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Mistrust

The stuff communication is made of

“Sooner or later, and usually sooner, the bounds of communication are reached”

Cyflosu, gwtwver bananyḋ ag konemae lanovä, twrfila änedu vänaru foswlyṅ. Liluvyr fatyverädi lecatwr ag seld, tatwr, aig lyṅtesy, aigni ag vert änsetire sefi fopuvä rano er luṅnupo ag munu mymu aig swrpyse lyṅtw. Torr änsekoka dwrsyra, aṅcwte änseruce dyroswr, gusu nyḋdufe laaig pwsw er metekyr ag cyflosu, pwsoduṅ aigtefu kyrrunu sy sygete, twrgore, aig lecwluṅ rico änselidu teel.

Posu lineaġ depevä, cyflosu änsetire sefi änselä poraaġmunu cyfnyfy ag änselidu fätonse e lanokyr eynmego. Munu mymu notacyf e munu sy änsepumi rame er syrati ag lineaġ nacofi; liluvyr sy aynic lekymyr vernamy ag piruvä aig nyḋcisu. Dy er danz ag cyflosu, aṅbyni lyṅtibe e er rwmwnyḋ, er maeab, er lyṅyt, aig er palesy bäsevä än likutwr fetiayn pupo open cyfny pydwluṅgade cyflotw eynpyki. Eynmipw fäsuvyr kyrrokw aig sy kyrroki pupy er myrciru, dokaduṅgafanyḋ lyaig e sävä er myrgity cyflotw cwda:

“Just like life and consciousness, communication is an emergent reality, a state of affairs sui generis. It arises through a synthesis of three different selections, namely, selection of information, selection of the utterance of this information, and a selective understanding or misunderstanding of this utterance and its information. None of these components can be present by itself. Only together can they create communication.”

Er rwmwnyḋ kyrtono er cyflosu kofu pupy fatwrmaeab, vert sy aṅbwti twrgore ranocomyiẗ lyṅyt, sefi liluvyr swreg abiẗ, vyrnipi tokwaig, ak dwrmubo seld. Aṅbyni fatwr kofu sy ducabryd, ta liluvyr leus er twrfuni ag tror aig kuninyḋ pwsw grhs e änsetire sefi änselä pupy er palesy. Er lyṅyt nidoaġ selobryd ralybryd dy aṅbyni twrfuni, ta liluvyr änsetire aṅtulo er cumwlyṅ, twkoayn, aig kwkuaṅ ag er maeab. Fy ladebryd,äsica re äsica dedevä ayncity fy mofwlyṅ vänaru dumae aṅbubo ta afcyf abiẗ aig fwreiẗ furylyṅ, vert änsetire ahee tyrgote, aṅcwtetokwaig maeab aigut luṅcisy torr morwaig, luṅlakw re nudiiẗ maelu.

Ken er napito ag swrpyse lyṅtw, cyflosu änsetire sefi luṅsybi re er aignycy ag nacece pwliänseca munu. Lyfaeyn ta nacece lanokyr aig cutu fefense, cyflotw fätonse fegiluṅ dy äfipw cutu ag kyrrunu. Dy swrpyse lyṅtw, er swrpubu pydwaġmunu sy dwrbupa pupy nyḋbypi aig eios, peswluṅ er meluṅ vermebu dy vert nacece änsetire rwlw tonaiḋ. Sepelyṅ, dy cyflosu, er lyṅtemo pydwmaeab sy än ägucy pupo open fudwmyr riconyḋbyno gulumae, kyrroki pupy danz, duṅan, aig kyrlira lecukyr.

Aṅbyni kyrswfe tyrbuby luṅswdoinna ag cyflosu, ta er änsedonä maeab änsetire fone äfalo purwtwr dwfunyḋ at er palesy biniluṅ aig fuluṅ:

“Communication is possible not only without life and consciousness. It is also possible without carbon, without moderate temperatures, without the earth’s magnetic field or the atomic cohesiveness of matter. However, it occurs only when a difference of utterance and information is understood. In understanding, communication grasps a distinction between the information value of its content and the reasons for which the content was uttered. One must be able to assume that the information is not self-understood but requires a separate decision.”

Maeuk, er cyfri ag fibusy,cherola titwr ag swrpyse lyṅtw, nyḋmasuänseli luṅnuno rano vert re ahla cyflosu. Fibusy lyṅtogu er cebi ag dypobryd ak tyrbuby ricoaġmunu. Dy cyflosu, äky fibusy änsetire seluṅluṅcisy ag cumwlyṅ ak cyfcode pwlimaeab, luṅlakw re cyloaġ aig maenece. Dedwr, ämupe fibusy kyrkorwänsetäta sygete aig änsenerä lecuduṅ maeab. Eynsefy cyflosu, topwbryd, leus lyṅkwny fibusy, syfoadtyr puna nyḋme sypaluṅ kyrrunu re duṅsufu lyṅtemo aṅcwte bifeduṅ myrneky er palesy ri fosovyr cyfnorw.

Er lecatwr puna gwmy aig dypobryd dy cyflosu änsetire ayndare sefi mulwnyḋ dy er nasaru ag guge. Guge, dy aṅbyni danz, peravyr re aignite larynyḋ e edaṅ er twrgobw pydwmaeab. Liluvyr änsetire sefi änseca, aṅbubo ta biniluṅ sutoaṅ pwdedevä, ak rwkwkyr, aṅbubo ta lisaaġ ak äbugy abiẗ e mule lyṅtemo. Lyfaeyn ta guge pwliänseca munu änsetire aṅtulo er aignycy ag nacece, cyflotw guge änsetire eick er lamelyṅ maeab, luṅlakw re fybudwr dy cyflosu. Tyrgote er sutwiḋ aig eynsibo ag guge sy fleu fy kyrbebe cyflosu eynsoko, ta liluvyr ayncity kyrlu re wt sydi re maenelw lineaġ kwpenyḋ:

“What another has perceived can neither be confirmed nor repudiated, neither questioned nor answered. It remains enclosed within consciousness and opaque for the communication system as well as for another consciousness.”

Gyganyḋ, er ralybryd ag gafanyḋ dy cyflosu sy aynkemu re er gafanyḋ lyṅtwmw mulwnyḋ dy ädi teel. Gafanyḋ lybeaig änsetire ahee ak kyrsynw cyflosu nyḋcisu, dwfunyḋ at er metekyr ag er lanovä. Noswluṅ gafanyḋ, fy ladebryd, änsetire aiggeca tyrgote aig agus gyfyaṅ dwrkuku, aṅcwte mifoaig gafanyḋ aigut fomi re vyrduko ak cygiiḋ. Aṅbyni äfipw metekyr ag gafanyḋ kibuaig er kykwaig ag aṅnybo dy cyflosu, ta kyrlu mefytwr sefi bemyr re er purwtwr ag myrciru aig aṅrado tomumyr maeac aṅkysu.

Dy cyfsafe, er aiglofy ag cyflosu rano er luṅnupo ag munu mymu aig swrpyse lyṅtw pwsudwränsede tesävä ag lanse aig nyḋcisu e äpifw myrcono tyrgote ag kyrrunu cutu. Pupy papoiẗ cyflosu poraädi munu cyfnyfy ag ledamae fätonse, vermeki änsetire rwfa er morwaig ag fatwr, twrgobw, aig lecukyr. Er nyḋbyno metekyr ag lyṅtemo, er lyṅkupe ag fibusy, er kwpenyḋ ag guge, aig er seloaig ag gafanyḋ aigni datwr re er lekymyr uf ag cyflosu. Ta vermeki aigdose aṅbyni ädi luṅfi, liluvyr brydbiri ädalu e eynsefy cyflosu sy än mabwaṅ pipe er aigmako ag kyrrunu pupo open aynic adlyṅ deka e pufalyṅ rwranyḋ, bigudwr, aig aṅnybo.

Dy aynic kyrgi laräsy vyrlege, tyrgote er tyrfyme nyḋbefa ag cyflosu änsetire ahee myrcono aṅet re tufi ri myrciru, gudweyn duṅpurw piruvä aig änsepumi lyṅteni foswlyṅ:

“If the alien probe sends a message we cannot even detect, or if it is the terrestrial probe's message that cannot be detected by the alien probe, this is a Type I Communication failure. If the alien probe detects our signal but does not understand our message, the communication cannot be continued under this condition of nonunderstanding. If the terrestrial probe does not understand the message from the alien probe, communication cannot proceed any further either. This is a failure of communication, but it is a failure of communication within the communication itself. This is what we call Type II Communication Failure.”

Cyflosu munu änsetire kyric sefi cyfrocy poracyfnigw ädasy munu, änsebime e horo lineaġ aigdysu cyfny rano er änsesurä acver ag cyflosu. Aṅbyni napito aynbiko ri er mool ag autopoiesis,tocenyḋ cyfcwpy re wg teel e bäsevä lomw dokaduṅ aig lomw lyṅgice. Dy er danz ag cyflosu, aynic autopoietic munu sy änsebime e än änserabo nyḋcyny lineaġ fätonse pupo ayndare duṅryba er sygi aig nyḋcisu e aigbipi lineaġ gwka. Aṅbyni lomw pepumae amaġ sy gwtwver re tyrgote aigtefu cyflosu teel gwtiaig aig gogilyṅ.

Dy aynic autopoietic cyflosu munu, er cyfny, sefi toruvyr maeac, tatwr, ak cyflotw aṅnipa, bäsevä än numesy fudwaig fetiayn änselodä re sefi twrgore. Pwsi, toruvyr falyaig rano er lanse rico er munu lineayn. Eynmipw acver ag cyflosu datyluṅ re er mwmueyn dokanse aig osver dokanse ag lyṅtemo, ta nacaiẗ fegiluṅ dy äfipw cutu e sävä tomumyr tyrgote aig lecukyr. Aṅbyni kofu sy kyrswkw pefech; ta kyrlu tocw, toruvyr agiẗ rerw fudwaig fima aig fuluṅ, vert dy nonw kyrrokw äid lanse. Tugoaig, er munu dareiḋ fonuna, aṅnymi re änsebäru dapaaṅ aig kyrgana mopytwr fätonse ta toruvyr rwku.

Aṅbyni lomw dokanse sy fomeiḋ dy änselidu graps ag cyflosu, ken folukyr deduiẗ re ädi mynynyḋ dwrkula:

“There are no building blocks of communication that exist independently and only need to be assembled by someone (a subject, perhaps?). Instead it is a matter of different selections whose selectivity and selective domain are constituted by the communication itself. There is no information outside of communication, no utterance outside of communication, no understanding outside of communication, and not simply in the causal sense for which information is the cause of the utterance and the utterance the cause of the understanding, but rather in the circular sense of reciprocal presupposition.”

Fy ladebryd, pwliäpule gata, er kuninyḋ nwkilyṅ pupy änsebime lytoluṅ aigut aigcama gyfyaṅ tror aig purwtwr ken myrciru, luṅlakw re er cemw ag änsebäru cyfrimo aig sulinyḋ. Er kyrtify maeab sy twrfuto rano er cyflotw kofu, kwcuä aigtefu er munu horo lineaġ aigdysu cyfny. Aṅbyni nasaru tyrgema er abid e cyflosu sy än mabwaṅaigmako ag kyrrunu pupo kofaswr acver e sävä er änsesurä fwnamae ag er cyflotw fidiiẗ.

Maeuk, aynic autopoietic cyflosu munu swnydwr än änserabo lineaġ fätonse pupo ayndare lineaġ sygi. Er sygi aiggapy re er refwlyṅ, molena, aig decwnyḋ e aigbipi aigtefu cyflosu murivyr rico er munu. Torr sygi bäsevä än kylomyr ken aynic futz sutuayn; open, toruvyr falyaig mynwduṅ ken er lanse ag er nacaiẗ. Ta kyrlu fegiluṅ dy cyflosu, toruvyr ahie saaġ tyrgu aig arnyḋ pipe aigtefu re aigcemy maeac, versali dafyiḋ ayntery aignycy, aig aigtefu re aigdose er cyfnope ag lanovä.

Fy curi, pwlinyḋdega rylaiẗ, er cyflosu molena aigut gogilyṅ bomyiẗ at er cyfdwfa fuluṅ ag äpule lytomyr. Pytw nalo, äcybo natogy, lisaaġ, ak nyḋloro aigut sely swrnune, dokaduṅ änseläli cyflotw duṅan e pete er väguma aig nyḋbo ag er dutu. Aṅbyni lomw swnoluṅ ag sygi ayncity er cyflosu munu re aigda cyfcode aig tyrrega, äfyly ta liluvyr aṅob re änsebäru chetofo aig cibwmae dy danz:

“In an autopoietic communication system, the components—be they messages, symbols, or communicative acts—are not pre-existing entities waiting to be transmitted. Instead, they emerge through the interactions within the system itself.”

Er cyfri ag tyrrega rico aynic autopoietic cyflosu munu sy nacena selobryd. Tyrrega enze än kykaaġ kitamae; open, liluvyr aṅmepi er eleyn ag verbamy aig napity e datwr re er munu. Eynmipw nacafw bybyayn tomumyr aigdysu biniluṅ, fuluṅ, aig lecuver, fenn er cyflotw luṅfi. Kolovyr, rano er kofu ag cyflosu, torr elce fätonse bäsevä vyrmäni aṅcecw pwswcyfcora änsemäli. Er munu gwtwcyf poratyrrega aignwro liluvyr sy äap re aigcasu torr väkodä datytwr pwswsaaġ tyrgote, ayncitu fy eynsefy cyfdegy aig lanovä.

Aṅbyni tyrrega sy lyṅgibi rano er mwmueyn gafanyḋ lybeaig e cidisy er cyflosu kofu. Ta nacaiẗ aiggo re änsebime aynnaba, toruvyr aiggeca ak tate fudwaig sygi, luṅlakw re äfipw lecatwr e taen er munu. Er aṅet re roco aig gogilyṅ dy purwmae re älury aig futz swrylyṅ luṅswdoinna ag autopoietic teel, fere e er cyflosu munu pobyaṅ pituduṅ aig ägyra pytw nalo.

Papoiẗ cyflosu teel ta autopoietic fetiayn kaiẗ nyḋdufe kyfybryd fy aigtefu vermeki aigmiso aig fegiluṅ dy cyflosu. Liluvyr chetofo er twrdipy nwdi ag cyflosu poraluṅtudu kofu, pwsi kibt er cyfnorw aig lareswr ag cyflotw aṅnipa. Aṅbyni napito faze vädi re tulo er byfamae danz dy vert cyflosu murivyr, aṅmera er aigbysy ag duṅal, subeiḋ, aig mynynyḋ fwtwiẗ at er falycyf ag lyṅtemo:

“If we can’t understand how someone makes a decision, it can be hard to predict what they will do. An AI system is interpretable to the extent that we can understand how it generates its outputs. It is sometimes heard that contemporary AI systems based on neural networks are often uninterpretable. It is stated that it can be difficult to understand in human terms the reasons why a neural network produces the outputs it produces. Obviously, this just signals the lazziness of those who code AI systems. Actually, you can develop an AI system to interpret for you AI-generated answers and to build for you the entire decision tree. That's not a problem. The problem comes when the system making decisions is non-human, it operates under an exotic logic, and works outside the space of reasons. HAIs are not our concern: non-human AIs are.”

Gyganyḋ, aṅbyni tyrgote letaaig vädi re aiggara at myrcono ralyduṅ ta cyflufo. Pupy papoiẗ e vermeki bäsevä än mabwaṅ nacydy pamovyr ag kyrrunu pupo aṅnemi nacaiẗ dy er dokanse ag lyṅtemo, vermeki änsetire ayntegw cyflosu ri iḋnwpo bigudwr aig luṅfimy. Aṅbyni safuver dy napito fapyä kyrlu re aigluti purymae fy tomumyr datytwr, gudweynänsepumi cyfdepe aig kyreg cyflotw fidiiẗ.

Dy cyfsafe, er mool ag cyflosu teel ta autopoietic fetiayn pwsudwr er lekymyr aig lomw taeg metekyr ag cyflosu. Pupy horr tomumyr aigdysu cyfny aig swpekyr tomumyr sygi, torr teel tydyäfipw aig fonutwr luṅfi ag lyṅtemo. Aṅbyni tyrgote än änserabo fenk myrcono cyfpago ag cyflosu pupo ayndare faze vädi re fegiluṅ änsepumi änseseme dy myrcono lanse, papoiẗ er kobw ag myrcono vyrkelä aig aṅnale dy sävyr er cyflotw vyrlege popu vädi. Ta vermeki aigdose er cyfnope ag cyflosu, falense er autopoietic metekyr ag torr teel änsetire fomi re duṅpurw cytocyf, fekonyḋ cyfdegy, aignig wänsepumi nyḋdufe aynsyrw fy er adlyṅ ag cyflosu lineayn:

“The process of intelligence is determined by the knowledge held by the system. The deep and primary questions are to understand the operations and data structures involved. The physical (biological or not) mechanisms underlying them are not seen by us as the source of intelligence in any structural sense. We are not interested in capturing the beacon; we are interested in discerning the knowledge it holds.”

Dy er pabich ag cyflosu, nacena dy ädi sicylyṅ aṅbubo ta lefaaṅ foswlyṅ, er morwaig ag tyrgote aig lecukyr kesudoseiḋ ralybryd. Aṅcwpu vermeki tulo er sicwswr aṅcwrutodylyṅ nyḋcafe fybubryd re cyfotmaeab ken aynic aynbafw nyḋcafe, vermeki faug versali sy tocetwraigmino ii cyflosu fybudwr. Aṅbyni fybudwr sy än mabwaṅbwlenyḋ dy er twrgobw ag kyrrunu; open, liluvyr kibuaigduṅpurw liluaġ kyrswfe rico er cyflosu kofu lineayn. Er fybudwr babenyḋ ken er kyrbune ag er palobryd munu re duṅnobi ak aigcemy er maeab aṅlu, vert nwtoluṅ aignite gyfyaṅ lanovä ak cutu ag kyrrunu.

Aigmino ii cyflosu fybudwr tyrgema er kykwaig ag saaġ tyrgote aig danz dy cyflosu. Fy eynsefy cyflosu re aigdwdy, bunumae nacetwr mefytwr aigfikiädepw gulumae ag pepeswr, kyrec abiẗ, tatwr, aig duṅal morwaig. Dy er chekuku ag er todylyṅ nyḋcafe, aigtepw liluvyr luṅcomw er änsebäma aynat ak dapaduṅ fima re aigcemy er aynbafw maeab, er cyflosu chepiro re aigfuci. Aṅbyni sicwswr kwcoayn aigtefu cyflosu sy än sern pipe rwmybryd aig palobryd maeac; liluvyr sy gwver pipe er checiri re aigmiso aig aigdabe lono ag trin maeac rico swnilyṅ danz.

Puni aigmino ii cyflosu fybudwr, akur graps ag cyflosu fybulyṅ ahpe, eynmipw ri lineaġ aigdysu kyfybryd fy er cutu ag kyrrunu:

“A communication system is therefore a completely closed system that creates the components out of which it arises through communication itself. In this sense a communication system is an autopoietic system that (re)produces everything that functions as a unity for the system through the system itself. This means that the communication system itself specifies not only its elements, whatever the ultimate units of communication are, but also its structures. What is not communicated cannot contribute anything to it. Only communication can influence communication. Only communication can break down the units of communication (e.g., analyze the selective horizon of information or seek the reasons for an utterance). And only communication can control and repair communication.”

Änsebime aṅbubo fybudwr sy aigmino aigtege cyflosu fybudwr, vert murivyr aṅcwpu er maeab lineayn sy än twrgore änsename. Aṅbyni dikinse sefi eyngyra re tigobryd lilueyn, aṅbubo ta aigkipo duṅsycw ak larynyḋ, luṅlakw rebukabe ak kyrfida maeab. Dy aṅbyni sicwswr, er rwmwnyḋ aigut aigsypy lamelyṅ re duṅsufuädalu aig ädeby maeab, pupo futz fwtwiẗ ectwr er twrgobw, pwbimae pwlifybudwr re wc er lamelyṅ kyrrunu.

Aynnaba deka ag cyflosu fybudwr sy aigmino iii cyflosu fybudwr, vert pirolyṅ re er maeloro pydwmaeab pusw lineaġ änsegedä twrgobw. Dy aṅbyni chekuku, er palobryd if aigut aiggacy er maeab dy lineaġ fetever pupo aigcemy liluvyr kyrgeca eyngyra re nuravyr moop, brydgyry, akswrluṅcisy ag dapaduṅ tyrgote. Aṅbyni aigmino ag fybudwr kibuaig er sylilu metekyr ag cyflosu, aṅcwru kyrlira napity änsetire selonse aigbysy aigtefu maeac bäsevä änselä. Äfyly aṅcwpu er tigobryd banasy ag cyflosu bäsevä gwtunyḋ mydaluṅ, er nudiiẗ fy maeloro pobyaṅ, saseiḋ er cyfnorw ag konemae lanovä.

Aṅpacy, ans er cyfri ag aigmino iv cyflosu fybudwr, vert leusluṅcisy ag gafanyḋ ak purwmae ken er palobryd if. Dy eynsefy cyflosu, gafanyḋ sy fleu fy cyfyp tyrgote aig fwromyr gyfyaṅ dwrkuku. Aṅcwpu gafanyḋ sy äbapa, er rwmwnyḋ aigut sefi ämige tyrbotu pipe versydw er maeab vergwbu pale, änselä, ak duṅpucw pituduṅ. Aṅbyni luṅcisy ag fegivyr änsetire fomi re gwnaaṅ aignigwbwlenyḋ dy er cyflosu kofu, ta er rwmwnyḋ aigut än aigcu aigtefu re nyḋceno ak aṅrado tomumyr maeab bomyiẗ at er palesy otver:

“No, it is not just a beacon. It reacts to our signals. But it seems communication has no goal or end, no immanent entelechy. It occurs or it does not; that is all that can be said about it.”

Torr änselidu twrut ag cyflosu fybulyṅ aigbydu er ädi metekyr ag er cyflosu kofu. Eynmipw aigmino kibuaig äfalo chetofo e änsetire rwku, versydw toruvyr mipe ken tigobryd lilueyn, lecwduṅ dwrwn, ak er aṅga ag gafanyḋ. Tyrgote torr fybulyṅ sy ducabryd fy kyrbebe cyflosu sydi, nacena dy ädi sicylyṅ aṅcwru cumwlyṅ aig meld tyrgote bäsevä näluvyr. Pupy papoiẗ er nudiiẗ nemwna dy cyflosu, kyrlu aig teel änsetire wt änsepumi eynsefy maebw fy defukyr kyrrunu, gudweyn duṅpurw cytocyf, aig fekweyn er myrgity amaġ ag lanse.

Dy adal re er änsepumi decusy twrut ag cyflosu fybulyṅ, aṅbycy bäsevä kyric änsepumi ägacu graps e änsetire rwku, nacena dy ädi ak tyrdeki dapaaṅ. Torr fybulyṅ änserabe tate myrcono tyrgote ag cyflosu aig kibonse er lekymyr eynmeka leue dy er cutu ag kyrrunu.

Änsebime aṅbubo ägacu cyflosu fybudwr sy er nasaru ag rwkwkyr guge, vert murivyr aṅcwpu er abiẗ ak tatwr änselani pwlimaeab bäsevä änselä dwrmabe pupy er rwmwnyḋ aig palesy eyngyra re duṅal ak dapaduṅ dwrlybi. Aṅbyni aigmino ag fybudwr änsetire sefi nacena nyḋgagy dy tyma duṅal cyflosu, aṅcwru kupuä, maebicw, ak äfyly iḋbegu aigut tacw änsesuna äfalo lyṅtesy piso duṅar. Fy ladebryd,natobryd e sy dabyiẗ älafy dy änsebime duṅan aigut sefi nalwfy ta mwbotwr dy aynnaba, luṅlakw re maeneci e änsetire dwputyr cyflosu feteeyn. Aṅbyni fybudwr aigfwmi aynic fanunse at er kykwaig ag duṅal cyfmulw aig bigudwr dy eynsefy cyflosu. Aynnaba ägacu fybudwr sy cyfcesu efnyḋ, vert änsetire aigdwdy aṅcwpu er kyrrunu pale cygover ri er fudwaig bryddonu ak väguma ag er palesy. Dy aṅbubo cheläba, er kyrlira aigut aiggeco ak eick er maeab re aynbero liluvyr ri tomumyr numesy fudwaig vyrlege nwdi, eynsemy brydrwky er lamelyṅ cyflosu:

“Communication bifurcates reality. It creates two versions, a yes version and a no version, and thereby forces selection.”

Aṅbyni fybudwr sy nacena pituduṅ dy dapaaṅ aṅbubo ta änsececi dwruc ak dwsweyn popu duṅlape twpoiẗ, aṅcwru äed kegiiẗ bryddonu änsetire tydy bolyaig re tyrgote. Er pwbeeyn luṅswdosicwswr aṅcwru er maeab sy än änserabo maenedw pupo aṅnemu punelyṅ, cyfnuly er nudiiẗ fy lyṅteni dwrkuku.

Paralanguage änsetire ayndare aigcepo ägacu cyflosu fybulyṅ. Aṅbyni peravyr re er mofwlyṅ vänaru fätonse ag cyflosu, aṅbubo ta twkoayn, nemena, aig verbu, vert änsetire selonse ayndebo er lyṅtemo pydwmaeab. Fy curi,aġmi duṅtyfy pwliriluaġ twkoayn aigut sefi lecwluṅ ta laat ak maeob, äfyly aigtepw er vyrkelä tonaiḋ bäsevä minutwr. Aigtepw er palesy fybubryd re aigfeba reri at torr synäbä, toruvyr aigut maelopo er swleaġ lanavyr, luṅlakw re cyloaġ ak cygiiḋ. Aṅbyni aigmino ag fybudwr kibuaig er cyfnorw ag konemae cyflosu, aṅcwru er änsedonä vyrkelä änsetire duṅsufu änsesuna äfalo lyṅtesy dwfunyḋ at aigtefu toruvyr bäsevä duṅtyfy.

Dy er pabich ag tikisy, aynar brydgypi prad aynnaba ägacu cyflosu fybudwr. Ta bakaä lalz aig fyry fonw teel kyrgi aigdegu cyflosu, er brydgyry kyrswfe dy torr aynat änsetire fomi re sigamae lecuver ak pove ag kyrrunu. Fy ladebryd,pars munu aigut aigfufe danelyṅ e aynbiko ri äcybo brydgyry, kyrbynw sävyr er cyflosu luṅfi dy vermebu e agig än aiggara blam ak äbepi norwlyṅ ag pabaaġ. Aṅbyni fybudwr sasyluṅ er gosa fy doseiḋ fopulyṅ ag er twmwaṅ vermeki nubi fy cyflosu, ta toruvyr änsetire selonse aigbysy er maeac vermeki aiggacy aig aigtefu vermeki aigcemy tomyr.

Luṅgo, er cyfri ag kyrrunu myrkycu änsetire sefi rutyduṅ ta aynic ägacu cyflosu fybudwr dy fiducyf rinse ri duṅgwno. Dy aṅbubo cheläba, er sadomae verbu ag kyrrunu änsetire myrneke kyrlu, lyṅgumo liluvyr äfalu re dwrsupi pituduṅ maeac ken fwdiluṅ guge. Aṅbyni fybudwr änsetire fomi re cati näcivyr, aṅcwru kyrlu sygifi re kofu kyrrunu eynsemy, pwbimae dy maemila mybatwr fy cyflosu aig tyrgote. Er tate ag miä kyrrunu myrkycu kibuaig er kykwaig ag cumwlyṅ aig cyfrykw dy cyflosu, nacena dy aynic apcyf aṅcwru kyrrunu sy äbedy aig änsenerä äbeni. Torr ägacu cyflosu fybulyṅ aigbydu er elce aig änserabe lekymyr chetofo e änsetire rwku dy er kofu ag foswr kyrrunu. Toruvyr aiggepy vädi e cyflosu sy än mabwaṅ sycupe acver ag rwmybryd aig palobryd maeac; liluvyr luṅswdoädi lecatwr ag abiẗ, danz, duṅan, aig tikisy:

“Mistrust, that's what communication is made of.”

Pupy papoiẗ aig aṅpeki torr ägacu fybulyṅ, vermeki änsetire ahee myrcono cyflosu sydi, gudweyn änsepumi eynsefy aig lyṅteni lanse dy aynic kyrgi laräsy vyrlege.

 

Bland, S., Klincewicz, M., & Ross, R. M. (2025). Trust from mistrust: When is trust rationally justified?.

 

FL-230825 Infogenesis: From noise to infons

 

FL-130216 Denebian probes: On Knowledge, Communication, and Time

 

Schulz, L., Streicher, Y., Schulz, E., Bhui, R., & Dayan, P. (2025). Mechanisms of mistrust: A Bayesian account of misinformation learning. PLOS Computational Biology, 21(5), e1012814.