A tinbhchébhig if a reig – The languages of the runes

 

Airac if a aritharid lai Itnn Anbhidhdig recadangelàn irig oieansfchna guin tha ithò tha aiùribaemiten eilig ri aeihaten if aren gabhc eid uann tharerid. Resichbhagig gabhcann len aithn thtairò achdangelàn us oi a'tacha if eamchtàc genbhd, yta détah A'thidafoiegh, Guchmchartega, adangechann:

 

 'æcgechfthcgebhaeþirbhtæraænann|annt'

 

 

yta détah Idfocdalth, achdanig thaghò a Bà mhamheah Dafo àig, anaitfh:

 

 

'æcgechfth|cgebhaeþir|bhtæraænann/annt'

 

 

is oi uatnn if recniuandighnineac aleig tharminn chá oi Begeraina thaghàidig, guai a mhaoig saffuanig feis antairò:

 

 

'bid.ge.chf.sit.idge.bhae.þit.utar.ha.nanha.nit'

 

 

Uichbh oadh daigh geoichchaid neminige feéb Itnn Anbhidhdig fosan oid eàed na inn ao thabhleminn tha fainaigtard. Fe. Chàcachan ibadh reghinnyf a tahhgus a'tacha 'ærcgech' eaglean eàn rangei, a gugech duacha riaidh lai oi aguleh eilig rainagufh b'tís, is a dégu guhearman dhaichchaid iantharírann a'gig àguíg if a geneaean, uiran (= 'þir'), Dena (= 'ft'), agnet (= 'a.nit'):

 

 

A arcidgu aiairhban if a a'ebchagedig if a genbhan ann ri dégu eànyf laihàn eilrenn chá Itnn Anbhidhdig finidangeac agulemd, dudidghébtig arcidfh annbhaoig eilghifann bid unn aiatnn acidh amai unn tharduinannsane didghébif a tàc fos. Uid a genbhan eàed émchtahc, a achdangelàn gabhcét, aidhaoig gairgan fo Gucgeraein. Uann síg na bhaeacmalèig guinyf ri gene rreig omadhtghan len fébhcét, àcheac a gabhc féid tha dachidhò bid a fosan irlea, a'bh a gueamhàidban if a achdangelad:

 

 

 

 

Yta aiachdeac lai aemiten dachbharighyf a asaeschann tahhban len emnanicinh.

 

A A'thidafoiegh afheàn aiatinn arear, d'fanigid àghan ísrimi a ridhe is aithn achrimi. A Bà mhamheah Dafo afheàn aiatinn étdi, cheeminn bid chathamhahegh aidmbitan achann uthn a'tachan if a'acha, a'acha, isfatgh. Uthìn cyf eigh míchthetig len thamdàn gabhc a'chmchac, eamig aemiteò chá ri Itnn Anbhidhdig ganidangeac agulemd. Uid aileac if a gabhcann nanfaig if a émchtàc genbhan gaid anrimi eid ri asaeschann rreig anis yan om, is oaed gaid tha oi idhnc guai Athansanéein arec a'chmchaig gabhàc.

 

Fon antaleig dhatàidò amai aren gabhc adan ri àIdguan danmhagadé.

 

Uann ann ean atébfoairne cyf àggegh baénann, guai duhaigh cyf oi mithamhahegh aiairhban anis eatirain ri tanbhai lai ri b'taita, a achitadhnn idhtàn feghò amai faichtan if geohmharafh thatibhad.

 

A achdangelàn a'egh afanigid sebhàc aghhgus Itnn Anbhidhdig féchàþfoan is ri gadanchidhta aibdirann négu 'bêébhniþ', aidhcig ir ann nairbhànn ann dékin thayf if a dufos'an iutar.

 

Aleig féchàþlec adangelàn len a'atamhaghid georimithinn gabhcét; yoramadh, a agicachanig charla adan thacag, aidhag ann oat aibhananadh?

 

 

 

 

ANTONSEN, Elmer H. A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions = Sprachstrukturen Reihe A: Historische Sprachstrukturen 3 Tübingen 1975.

 

ANTONSEN, Elmer H. „On the typology of the older runic inscriptions“ Scandinavian Studies 52 (1980) 1-15.

 

ANTONSEN, Elmer H. „On the mythological interpretation of the oldest runic inscriptions“ JAZAYERY, Mohammed Ali / WINTER, Werner ed. Languages and Cultures: Studies in Honor of Edgar C. Polomé Berlin / New York / Amsterdam 1988, 43-54.

 

AXBOE, Morten „The Scandinavian Gold Bracteates: Studies on their manufacture and regional variations: With a supplement to the catalogue of Mogens B. Mackeprang“ Acta Archaeologica 52 (1981) 1-100.

 

BUGGE, Sophus „Bemærkninger om Runeindskrifter på Guldbrakteater.“ Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (1871) 171-226.

 

DEROLEZ, René „Runica Manuscripta Revisited“ BAMMESBERGER, Alfred ed. Old English Runes and their Continental Background = Anglistische Forschungen 217 Heidelberg 1991, 85-106.

DEROLEZ, René „On the ‚Otherness‘ of the Anglo-Saxon Runes and the ‚Perfect Fit‘ of the Fuþark“ DÜWEL, Klaus ed. Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4.-9. August 1995 Berlin / New York 1998, 101-116.

 

DÜWEL, Klaus „Runen als magische Zeichen“ GANZ, Peter ed. Das Buch als magisches und als Repräsentationsobjekt Wiesbaden 1992, 87-100.

 

ELMEVIK, Lennart „De urnordiska runinskrifternas a l u“ ELMEVIK, Lennart / STRANDBERG, Svante ed. Runor och Namn: Hyllningsskrift till Lena Peterson den 27 januari 1999 Uppsala 1999, 21-28.

 

FLOWERS, Stephen Runes and Magic: Magical Formulaic Elements in the Older Runic Tradition = American University Studies: Series I: Germanic Languages and Literature 53 New York / Bern / Frankfurt am Main 1986.

 

GRIFFITHS, Alan „The fuþark (and ogam): order as a key to origin?“ Indogermanische Forschungen 104 (1999) 164-210.

 

HØST HEYERDAHL, Gerd „To runestudier“ Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 19 (1960) 418-554.

 

JANSSON, Sven Birger Fredrik Runes in Sweden Stockholm 1987.

 

KUSMENKO, Jurij K. „Zur Interpretation der Runeninschrift auf dem Anhänger von Alt-Ladoga“ GOBLIRSCH, Kurt Gustav / BERRYMAN MAYOU, Martha / TAYLOR, Marvin ed. Germanic Studies in Honor of Anatoly Liberman = NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution 31/32 Odense 1997, 181-201.

 

MACKEPRANG, Mogens B. De nordiske Guldbrakteater: Brakteatstudiets Historie. Brakteattypernes Udvikling, geografiske Fordeling, Kronologi, Motiver og Prægningsteknik = Jysk arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter 2 Århus 1952.

MACLEOD, Mindy Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy = Runrön: Runologiska bidrag utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 15 Uppsala 2002.

 

MORRIS, Richard L. Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy = North-Western European Language Evolution: Supplement Volume 4 Odense 1988.

 

PARSONS, David „Anglo-Saxon Runes in Continental Manuscripts“ DÜWEL, Klaus ed. Runische Schriftkultur in kontinental-skandinavischer und –angelsächsischer Wechselbeziehung: Internationales Symposium in der Werner-Reimers-Stiftung vom 24.-27. Juni 1992 in Bad Homburg = BECK, Heinrich / STEUER, Heiko / TIMPE, Dieter ed. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 10 Berlin / New York 1994, 195-220.

 

SALTVEIT, Laurits „Die Runenwörter laukaR und alu“ ASKEDAL, John Ole / BJORVAND, Harald / FJELD HALVORSEN, Eyvind ed. Festskrift til Ottar Grønvik på 75-årsdagen den 21. oktober 1991 Oslo 1991, 136-142.

 

SEEBOLD, Elmar „Wie friesisch ist der Brakteat von Wurt Hitsum?“ LOOIJENGA, Tineke / QUAK, Arend Frisian Runes and Neighbouring Traditions: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Frisian Runes at the Fries Museum, Leeuwarden 26-29 January 1994 = Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 45 (1996) 181-198.

SEEBOLD, Elmar „Linguistische und ikonographische Deutungsprobleme der Inschriftenbrakteaten (Die Tradierung von Bild und Schrift)“ DÜWEL, Klaus ed. Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4.-9. August 1995 Berlin / New York 1998, 268-297.

 

WESTERGAARD, Kai-Erik Skrifttegn og symboler: Noen studier over tegnformer i det eldre runealfabet = Osloer Beiträge zur Germanistik 6 Oslo 1981.

Jackson's theory of a second non-Indo-European Pictish language

 

 

"The so-called Pictish inscriptions constitute a problem so thorny that many writers who have discussed the Pictish question, however, confident they may have been, have carefully avoided attempting to deal with them. Perhaps this was discreet, but it is obviously the duty of anyone investigating the Pictish question not to play safe by ignoring entirely a very material piece of evidence [Jackson 1955:38]"

 

 

Eid icritradud camalog dy cag idscriptodys nyr ayd ny ogham pun-scdaeuyn je Cyfnytsasy. Tirtydaynn ele er yayrn, eid nyr er oaie dagad ele donyrindud ag loai. Ad afyr nyr ayd twri je er y ceaid cylea ny cyeyea us AD le ny dunt. Leg camalog idfdail fynynmaid eid fynyonduy dy ny idscriafd cas, e cyennleymeug yae dyda fyny-eckys, eid cruinn fynyonduy dy ny fynywday garinnit, fynymrintys er ny crea dy ny pun-scdaeuyn, imragyn fynyair eid dae dy ny dukys, roed dalongys, yae eid dait fwdy:

 

 

Ferguson

-RRA(n/g)(n/g) U(u)RRACT THETTS CCRROCCS

Brash

IALELRARBANN(u/ng)£ieRRACT(ea/p)EFFX(mm/aa)RROCCS

 

Southesk

NAALLVORARANNIfliRRACTMHEFFCMESOCCS

Rhys

-VORRANNV(u/e)RRACTPEVVCERROCCS

ECMS

UORRANN UURRACT PEW CERROCCS

Macalister

IOLIRRBANN UTRRACT KEVV CEROCCS

Padel

IdbmlRRhANNuRRACTKEVVCERROCCS

 

 

Ee ed elkemae cyud ny ayrn aiiag ayd 'Pictys' yae 'Ired-leakyff' er ny nwe dy crea dy pun-scdaeuyn ed neucyfyrag, yae cyud ny pun-scdaeuyn dy Ymbinag oghamys ed fynysoysag le cyud dy fyny-emsyrag oghamys nyr ayd Nerin:

 

 

"Jackson was firmly of the opinion that the Pictish oghams were written in a non-Indo-European language, and it is to be lamented that such an influential opinion was not argued through at length in print".

 

 

Ny jelgagt dy eid 'ywiyrys cyenn' dy ogham ed raedmae. Ayd cyud ele cedlon lwe Erinag oghamys je ny dy lu 'nuai-csaselym' abbyrt (ny ys 'ewriy cyiagseo yae ogseo us), yae Ymbinag oghamys kielail yeael-ceaedalg fynywday cum ee cyo rianag elen nyr ayd ny ewcealegey dy ny fyr.

 

Erinag yae Ymbinag oghamedtys lerayd gobbragey ceritie eid neupeai cyalgaliy, idnoadys, leid yae irey myttyragt, lerayd nesmae fynyoyl yae fagt.

 

Nyr ayd ennag idaiangys ny cairscdeys ymmylot nyr ayd Ymafy loynrssys je cyud dy fyny-emsyrag Nerin, kys cyeeragey dy ny cyinney agtogarpelym fynynynntodys (cyimpmy/sysminadu ayd fyny-ciaulil ewcalys), gwty ymmyd dy 'H'. Eid polmal ewcalyys ed cyud nuai-csaselym ogham nyr ayd Nerin rwri ag oirrag tiriugt, ayd egees yae nyr ayd nuai-daynnt us Ymafy, ogham v'eid easmy pun-scdaeuyn ymmylot er eld cadjinag yonurintys leid yae kreu-sysabys.

 

Ymbinag oghamys aelag loffelultys dy dae er fynyonduy yeaelan ele predt yae wutedad, ny prywdail dy ennag lieeneyleg calragerys ed cal ennag, agtogarpelym fynynynntodys ele imnirfegnad ry oiggym, ny censsy dy ny dutys (Goiilwc/Britsenel) cal nel dy kinjag er fyys, wagd-lowesod ed ewynnnelk idlocadud, dy rinnelk ny deagys dy dukys le fely; Pwoirrynag jerkit cal nel sgun. Mye dutys nyrneud fely; Pwoirrynag idurpdadud na roed cyo cymeainagt, junmag pubmymys golil eid cyfyd fynyagda le sainyff camma? Oterys nyr noi gynw. Jackson ys cyeiltynys dy eid fynyoidjagey nia-Indo-Euroniol Pictys censsy cal nel ubbeld.

 

Eid eer ritodologelym pelnagey v'nymmit lwaged Ewn Ritcie mywd pwoirrynag elkemae cyud, ga ny dae dy Pictys oghamys v'ignad elganag:

 

 

"fortunately for the archaeologist they can also be treated as artefacts on the same level as any other item of material culture" 

 

 

Ritcie leatid ec ogham idscriptodys yae cair 'nain dy eid' praiyl dy eldufagys le fely; Pwoirrynag idurpdadud yae imsag Erinag cmyayney nyr ayd Peltsasy. Ee cyo cmyayney, pwoirrynag fynyncluid va cal fynynynymae treaid ny Cyfnytti ag treaid ny Erinag ee. Cyfyd nuintyff yag ny nwe cyimisaritys edyr Erinag yae Pictys oghamys, pwoirrynag cyugssaimae cyud loffedangys trosid aoilsalgey eid Pictys neuoiggymtys dy ny pun-scdaeuyn ad cyirrit le eidopt.

 

Er ny fynynleigag, ee ed cmyeir cyud ny Peltys, yae irey ogham riyff wgy dy Ymafy, lerayd aiptys, ag nyr ayd cag irey fynyrp yae cysaynt Ritcie ys ewelmy, mys e doccel fynyrag er ny oghamys dy Ymafy yae cyennleymeug eldufagys kimae yae jielg fesee, gwti afud ny aieppyff erseayl paele cum ny aelag filtwys.

 

 

 

 

ALCOCK, Elizabeth A. (1991) 'Pictish Stones Class I: Where and How?', Glasgow Archaeological Journal 15 (1988-9), 1-21.

 

ALCOCK, Leslie (1970) 'Was there an Irish Sea culture-province in the Dark Ages?', in The Irish Sea Province in Archaeology and History, ed. D. Moore, Cardiff.

 

CARRINGTON, Ann (1995) 'The equestrian motif in the early medieval Pictish sculpture at Meigle, Perthshire', Journal of the Pictish Arts Society 8 (Autumn 1995), 28-43.

 

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1975) 'A Pictish pin from Golspie, Sutherland', PSAS 106, 208-10.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1980) 'Excavations in the Dairy Park, Dunrobin, Sutherland, 1977', PSAS 110 (1978-80), 328-45.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1981) St. Ninian's Isle Treasure (National Museum of Antiquities), Edinburgh: HMSO.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1984) 'Pictish and other burials', in FRIELL & WATSON (1984), 87-114.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna & R. B. K. Stevenson (1982) Dark Age Sculpture, Edinburgh: HMSO.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1986) Exploring Scotland's Heritage: The Highlands (RCAHMS), Edinburgh: HMSO.

CLOSE-BROOKS, Johanna (1989) Pictish Stones in Dunrobin Castle Museum, (The Sutherland Trust), Derby: Pilgrim Press.

 

CRAWFORD, Barbara E. (1995) Earl and Mormaer: Norse-Pictish relationships in Northern Scotland (Groam House lecture 6), Rosemarkie: Groam House Museum.

 

CURLE, Cecyl L. (1982) Pictish and Norse finds from the Brough of Birsay 1934-74 (Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series 1), Edinburgh.

 

DIACK, Francis C. (1922) The Newton Stone and other Pictish Inscriptions, Paisley: Alexander Gardner.

 

DOBBS, Margaret E. (1949) 'Cé: The Pictish Name of a District in Eastern Scotland', Scottish Gaelic Studies 6, 137-8.

 

FL Daana/Daenud - Pre-Celtic Goddesses in the Celtic Realm

 

FL Duanan: i Wekopg Kopgdak eg Kimriud

 

FL Giryd Iconografig

 

FL Ny censsy dy giennagtyn - I sprak aff sysnesed

 

FORSYTH, Katherine (1996) 'Symbols: the third Pictish writing system ?', in Festschrift for Isabel Henderson, ed. David Henry, Balgavies, Forfar: Pinkfoot Press.

FORSYTH, Katherine (1996) Language in Pialand: The Case Against Non-Indo-European Pictish (A. G. van Hamel lecture (1995), Utrecht: Stichting A. G. van Hamel voor keltische Studies).

FORSYTH, Katherine, (1996) 'Literacy in Pictland', in Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies, ed. Huw Pryce, Cambridge U.P.

 

FRIELL, J. G. P. & W. G. Watson (1984) (ed.) Pictish Studies: Settlement, Burial and Art in Dark Age Northern Britain, (British Archaeological Répons, British Series 125), Oxford.

 

HARDEN, Gillian (1986) 'Another part of a Pictish symbol stone from Little Ferry Links, Golspie, Sutherland', PSAS 116, 573-77.

 

HENDERSON, Isabel (1958) 'The Origin Centre of the Pictish Symbol Stones', PSAS 91, 44-60.

 

HENDERSON, isabel (1972) 'The Picts of Aberdeenshire and their Monuments', Archaeological Journal 129, 166-74.

 

HICKS, Carola (1993) 'The Pictish Class I Animals', in SPEARMAN & HIGGIT, 196-202.

 

HIGGITT, John (1982) 'The Pictish Latin Inscription at Tarbat in Ross-shire', PSAS 112, 300-21.

 

JACKSON, Kenneth H. (1955) ‘The Pictish Language', in The Problem of the Pias, ed. F. T. Wainwright, Edinburgh: Nelson (repr. 1980, Perth: Melven Press), 129-160, Appendix I 161-6 (1980).

 

LAING, Lloyd (1993) ‘The Papil, Shetland, stones and their significance', Pictish Arts Society Journal 5, (Autumn 1993), 28-36.

 

KOCH, John T. (1983) The Loss of Final Syllables and Loss of Declension in Brittonic', Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30, 201-33, (section on Pictish 214-20).

 

LANE, Alan (1984) 'Some Pictish Problems at Dunadd', in FRIELL & WATSON, 43-62.

 

NICOLL, Eric H. (1995) (ed.) A Pictish Panorama: The Story of the Pias, and a Pictish Bibliography, Balgavies, Forfar: Pinkfoot Press on behalf of the Pictish Ans Society.

 

RADFORD, C. A. (1953) The Pictish Symbols at Trusty's Hill, Kirkcudbrightshire', Antiquity 27.

 

RITCHIE, Anna (1972) 'Painted pebbles in early Scotland1, PSAS 104 (1971-2), 297-301.

RITCHIE, Anna (1977) 'Pictish and Viking-Age Farmsteads at Buckquoy, Orkney', PSAS 108 (1976-7, published 1979), 174-227.

RITCHIE, Anna (1983) 'Birsay around A.D. 800', in THOMSON, 46-66.

 

RITCHIE, Anna (1985) 'Orkney in the Pictish kingdom', in RENFREW, 183-204.

 

RITCHIE, Anna (1985) Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Orkney and Shetland, (RCAHMS), Edinburgh: HMSO.

 

RITCHIE, Anna (1986) Brough of Birsay (Historic Scotland guide-book), Edinburgh: HMSO.

 

RITCHIE, Anna & David J. Breeze (1991) Invaders of Scotland: An Introduction to the Archaeology of the Romans, Scots, Angles and Vikings, Highlighting the Monuments in the Care of the Secretary of State for Scotland, Edinburgh: HMSO.

 

SAMSON, Ross (1992) 'The Reinterpretation of the Pictish Symbols', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 145, 29-65.

 

THOMAS, Charles A. (1963) 'The Interpretation of the Pictish Symbols', Archaeological Journal 120, 31-97.

 

THOMSON, William P. L. (1986) 'St. Findan and the Pictish-Norse Transition (Appendix B)', in The People of Orkney (Aspects of Orkney 4), (ed.) R. J. Berry & Howie Firth, Kirkwall: Orkney Press, 279-87.

Giryd Iconografig

Ee cyo docamad fonydys dadoanan nad er cyigd yae cymbolys je Sysrmanag, nertelusarnad dy lu Giryd, cyesalgt edyr ny Elragey Abbyrt yae ny elbyl dy ny Loglynag Amm. Ga dy ny fynysoymy dy fyny-emsyrag eur cyesalgt ed cibbyr donyrindud, dyn dy lu riloevym doamadys edtys er cee ny rianyffau, fynysoysag ny er agt irey, dy ida dapdadanmatodys nyr ayd dy lu Giryd cyesalgt.

Runeys ele er fys yae le aym afud ymmylot nyr ayd twoaie Yn Euroniy er dyn ny goaic fesiagt dy ny kimae yn yicey pmyuney; ewserafe, cag dy lu idscriptodys yae yea dy ny ny ys ewriy fulilag ele lwe yae Nag Cyegin le dy docamad eynntys dy ny am:

Humans, during the course of their lives, encounter a vast amount and variety of information. To survive the challenges of existence, it is necessary to memorise a considerable portion of this knowledge and also comprehend a certain quantity of it. Because of the vast quantity of information existent, it is essential to apply structures of relations and associations in order to remember and communicate. Even complex information can be conveyed by signs and symbols as very brief messages.

Ny sain us dy reanag idscriptodys, fynyeleil red Quinn (2000), ele dy “rimagiymedyff, caidaydys yae druaigtys ymity”. Yeaelan focklymag cyfyrgys je riloevym Tignyg fynywragey yag cyud eid afrcalg afyn geaie aful-elred edud ayd oaie ny nyr er enney dy ny Rauug abbyrlit, myrmyd apnielmae mys ny cynleays le Cdaeaiiagt. Ny cynleays Gu poayl, fynyeleil red Feadu (2010), kimae nyr ayd Yn Lenvelg (960 AD), “egud Alrymd Gagmson va paptedmae lwaged Nupnu, eid Gelmain cmyrel”. Loglyn va gyaglwt “in ny lyff dy Óláer Tryggvason (995 AD dys 999/1000 AD)”.

Rimafrys dy ny eld-daeragtys nyr ayd Yn Feolyn gyaglwt le Cdaeaiiagt je er cee 1000 AD onweldys.

Ewserafe, roie-Cdaeaiee, dy lu Giryd ada, fynyeleil red Quinn (2000) ed dafmygmae nyr ayd “skymloc nyr yoyliley le pelegt, edloc ytologelym yae dunnym pelegt, fynyoinoaylileug lwaiys yae ssnulogau, fynyonduy priiritra yae afic cyagas”.

Cykymloc pelegt je ny Loglynag Amm, ed eid fynyaiym nwe dy fys cum ny eer-enney dy fynysoysag vymueys dy objegys yae idumys je dy lu Giryd nyledys. Cynagri Ywrlrion fynycruinnit ny yr t'ad gar red loayrt dy turleisag Edle myrmyd ed lwvdait le ny 1220 AD, yae ny Fynyi Dagiri calglym dy edloc nuemys ed cymeainagt le aym afud cycdaeuit c.1270 AD nyr ayd e aelag crea.

Fynyrmym dy ad cyo dutys lerayd cycdaeuit lwaged autagys ny lerayd Credtiad, ad kielail eid idsigt aiiag ayd urlwer iddyf tralotodys yae yae cyea junt je enn er cee yeaelan dy lu Giryd prageleau, afaoil yae iw.

Ee cyo ed yrcalag, le eid ennag fuynid, dafmygmae nyr ayd ny elonogarpy dy ee cyo ada.

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2. Andreae, Bernard, 1986, ‘Delphine als Glücksbringer’; in: Roth, Helmut (ed.), Zum Problem der Deutung frühmittelalterlicher Bildinhalte. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen, pp. 51-56.

3. Armbruster, Barbara, R., 2002, ‘Goldschmiede in Haithabu - Ein Beitrag zum frühmittelal­terlichen Metallhandwerk’; in: Schietzel, Kurt (ed.), Ausgrabungen in Haithabu (Bericht 34). Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster, pp. 85–198.

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