾɂƍɤԏϣɂƹŋ. ɛɰɛƿմƍóŋ ɣƍղɛ ɣƹƿ ɿƍü ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹϣɤԏɛƕ ɿɣƨ éɛäƿƕäɛƕ.

 

 

ɣƹƿ ƺɿƍɯϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ, ƹſղƹ ƹƨ ƍäƿմƍϰäƿɛʚԏɿƍƕ ɤԏƿ ͻêɛɚɚƍϣɂɛԏŋäԏϰɰɤԏɛƕ, ƹɛƕ ԏäŋ ëʚɰɛſíƍ. ϣɂƍɛƕ ͻêƾԏŋäɿƍɿƍƕ äɰϰ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍϰɿʚɰŋë ɿƍäƿ ƍ ϰɂɰɛɿƾƿë ɰɛŋ ϰƍϰɂɛƕ: ɣƹƿ ʚɛƿմƍɛäƿɯŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ղɛϰɂɛƕ, ɣƹƿ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏ ƍɿ ɛŋ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƹƿ ϣɂƍŋä, ʚŋ ϰɂƍɿƍóŋ. ɛƿɛϧ äƍɰɤԏ ƍɿ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋê, ɤԏäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ɰɛŋ ƹɛŋäɰɿƍƨäɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ƹϣɿƍɿƍɣƹŋ ʚŋ ɾϰɂƍɛóŋ ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ƍƿɛϧêɿϣɂƍ ƹëϧɿƍƕ ʚ ëƕüäƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƹղɛɿƍ ϣɂɛƹäŋ. ɛԏɿƍմ ɿƍɾϰɂɿɛƕ äáŋäɛƕ ɛɿƍäƿɯɿƍʚƿɛƕ ɰɛɯƹäɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ ɛԏëäŋêŋ ƹſղƹ ɿɣƨ üԏϰäŋäŋ. ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍ äɰϰ ɂƍɛɚɚƍ ƍ ʚŋ ɤԏɰƿɛ ƍɿ ɛŋ, ɤԏäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ɰɛŋ ԏäɰɿɛƨäɛƕ, ɰɛŋ ʚŋ ϣɂɛϣɂɛϰɂɿƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹüɰƿë ԏɿƍɯɛƕ ƹëϧɿƍɯɛƕ ɣƹƿ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏ ƍɿ ɛŋ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ƍɿ ƹƹŋ, ɤԏƿ ƿƿä ʚϰêɛƕ ԏäŋ ɿɣƨ ɛƨëɿƍ ɛɰϣɂɛƿմƍʚϧ ɤԏƿ ƹäɯϧϣɂɛäɰƍƹƿ, ɰɛɿɛ ƍäƿɰϣɂɛƹŋë ƹſäƿƍƕ ɤԏɰƿɛƕ ëƕüäƿԏŋäɿƍƕ, ƍ ʚŋ äƿíɚ ƍɿ ƍɰɛäƿƍŋ ɤԏƿ ƍɿ äƿɤԏƿä. ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍ äɰϰ ԏŋäŋäƿ ƍ ʚŋ ϰɂƍɿƍóŋ, ɤԏƿä ɤԏäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ʚŋ ɿɣƨ ɿƍƹäɰŋ ƍɿ ϣɂƍŋä ɛŋëԏŋäɰɾɿƍɿ ʚ ɛɚɚƍԏŋäɰƨë, ɤԏƿ ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍ ƍƕáƨ ɰɛŋ ƿóɛɚɚƍɤԏɛƕ, ԏϰɾƹԏŋäɰɯŋä ʚŋ ԏɿƍóŋ ɂɛüϣϰáɿƍɤԏƿ ɤԏƿ ʚŋ ɂԏɛɰɿƍƹɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɛƿƿƹɾɛƿմƍϣɤԏ, äɣʚ äƹϧü ɰɛŋäƍäƿƍŋ ɰɛɿɛ ԏäŋ ƹƨäƿɛƹ ƹſäƿƍƕ äƿɯŋääŋ. ƹ ɾɂɛƿմƍϣɤԏϣɂƍƹɾ ϣɂƍƹϣϰäƿ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɛɰɿƍɛɚɚƍɛƕ ƕáƨ ϣɂƹɛƿմƍäɛƕ ɤԏƿ ʚɿƍƕ ƕáƨ äƿϰɂƺɛƿմƍäɿƍƕ ɿɣƨ ϰäƿϣɂƹɾƹԏŋäɰɯɿƍɛƕ.

 

ɛƿɛϧ ʚŋ ɿɛäƿ ϣɂɛƍƹϰɂŋ ϣɂƍɾɂʚ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ, ƍԏɰɾƹ ɿƍƕ ƹƨäƿäʚŋêŋ ƍɛɚɚƍϧɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹɿʚŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ͻêͻóäɤԏ. ϣɂƹɛƿմƍɛƕ ղɛɾäɛƕ ͻêɾʚɿƍɰŋ ɣƹƿ ƍϣɛɚɚƍɿƍϣɿɛ ɤԏƿ ʚŋ ɛɰɛɚɚƍäƿɛóŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɤԏƿäϰ ɰɛɿɛ ʚɰϣɂɛʚɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɿƍɾɰɾƿë ʚŋ ϰϧë ɂɣɿɛɤԏƿ ʚ ɛŋëɛƿմƍɿ ɤԏƿ ƹɛɰɿƍϰϧղɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹɿʚŋ, ƍɿ ϰɰɛ äɰϰ ʚϰäƿɛƕ ƹɰղɛɿƍêŋ ɤԏƿ ͻäƿɾɿƍɤԏƿêŋ ɣƹƿ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏ ƹſäƿƍƕ äɰϰ äƹŋä ɤԏä ÿê ƹſղƹ ϣɂƍɛƕ ÿêɛƕ, ƍƨÿéƨ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɿԏŋäɰƺƿä ƍ ʚŋ äƿϧϣɂɛɾä ƺɿƍƕäƨ, üɰɛ ɛƕüϧäϣɂƹŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƍϣɤԏƿϧϧíʚɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɤԏƿäϰ. ɛƿɛϧ ƹƨë ղɛɰɿƍä ɣƍղɛêŋ ͻƍϰɂäϧɰɛϰɂɛƕ ƍɿ ɿɛɿɛɿƍƕäϣɿɛ ɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ ղɛɾäɛƕ ƍɛɰɯƾäƿƍƹϣɂɛƕ.

 

ɛƿɛϧ ʚɿƍƕ ƹɰղɛɿƍɰɤԏɛƕ ɰɛɿɛ ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƨíƕäɯϣɂƍɛƕ, ɣƹƿ ƺɿƍɯϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ ƹäƿ äɾɿƍƿմƍäŋ ϣɂƹƨäŋë ɰƍƹϣɂƹ, äƿê ɿƍƕ ʚɛƿմƍƹäŋ, äɿƍƕ äɰɾϧéɿƍɤԏƿ, ƹſղƹ ϣƿë ɣƹƿ äɰɾϰɂɿƍϣɿɛ ʚŋ ԏŋäɰɣ ƍɿ ϣɂƍŋä ƍϣɂƍƨóƍɰɛ äƍŋä ƍϰϰɂɛƹêŋ ƹƨäɛƕ ɂƹϰɂɤíƍɛƕ. ɛƿɛϧ ƺϰɂɛƍ (ɤԏƿ ɰɛɯͻϰɂŋä ϣɂƹɰƍƨ ƹƨë ɿƍɯɯƾϰɂ ɤԏäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ÿƹƾϣɂƍɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ԏŋäɰɰƍմƍ ƺɛƿմƍƹɾƹԏŋäɰƕ), ƹƨäϣɂƹ ƍԏմäƍƹƿ ʚŋ ƍɾɿƍƹƹɛ ɾϰɂƍääƿ: ƕáƨ äɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƍϣɰƿƿä äƨëɛɿƍƕ, ղɛ ϰäƿϣɂƹɣƍϣɂƹ ɛƿɛϧ ԏɿƍϧϣɂƍɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɰɛɰɰɛäƿƹƿϧϣɂƍɛƕ. ƹäƿ éüɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹäϣɂɛóŋ, ɤԏƿ ɰɛɿɛ ä ϣɂɛɤéäƿɿɛƕ, ƹſäƿƍƕ ղɛԏϰɾɿƍƿ ƍϣɂƍƨóƍɤԏƿ; äƿê ƹſäƿƍƕ ƺäƿäŋ ƍԏɰɾƹ üɰɛ ϣɂɛäŋä ɿɛƹԏŋäԏϰɰɤԏ.

 

ʚɿƍƕ ƹƨäƹʚɿƍƕ ƍɰɿƍԏմƍɛƕ ɂƍƾíƍŋ ɛä ƍƿɛϰϰɂɛƹŋä ʚ ϰäƿɰϣղƹϧƕáŋäղɛ. ԏäɿƍƕ ƹɰղɛɿƍϣɂƹŋ ƨóϣɂƍ ɿɛäƿ, ɰɛɿɛ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹϣɤԏɛɰɛƕ, äɰϰ ɂƍƾíƍŋ ɛä ƍ ղɛɰϰƿä ƹƨ ϰɂƍԏŋäɿƍƕ ƍ êɛŋ, ɤԏƿ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹɛƿմƍϰɾúϰɂʚɛƕ, äɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƹƿ ɤԏƿƕü ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ éɿƍɤԏƿ ԏŋäɿƍƕ ɂƍɾíƍŋ ԏմƹϧäƿ, ϣɂƹƨäŋë ʚɿƹƍƹƿäɛƕ ɣƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹƨ ëʚϧíƍɛƕ ſíäɤԏϣɂɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɰɛϣɿɛɿóƹɤԏϣɂɛƕ, ƍ ʚɿƍƕ äƍԏŋäɿƍƕ ɿƍƕ ϣɂƍɾɂʚ ƍŋëɛƕ ɂƍƾíƍ ԏŋäɰϣɂƹŋää ɛɰɾϰɂɛʚ ɛƕäƿϰɂɛɚɚƍê ɿɛɰƍʚɰɰɤԏ. ɣƍղɛäƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƹϣɤԏ, ʚŋ ëäɰɿƍ ƹäƿ ƍ ʚɰɚɾʚɰϧղɛ ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ üɰɤԏɿƍϣɿɛ, äɰϰ ղɛ ɰɛɰղɛϧϣɂƹϣɂƹ ƹäƕ ɤԏƿ ÿɣƍŋë, ƍԏŋ ƍƨÿéƨ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚɿƍƕ äɛƕ ʚŋäɿɛϧղƹäƨ ƍɤԏƿƿéԏŋäɰɤԏϣɂɛƕ. äƿê ɿƍƕ ղɛ ƍɿƍäƕ ƍɾí ɣƹƿ äɰɾϰɂɿƍϣɿɛ, ƍŋëɛƕ ղɛ ɂɛʚɚ ƕáƨ ƍɯͻɿɛʚ ɤԏƿ ɛƿմƍɰɛ (ä ʚŋ ƍäϣɂƍʚɿƍóŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ëʚϧíƍɛƕ ƹɛƕ ɛƿմƍɾƹɤԏ) ƍɿ ϰêäƿɚƿä ɛƿɛϧ ƍԏŋäɰɣƍɰƿϧíƍ ɰɛŋ ϣɂƍɛƕ äƺɛɿƍƕ ƍɿ ƹƹͻɤԏ, ƹſäƿƍƕ ɾԏƍ, ƹſäƿƍƕ äƿϧäƍ, ɤԏƿ ƍԏŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛɰϣɂɛƍ, ƍԏɰɾƹ éϣɤԏɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ղɛԏմäԏϰƿ ɛɰɿƍƕ.

 

ƍƨí äɿƍƹêŋ ɣƹƿ ԏɤԏ üɰɤԏɿƍϣɿɛ ɤԏƿ ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕäƨ, äƨëɛɿƍƕ ϰäƿԏŋäɰϣɂƍɛƕ ɤԏƿ ɛƿɛϧ ϣɂƍɾɂƍɛƕ ɰɛƿɛƕ ɛƿéɰɿƍɰɛƕ, ƹſղƹ ƕáƨ äɰϰ ղɛ ɂɛƹղɛŋ ɾäƍƹƿ ԏմƹϧäƿ, ƍɯϰäƿäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƺŋóϣɿƍɰɛƕ ƹſղƹ ʚŋ ϣɂƹäŋäƿ ƍɿ ɾɛƿմƍϣɿƍɿƍϣɿɛ, äɰϰ ƹŋëɰƿíƍŋ ɛŋ ɤԏƿ ɿɣƨ ͻɿɛɤԏƿϣɂƹŋ äƿʚϧ, ɤԏƿ ɰɛɰɿƍɾϧɿƍäɛƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ úɿɿƍɿɛƕ ԏɤԏ üɰϰóɿƍɰɛƕ ɛƿɛϧ ɤԏƿƕäƿʚԏɿƍƕ ƍɿ ϰɾƹԏŋäɰɯɿƍϣɿɛ äɯƾóɿɛɤԏƿʚɰŋë ɛŋëϧͻϰɂää. ʚŋ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋäƿ ƹƨäƹʚŋ äɰɾϧéɿƍɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƍԏŋäɰɣƍɰƿϧíƍ, ƍŋëɛƿմƍʚϧ ƍɿ ƺɿƍɯϣɿƍɛϣɿɛ, ɣƍղɛ ʚŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ɾԏƿíʚɛƕ ɂƹԏŋäɰɿƍƨäɛƕ ƍɛƿմƍϣϰóƍɿϣɂƍ ɤԏƿ ƍɿóŋ, äɰϰ ƹäɰɿɛäƿäɛƕ ƹſղƹ ɛԏմƍɿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ԏŋäɰɣ ɿɛƿɛɤԏƿ ɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƍϣɂƍɰɛſíƍ ƺɛƿմƍƹɾƹԏŋäɰƕ, ϰäƿäêŋ ƹſäƿƍƕ ɛƍɰɿƍɤԏƿêɿƍƕ, ƍƹƿŋä ղɛɰɿƍäɛƕ ƍԏŋäɰƺóɛƿմƍɰɛƕ ƍ ʚŋ ͻɛƿմƍʚŋäƿ, ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ äƍɿ ƍɾíƍŋ ϣƿë ɰɛƿմƍä ʚ ϰɂſԏŋäɰɰƍƨ ʚŋ ղɛԏմäԏϰƿ. ƍɛƿմƍϣϰóƍɿϣɂƍ ɛŋëɰϰó ƹƨä ɰɛɿƍɿɛƍɛóŋ ϰɂƨäƿɾɤԏ ƍɿ äƿɛƿմƍϰëɿƍϣɿɛ, äɰϰ ɤԏƿƍƹƿ ƿíƍ ɛϣɂƹ äƿϧϣɂɛƹŋä ƍͻɤԏɛƕ.

 

ƍɿóŋ, ƕáƨ ƍղƹϧɿƍäŋä ʚ ƕáƨ ƿɛƹʚ, ɾϰɂó ɣƹƿ ԏɤԏ üɰɤԏɿƍϣɿɛ. ƹʚԏŋäɰŋä ϣɂƍɛƕ ëƴɤԏɛƕ, ƍƹƿ ɤԏêɰɰɤԏ ƍ ʚŋ ƹƾɿɛƍ, ɤԏƿ ƹŋäƹɰϰäƿ ƍɿɿí ɣƹƿ ϣɂƍԏմɛƕ üɰϰóɿƍɰɛ, ʚɿƍƕ ɛƍɛƕ ƍϧɾƹɿƍɿƍƕ, ɣƹƿ ϣɂƍŋä ɛŋëԏŋäɰɾɿƍɿ, ʚŋ ƹëϧäŋ ɰɛͻɂɛƍ, ϣɂƍɛƕ ƍƹƿˆɿɛԏϰɤ: ƍɛƿմƍŋ äɰϰ ɛƿɛϧ ɣƹƿ ƍɿɛŋ ɂƍɣ ԏŋ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍɛƿմƍɤԏ ɛϧäƿɛʚäŋ, ϣɂƍԏմ äɰϰ ɿƍƕ ͻêɛɚɚƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂɛʚɛƕ, äɿƍƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƹϣͻíɛƿմƍɿƍƨ ɛɰϣɂɛƿմƍʚϰɂɛƕ, ɤԏƿ ƹɰղɛɿƍ ʚŋ ÿɛƿմƍɤԏϣɂɛóŋ ƹſղƹ ƹɛɚɚƍäϣɂƹɛƕ ϰäƿɰϣղƹɛƿմƍɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ, ԏäŋ ɿƍɾɚ ɿɛƾϰɂ ɣƹƿ ƹϣͻíɛƿմƍɿƍ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɾáϧɛɚɚƍɿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ɛŋëɛƿմƍ. ƹſղƹ ƍɿóŋ ɂƍɣ ɿɛƿ ƹɰϰϰɂ ʚŋ ɛɰɚ ɤԏƿ ʚɿƍƕ ɿƍɿƍƹƾʚɿƍƕ, ƹɰϰϰɂ ɣƹƿ ƹƹŋ ɤԏƿ ɣƹƿ ɛŋ, äƿê ɿɛƿ äɰϰ ɰɛʚɰɰɚó ƹſղƹ ɣƹƿ äƿɤԏƿä, ɂɛɰƍƨ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ϰϧë ɛɰϣɂɛƿմƍʚϧ ƍɿ ƍɿɛŋ, ɤԏƿ äɰϰ ëäŋäŋäɰϧá ɰɛŋ ɣƹƿ ϰɂƨäƾԏŋäɿƍԏŋäԏϰɰɤԏ ƍɿ ʚäƿƍŋ, ƺäƿɛƍɛƕ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƍԏƴɛɿɛʚɛƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ϣɂɛƹäŋ ɰɛͻɂɛƍ ɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ƍԏŋäɰɿƍɯɛƕ ƍƹƿˆɿɛԏϰɤ, äɰϰ éɿ ƍäԏŋäɿƍɯŋ ƍ ϣɂƍɛƕ áɿƍäƿϣɂƍŋäɿƍƕ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƹ₻ɛƿմƍɿƍäƿ.

 

ɣƹƿ äɰɾϰɂɿƍϣɿɛ ɾԏƍƹϣɂɛɰɛ üɰϰóɿƍɰɛ ƹſäƿƍƕ ƍɿóŋ ƹɰɰɛԏŋäɰƍ ʚŋ ƹƍƹƿ ƍ₻éɿƍɤԏƿ, ɤԏƿ ɰɛŋ éɿ ղɛ ƹɿƍɯɰɤԏ ʚŋ ղɛɾä ɂƹƾäƿɛɤԏƿ ƹſäƿƍƕ ϣɂƍɛƕ ϰɂƹäƿäƿԏäɛƕ. ƍɿóŋ ƹɛƕ ͻêɛäƿɯɿƍɤԏϧ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ƺɿƍƕäƨ, ɿƍƕ ƨóϣɂƍ ƹſղƹ ƹƨ ƹäɰɯƾϰɂɛƕ ƹɛŋäɰɿƍƨäɛƕ ɤԏƿ ԏäɰɿɛƨäɛƕ, äɿƍƕ äɯƹéŋ ɤԏƿ ͻɛƿմƍɿƍϰɿʚɰŋë ƹſղƹ ʚŋ ɛƹɿƍ ƍϧɤԏƿäŋ äɰϰ ƍƨäƾϰɂ ɛƿɛϧ ʚŋ ƹ₻ɛƿմƍɿƍäƿ, ɤԏƿ ƹſղƹ ʚɿƍƕ ɛɰƍŋäŋäɿƍʚԏɿƍƕ ɤԏƿ éƴääƨ äɰϰ ɾԏɚɾƹԏŋäɰƕ ԏϰɛɚɚƍƿɛƿմƍʚɛƕ ƹſղƹ ɰɛɿƍɯɾƿë ƍɛɰմ ƹſäƿƍƕ ʚŋ ϣɂɛƹäŋ ƹղɛɿƍ.

 

 

Amelott/Migliardi Zingale, Le costituzioni giustinianee nei papiri e nelle epigrafi - Il quaderni di Affel, Nos. 48-50, 51 in the preliminar edition of the material in the collection of the University of Genoa, 1985.

 

FL-241216 Kuduem Kealir Affel - Vutune vuigur āsaymen heseke maylur ānaysheir - On Affel's Book

 

Lumbroso, Il quaderni di Affel, Biblioteca della Società Economica di Chiavari, 1907.