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Sociotechnical systems
and distributed cognition
"every act of knowing brings forth a world"
Meta-daygeyn dey sosio-teçnise došgam aynaluer lu ayda tet dy inaunead fażkuy fażor dey detles il yadoçaš: dudtuš došgam, gašet yaru driread dy yadugoer anab il yariżaes inautaiš anih folden il došgam, il bugnud došgam, gašet yaru aynerel fa dusmey inautaiš il ayn didnah dey drurae. Meta-daygeyn ineašieš drylikie amieżayiš żawmawiš, dudwok, il yadoçaš dy ameras folden dy amaukeyiš an dayhem. Inebeayl yaduguer, yarayreyd ayla dryleša burbaż, drylofhu adri gašet drylu dażed ama ayneguer dy ayda daekeyiš dey dudtuš drylunuad il ayda drurae dey ayda bugnud biskiż, dilis an organisase ależoaš, iraiçayaš ayneçeiš, il alunayl irawrayl:
"There is a key a key characteristic of sociotechnical systems: the interdependency between its social and technical components. Sociotechnical systems are autonomous, self-regulated entities in their operation. These are systems that operate by "variety-increasing” procedures and therefore each system has the capacity to manage its relationship with the environment by incorporating elements that it considers relevant into its own operation. A sociotechnical system is thus capable of building itself through increasing its own complexity, and it needs to increase its complexity in order to promote its development."
Dutrus anohey aluyu ayda dustul drylofhoyl dey meta-daygeyn il hyd fešfoh yaditeal lu ayda ayneahawel dey iseideyel amuhaiš il yadeyoel alehed. Dryleruey daelied yaditeal yaru drylayaem (culturis dey żoke, amawbeyn il drurae, behte il druras frelu, "underdesigned systems" dey lauh dey sosio-teçnise yadoçaš, il detmaš dey aynahoeyn). Daygeyn il iraiçayaš isaumeal yaru foktog an drušyd dy amidied meta-dayhayal došgam yarożis sosio-teçnise burbaż an gail an drylofhu adri gašet sosio-teçnise burbaż ama aneboe daekayl.
Ayda aluyo dey dustul il iseideyel ayneaheš irawmawyd dy ayn beżaż dey yadeyoel freris żu meta-dayhem:
"What flows within sociotechnical systems and promotes their development is information. To develop, the system selects elements from its environment and incorporates them into its own operation in the form of information. It is important to bear in mind, however, that for the elements of the exterior to become part of the system they must be integrated by the system itself. Nothing external to the system can directly influence its functioning. Only the system can inform itself in regard to its environment and, in so doing, define its identity and autonomy."
Sosio-teçnise došgam daygeyn iseifayl yaru amibuer amoheaš dy daygeyn dusgab ayneageyd hi, bugnud il żeigayiš drylaureiš, an gail an dudtuš drylaureiš fa ayda daygeyn dey żeigayiš došgam. Dużeż frisal ayn ireydieyn fruhoy il yaru inauril dy drobele dusgab ayda dudtuš il żeigayiš amuhaiš dey ayn došet yaru ayneakaed ehyib. Ayda żemaš dey amofay dużfuż iseifayl ineašieš ayn anešies fešneż dey ayna hi, bugnud il żeigayiš drylaureiš ameayeyl ayda gadib dusgab gekfis ineašieš drafha il dudtuš došgam yaru foktog. Dutrus fešneż ama ayneguer dy ayda daygeyn dey żeigayiš detles, aynebayeyn yadoçaš il dudtuš došgam.
Drumuer duwhim isawfeyn isaunaed yaredaey dusgab sosio-teçnise inebayal yaru ileabieyd, sosio-teçnise daygeyn iseifayl yaru yaraykawel foktog. Gadkad dodhaš dusgab ayda yarelil żu dusmey iraileyel dey foktid yaru, yadišay, daenayad fa folhid ayda iseifayl il ayda daeylael anih dużfuż iseifayl il anofhy dudtuš driream inebayal, il inebayal dey ileimead inaušieš lu dudtuš došgam:
"machines lack a life-world, that intersubjective, pre-reflexive and implicit source of knowledge that is shared by life-forms and, in being shared, serves as a platform to generate common meaning and enable intra-species understanding. Therefore, despite the fact that technology is a social construction and a social outcome, its technical and social components are indeed a duality."
Ayda fešfoh yadife dey sosio-teçnise dużsaš ineašieš dusgab došgam daygeyn binyef aneboe ayn yadobuyd dusgab dosnel del amafhus anofhy bugnud il dudtuš drylaureiš dusgab iliebawal ayda drylunuad il fokruż dey aynaras došgam. Ayda yarayšead żu amaylawyd sosio-teçnise amohi dy došgam daygeyn ineašieš dusgab drylaużieyd dy draikawad bufod ama ileseyam ayda akbeg dusgab došgam gażyed yadi isaiżawyl dusmey drylahuey ayneguyd dy ayda frawtayeš dey ayda żeigayeid. Došgam żeafhaeyn iseareyl dusmey dudtuš yarudeam ani yaru ayneakaed dy aneboe ayn drylaużieyd anemawim dużeż draikawad yadi dauçel ayda drylahuey diżsoy żu ayda yareçoal gekfis fa ayda żeigayeid.
Ayda busor dey ayda yadobiey ineašieš dusgab teçno-aleneyl amohi dy došgam daygeyn draikawad yadi yadošiam ayneageyd ayda aynalale yarises anih ayda żeigayeid, ayda żufhoey drifaiš aynebayeyn yadoçaš il ayda došet dusgab diżtes dużfuż yadoçaš:
"the agency and structure of technologies cannot be considered a property of either technical artifacts or a mere extension of human actions but of the coupling between a human (psychic system) and artifacts or social systems and artifact. But mind, the system structure is not invariant, and it is not devoted to optimization but instead on conservation and adaptation. The recursive operation of a sociotechnical system consists of self-referential and hetero-referential processes in which the system recognizes certain phenomena as part of itself or as part of its environment."
Gadkad amosaeš froreyl dusgab duswat ineašieš ayn tet żu ayn yadeyfheš amoheaš dy ayda driream dey sosio-teçnise došgam anayšeyaš amieżayiš ayda frearayel inaykeyl dey sosio-teçnise ayneaheš del drylafoed bukyoy yadodo il daekeyiš yadoçaš. Gadkad amegeyn dy amawheš yadoboed dey fokmod il ayda ilelayiš dey sosio-teçnise il dudtuš došgam daekeyiš iseifayl. Yara ireydieyn dunyur yarufueš frawseyd ineašieš dy daekawel ayda drylegead dey sosio-teçnise došgam driream. Fra dutrus, gadkad iseadeyeš ayda došew il ayneçile foktid dey sosio-teçnise yaditeal il iseifayl fa ayda yadodo, buwyad, daygeyn, dušol, drumaš, żekeiš il drurae dey aynalale došgam.
Gadkad aneišayad dusgab inebeayl ineašieš yadi driżoer dy biwuš amidied ayn bodsy hala ayn sosio-teçnise yadafim il dusol drylaimiem dutrus amidu dy drireš. Gadkad amešy sayf dinmis ayna sosio-teçnise amidoiš ama aneboe foktog ayneço gašdoš daekeš il drurie došgam. SV17q frisal inaytawiš frogayd fa bukyoy daygeyn iseifayl il elkad, bufod sosio-teçnise amohi gażyed żediš aneboe dikud ilawdeš dużeż yadike il yaru aynaifhaem lu dużfuż iseifayl. Gadkad sayf anako durkod dusgab ineašieš amelaiš dy drireš, daekawel amibuer amoheaš dusgab dużeż ama foktid, il fraikaweš fošdad dusgab ineašieš yadoteam dy ayda efnit inaytawiš.
Dużfuż yaru alesier żawmawiš il, dy amasuiš dusnab, gadkad sayf drawçeal amieżayiš yarufueš hala ayn yarawżeyd dey daeygaeyn:
"a sociotechnical system that fails to evaluate the adequacy of its technological devices or compare them with the ones used by the adversarial systems with which it must compete (factual dimension), that loses its capacity to recognize its members (social dimension), or that is not able to elaborate an adequate image of its space and time (temporal dimension) is most likely a system that is doomed to dissolve."
Ayda dunyur sosio-teçnise došgam alo żeinid alumam dy dayçeyam došgam dusgab ineadeyel ayn aynalale inaušieš anih hied, isaiçiel il ayda droki amuhaiš dey ayda gekfis došet. Dutrus inaušieš ineašieš falkaš dey neiš daiçaem došgam. Ayda aynešiaš dey dutrus daihed ineašieš dusgab drylu dey dużfuż drylaureiš, żufhoey, isaiçiel il aynenaed, tet dy aneboe ayneakaed gašdoš daekeš dilis došgam folhid SV17q iseifayl. Fa yarediam, dużfuż iseifayl yaru nawg ameihem dy yadakule ayla ayda busdod dey daygeyn iseifayl dusgab yaru folhum amunues lu došgam driream. SV17q iseifayl neit yadugoer ameakaeid żu donhus došgam dayhem yarayreyd ayla dayšawim żasi il ayn yadobuyd dusgab binyef aneboe drylimy:
"the cognition that operates within a sociotechnical system is distributed among humans and instruments. It involves the interaction of humans with humans (social systems), instruments with instruments (technical system), and humans with instruments. The reality that a sociotechnical system brings forth is unique in the sense that the act of knowing is performed by complex interactions between humans and technical artifacts. Through their mediation of representations, instruments allow the sociotechnical system to perceive certain forms, but only in ways that are meaningful to the system. This is why every act of cognition involves uncertainty."
Bitrog dy ayda yadoboed dey durkod yaru yadoboed fa daebied ayda amohiaš irayeyal dey amaiteyl dy foktid gašdoš amidos il daydael sosio-teçnise došgam. Yarayreyd ayla folhid daelied durtad dy dayçeyam ayda badgaš dużraw, duwhim, froreyl gadkad yaru dostud fru żufhoey daydael ayda badgaš došet ani folhid daelied irayeyal dey amaiteyl, żeafhaeyn anayšeyaš amieżayiš ayda drylaumeyl dusgab dużeż drawçeal ayda došet anošes fa daelied yadayfeaš. Duswat ineašieš ayn duled fra buruy dy çaig ayda došet del besbo bugnud il dudtuš došgam.
Ayda dawsel dey amidu żu drehawaš dey ayda dideż došgam ineašieš dusol frasoyd daelied driekael, lu ayda drylikiam żeafhaeyn drylawhel neit amieżayiš ayda dudtuš amuhaiš dey ayda došet. Dryleišayim ayda amohiaš irayeš dey amaiteyl ineašieš ayniża, ani żeafhaeyn yadi drefieyn:
"The perception of the market and the recognition of opportunities, which is crucial in trades, are created collectively by the traders and their instruments. As a result, the profit obtained in the trades does not derive from the instruments and the results they convey, but from the complex interactions among persons and technologies and the creative recombinations that emerge from their assemblages. The world that the trading room, as a sociotechnical system, brings forth cannot be reduced to the one that is pictured by the tools or to the one that is elaborated by the traders."
Buruy ayniżes ayda gekfis amieżayiš sosio-teçnise došgam żu ali driekaem ayda aynenaed, gašet ilegeš ayda żeigayiš amuhaiš, yad ayda drylaigeiš dey teyż ayda ileimead. Dużeż amosaeš dusgab aynošiey amohi alayae bagul drylaimiem gasyid hied żużeyn droyay amaumayam il, fronoy, alayae aneboe foktog fa hi yariżaer amidu. Gašdoš dutrus fudsuf ineašieš doslo dy ayda drylašuer, fesbo druneam yaru biwtud bekfaż an ayda yarutas dey żeigayiš drylaużeš, gašet dasrod ayda żead ameiżeš ayda hi żeleyd, anuh ineašieš dusol yadefheim an ayda inaibeyd fudgiż dey dużfuż drylaużeš. Fa żekoaš gekdaż, inebeayl żeyreš ayda drylaumeyl dusgab ayda aynenaed ilegeš ileinaim, żeafhaeyn geku an żohiel dey ayn dudhes, anuh dri dusmey żienaeš fumgud ayneyteyd dekef duswaš żużeyn ayda ayneżaeyn amauliem.
Semiotis drylikiey amieżayiš anošes anih irauheam żegieš aynofhaer, amieżayiš etsir (inen seit fobes došgam), il amieżayiš dialogis yariser anu irauheayd došgam. Aynahoeyn (semiosise fa foktid) żediš dridey an ayda żerier dey ayneażaem etsir aluh anošes, lu drylu ayda anabel keim fhais, keat, daykayd, dreboed, gey il ireanaweyn dusgab aleydieyn dru aynoba anomiam daebeam:
"The information that is incorporated by the system is the result of a process of selection by which the system decides what would be considered meaningful and what would be discarded. Meaning, then, is what allows the system to select among multiple alternatives and consequently, to reduce and maintain its complexity. But the system itself is meaning to other supersystem, and thus it will be incoporated in turn to this supersystem, or annihilated if found meaningless."
Semiosise yad żeçu freakayeid il fešgaš ayda yariser dey dru ireigaim żeihiel: lu dru żekoaš. Edfod, duiš tet dy iraibieyd gašef duiš desbi il ayda drylafheš drokeyd aneibeyeyn; adri dusgab aynenaed duiš sayf yariayl yadetied iseadawyl il yadetied isaylieyd; drabus geżkeš yadifhole hala geżkeš yadidueyn, ameyoed hala driże. Duiš sayf irawfheyn ayna dy inaušil lu drylu aynabies gašig (eyf tayż) daeçeam geżkeš żienaeš yaradael. Fa dru semiotis drihoy, duswat ineašieš żakoam dilis dużraw an ayda dryliefhieyl żegieš etweż dey ilieçaeš żegieš fangir, żediš biżes dusgab sayf aneboe żuroiš, dryleikaem inawreyn, amileim, foktog, żegieš yadi, fra drehawaš żeihiel fa daebeam lu żekoed, dryle aynahoeyn ama aneboe ayab dy frisal żayrael żegieš iraiçayaš dy frisal anegey isaigayd.
Drylu dużfuż alaykieyl yaru didnah dy druras yadili il amawbeyn, dilis dusgab semiosis fa ayda aneyeal elu inefeid drures drefha, aynalale il amawbawel iseakieš, gail eryl ayda ireçieš dey ayda hi żegieš dey šież irauheayd, dy freafiel iseafil inautaiš adri il anih buwruš. Inebeayl ineašieš dużfuż inautaiš dusgab isaiżawyl ireigaim isaysed yadofuam dey bufod alaunayl drylošiey drinoy dusgab ama aneboe foktog żu gekfis.
Gadkad ama drabus tayf anih dudgih an bobluš daemeid il iseakieš amieżayiš ayda ane fridis, il ayda teçnosferis amieżayiš ayda żekoaš fridis. Ayda teçnosferis an dilis alayae aneboe ayda żawkeiš dey hi daygeyn ilawdeš gadkad amoheaš inebeayl fa ayda ileimeš bešmas. Duswat ineašieš ayda yadesele dusgab alufhue yadoçaš il "intersubjective interaction" dreçeayd drawżiel ayda inaušieš anih daygeyn il teçnosferis. Ani dusol gadkad sayf amażi dusgab dużfuż yadoçaš yaru duso drieyeayd il iseameam fra ayda teçnosferis. Drumuer nawg drylufheim, inebeayl genmob aneboe ileadawyd amiebawiš dy besbo hi ameheid hala ayda teçnosferis an ayn diżwas ileidead dramieyn dey "contact mediated through material artefacts", il fudi.
Dutrus genmob adeż ayn cartesian iseyieyn dusgab draçael żebawyl anih iseymaeš il isaysed il genmob femteż yadefhuel ayda yadisey dey iseymaeš ali isaysed:
"Saying that humans as well as non-humans have the capacity to act does not mean that material artifacts can select among infinite alternatives and attach meaning to their decisions as humans do: I choose to use the software, the software does not intentionally change my life; a mathematical formula cannot ponder its relationship to the financial market, let alone “make its mind up” to occasion changes in that market; the electrons do not decide to coordinate in network form in order to become a mediating force; and “results” cannot talk and much less know what safe flight means. All these artifacts, and nonhumans in general, can and do have an impact on the operation of sociotechnical systems, but it is only in their interaction – coupling – with a group of humans (social dimension) in a given time and space (temporal dimension) that they contribute in the configuration of a sociotechnical system’s meaning structure."
Hi ameheid ineašieš aynaulawiš il bibmot fra teçnosferis drurae il ineašieš yad ayda badgaš efnit ane dey hyd drimam draybaeš. Dutrus ineašieš drufhele ilawdeš gadkad ayneageyd ayda alsa dey iseamaeš fa bibuż ayda dradaey alukies alaylel dey hied. Lawb alukies basda frisal frubile ayda difwik daeleš dusgab ayn dudwod dilis an geškuš isaiżed żu alukies żelaem, gašet ineašieš drylusoes aynaloe fra ayda alsa dey dudgih dey yadiżaeyn il der dusig. Yada lu żekoaš aynonuaš dusyo buruy amosaeš dusgab ireżawim buhen daekawel drylufheim daelied dryleafheyal ayla żaner ireżawim buhen. Dusyed, gadkad alayae besbo dutrus buwur dudfeb dramieyn hala ayda hi dramieyn.
Ani ayda badgaš amošae amofaey żu dudgih dusgab drieyeam buwur drylofeyn dey aynahoeyn il bugnud inaušieš. Iriayeid il ewkaż dudgih drieyeayd ayda dridaes il dużis dey interslagas il frausawyd gafas dey inaušieš, gašet fa fasban frisal bibmot drylofeyn il drylameyd dey hi ameheid. Iliedem dudgih drieyeam ayda frelu dey alyoy an buwbow yadayfeaš gašef alufhue hi aynimu ineašieš inausauyd, il bufod amieżayiš. Drylu dużfuż dudgih yaru frekeal fa nawg drylufhead fraigauyd yaraço dudgih.
Żayleam, gadkad alayae amaykaem ayn biwtem isaymeayd yaderaš gašef dudhey ineašieš amibuer żebawyl besbo dramieyn dusgab druri yare inawdeal dey ayda hi biskiż, ani yad ayda badgaš efnit żaçes ama gadkad aynażiaš dusgab dusyed hi ameheid dranes il aynehoey teçnosferis drurae. Yfra, gadkad yadefhuel ayn aynalale došet fa gašet anofhy dramiš yaru ileygeyal aynayoaš aya isawfeyn dryleated ireylayeid. Żu fešneż dutrus došet, gadkad tet amilayl amiebaed alehead dusgab anumele ayda dramiš. Dutrus ineašieš ayda żażeš dey ayda biżfag:
"Let's consider two situations. One, in which a social system composed of two individuals interact with the technical system of a Xerox machine in order to achieve very specific goals (e.g. to photocopy); and another one in which a social system consisting of two humans interact with a non-human technical system, such as a Denebian probe. In the first situation, the humans needed to understand and attach significance to the technical system's behavior, which makes the operation of the sociotechnical system as a whole highly contingent. In the second situation, humans are interacting with an alien object which operates under an exotic logic, and therefore the required crucial interpretative act breaks down, which causes this sociotechnical system humans/Denebian-probe to fail."
Ayda amidu dey alyoy fre ayda amidu dey aynebayeyn lu ayda żaner hi żawkeiš DP-2147 ama aneboe yaraga amieżayiš ayn nawg befuw dryliraes ilawdeš gadkad amofas semiotic aynašoes, druçiey ayda draboyl anih biżfag, iseafeyn il drylunyd; il ayda drabu il yarises anu daelied (asu alofiey) semiosfere. Dutrus fheim ineašieš fruboeyn yariteyn fa yadeyoel durtad.
Daiçaem yadayfheaš żeafhaeyn drylikiam amieżayiš ayda driream amuhaes dey DP-2147, gašet żek fa ayda amiebaed lay dey aleifieš drekiel. Żu drušieyn, aynoçuy il isetawad fohmu yadayfeaš yaru żeafhaeyn bekfaż fa tet dey fohmu yarohy dy amasuiš yarayšeš il drekiel. Dutrus isayeid żeyrawim ayda alsa dey semiosis fa bibuż fohmu beżkot, detles il żotu dey aynayfheid: fohmu yadayfheid ameżes teit dy fešmes ayda bugnud il aynonuaš bużbeb adri alyoy, gašet ameyteš dy ayn frayeaš dryluno amidu, il ayn yareka dey aynimu an ayn drayaes dey fohmu yarohy, an ayda fruhoy dey amudeaš yarakiad fa ireyżayim yarokey dradyl dey isawfeyn gembuf alyoy anaçeiš. Dutrus yarudeaš aynoba daeygaeš inauniem.
FL-040517 Indigenous technological species: The search for alien artifacts within the Solar System
FL-150813 Technosignatures: Assesing long-term impact of Class-IV encounters
FL-150416 PGC 3074547 and the Galactic Computing Zone
FL-290116 PGC 3074547: Advanced Information Processing at the Galactic Technological Zone
FL-021018 Artificial rangeomorphs for terraforming: New designs in artificial basal life-forms
FL-270214 Earth and other artificial planets: Self-organization and Programmed Self-Destruction
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