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I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai
I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai maheakē mea nakēwue āmēka, Wintu, Nomlaki, Patwin ka aepele Patwin, puawiu sāheu kā'wā i hakēme laweapiu mea i Sacramento ākā'wau lia'wia la kahāpae lewapai ka hahiawī mea i muawae sēku ākā'wau kepo hamaewi i hakēme laweapiu mea i nekamē pi'woepi āweahā āhaela.
I lepepi pepahē loena hehapai nekawae i wawaena mea i Sacramento kuakā Joaquin ākā'wau piwoa'wie nekamē mea kuakā Francisco wa'weawea penahea nameawie aepele mea ma'wāhai Shasta. I aiwoapai la'wā'wā nehawae tuamei penahea pa'wiawao mea i koemu āmēka, helenu hahai'woa pawiaweo pewakē mea puele 2000-2500 wiapea.
Wintu, i laleapeo mea i pawei'woi aewuiwoi, weiwoi neahea liele la Shasta, sēku, ka moapē mea Siskiyou hamāwī, aepakeu i kepo maeno mea i muawae Sacramento, muawae sēku, ka māhī McCloud kāmē.
I loena hehapai nekawae wenalau Cottonwōd hapia'wau la i aepele ka i aepele aewuema mea i sēku ākā'wau la i nenewue ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei Shasta la i nekamē ka i sēku makeakia la i newe. I pahaiwō mewelu wialea wa'wākai penahea aewa'wio hapia'wau la i aepele ka hapēhu nekamē hehapai naweahai nenewue ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei i aememi ma'wēhe mea hamāpau wa'wākī. I Nomlaki kā'wā hahiawī mea aememi ai'woema Tehama hawālau ka la'wia'wao mea mameakai hawālau, koapai nekawae i Wintu hewa'wio la i nekamē wakēlo ai'woawei la'waewuo aepele ai'woawei i aememi ma'wēhe mea Princeton. Penahea i aepele mea i Nomlaki, la i tuawia kuawau mea i Sacramento ākā'wau lia'wia, hepewe i Patwin heleme kā'wā aememi ai'woema Colusa ka Yolo hamāwī, koapai aepele wenalau ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei Putah hapia'wau ka naweahai penahea wakēlo i Sutter Buttes ā'wiameo.
Penahea kea'wio aepele, la aememi ai'woema Yolo ka Solano hamāwī, neahie i aepele Patwin, ai'woe wamāwie Suisun, puawiu loena soakio aepele penahea i kuakā Pablo wa'weawea ka Suisun wa'weawea ā'wiameo.
Hawēwe hamaewi aenapie lawīwoa mea aewemo ka kawēwu pawākao paweahio pekahau i Patwin nekawae i Miwok, haheahī nehawae ka'weawea pa'wiawao Proto Wintun āheahie kawialea lapeo liele la hahai'woa naheakie California mea ma'wia'wau, ka, hawēwe hamaewi kewe kawēwu ka aewemo pawākao, miepu pa'wiawao Proto Wintun weiwoi liele pekahau hahai'woa kiewu pahēme la wema'wio lewapai wa Oregon, āheakea kahāhei la i kepo mea i muawae luawiu ākā'wau, wa muiwoi la i ā'wiapau Klamath wa aepele Umpqua.
I ā'waewi aewemo ka kawēwu pawākao moapei la āmea toawau wekahea aiwoawai kapeakei hahai'woa toiwou mea pehaleo ha'wīwou.
Anderton, Alice J. 1988. The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Arroyo de la Cuesta, Fray Felipe. 1821. Southern Wintun (Suisun) vocabulary. Manuscript, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Berman, Howard, ed. 1982. Freeland's Central Sierra Miwok Myths. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 3. Berkeley: Department of Linguistics, University of California.
Blankenship, Bernice and Pat Wenger. 1978. Learning to Talk Nomlaki. Round Valley Reservation, CA. The Covelo Indian Community Council.
Callaghan, Catherine A. 2003. Proto-Utian (Miwok-Costanoan) Case System. IJAL 69(1): 49-75.
FL-300713 Proto-Wintun Reconstruction Using NodeSpaces.
FL-260213 Kalifornia āmēka – Californian languages
FL-220412 Speaking to the whirlwind: Siouan cryptolects
Merriam, C. Hart. 1903-1931. Wintun Field Notes. C. Hart Merriam Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parks, D. R. R. J. D. (1992). “Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney dialects: A classification.” Anthropological Linguistics 34: 233-255.
Washington, F.B. 1909. Notes on the Northern Wintun Indians. JAF 22:92-95.
Whistler, Kenneth W. 1977. Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation Based on Plant and Animal Nomenclature. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 157-174. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Whistler, Kenneth W. 1978. Mink, Bullethawk, and Coyote. In: Coyote Stories, ed. by William Bright. IJAL-NATS Monograph 1: 51-61.
