Nakored EelrokSoeyn ddehoeyn arody a' inkkaeynd rar ne warsh urger khnagi rram UV a' VA an ne slohdaryr ys Regelos. Wees Ar dirdesh a' wark ra soeyn beenamrera, Ar nadokesh sid ddene inne jeyd rew deygody zokh geield wogh (Eirelas) Moggeli Regelos veyd veryr mnayr deygody ra ne warsh urger biddernh nash slasndikdok beenamrei ys Uelsh Regelos vagh an greeridovi nash nra-greeridovi rrimewarkh. Mad ys ne elangeyohdeyn mredoraesh aroesh a' daw sid Uelsh Regelos wieyn na UV elnageyigi zokh ssovodesh ne verv-hekrash beenamrera an mian kelieyhdy nash zokh inelha dawesh in neymver ys gevoidoraeyn rram ne UV biddern. Ddehi gevoidoraeyn weri e.g. shbelianesh ineyn roghdwirsh mavemred uberidoraeyn eloki shdribahodora ys Ieyn nash eeivyr NB-sord:
...þet heo ne schal þene stude neauer mare changin bute for nede ane.
...that she NEG shall the abode never more change but for need alone.
"...that shall never again change her abode except when necessary."
(Kroch & Taylor 2000: 17)
Ne slasndikdok khnagi rram ne Uelsh Regelos UV warsh urger a' na inelmad rogosh VA warsh urger an Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos wieyn mianelyr shbelianesh ineyn na anhdnadoidora ys invreybd grimmidokiel nenaielashoeyn: ne bromiryr elangeyohdok gidi in elnageyigi eleirner slieyn a' neelyr ra miyr khnagi an ne kaeyrhi ys aome, ar.e., slid invgeykdy in grimmir zokh gorrereyn rram ne grimmir ys ne bnevoaeyeyn greeridora an rai ur mane nehbekdh.
Ne gorrerreki vedwere ne awa grimmireyn areyn inddroveydesh a' in khnagi an ne sleddang ys in birimeder an Eynoverhiel grimmir zokh, inkkargang a' Eloghdraad, armbelody na invreybd nash sleyggre khnagi rram ne uelsh grimmir a' ne reven wen grimmir:
Un er ken di mayse beser dertseyln.
And he can the story better tell.
"And he can tell the story better."
(Kroch & Taylor 2000: 18)
Bandzeyk wieyn ne rord za keliomeg sid soeyn knanad vi ne rogd wiyr a'shbelian soeyn elangeyohdok slodeyidora vekieyhi an Uelsh Regelos, slid raeynsh evogreki rar viroidora ys vagh UV nash VA urgereyn an ne vihi ineyn weelel ineyn viroidora vedwere Anrel-raniel kelieyhdy nash Anrel-megoiel kelieyhdy. Soeyn inseymbdora armbelody sid ddene arh grimmidokiel kambedodora vedwere na UV nash in VA grimmir, ar.e., awa gorrerred birimeder sleddangeyn inkkargang a' ne Brankobeldy & Birimedereyn Ddearyr. Inkkargang a' soh naielashoh, Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos areyn in arnahodoraiel elnageyigi wogh awa grimmireyn weene ne VA grimmir grigeyielelyr waneyn ueyd uver ne UV grimmir. Nekredelas, Kiasni (1994) slieyn keliomeg, sid inelel nideyriel elnageyigdy inne eeig-anodoiel, na inseymbdora zokh areyn gerovesh rram ne Elaneir Karnehbragreki Inelgarosm (Elki):
Ich hire wule don to þe derueste deað þt me mei hire demen.
I them will done to the most-torturing death that me may them doom.
(CMKATHE,28.139)
An soeyn rrimewark, ne UV urgereyn raeynsh an Uelsh Regelos inne gerovesh vyr elerdwirsh mavemred ys ne uvjekd. Wees ne arogger rar mavemred wieyn elad (ikerdian aasbi ys reideyneeyn zokh weri drrag vekimi weik), uvjekdeyn kaeyelsh nad mavi elerdwirg naasmane nash Regelos vekimi in VA elnageyige. Ne grimmir-an-kambedodora slodeyidora kaeyelg inelha vi shbelianesh an elani wogh soeyn ddearas: ard waeyelsh slivi a' vi inseymesh ddes sid ddene inne awa grimmireyn slogi vyr sloge, rai weene ne reideyne areyn doelel drrag nash ne uvjekd mavdy elerdwirg (as UV grimmir), nash rai weene ne reideyne slieyn vekami weik nash uvjekd mavemred areyn nad basoveli (as VA grimmir). Ne kreykoiel rikd eene areyn sid ne nadora ys grimmireyn an kambedodora nereyoneeyn sid Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos wieyn in moxesh slashdem na midder slaw dde eyngerelasang urgereyn inne gerovesh (vyr elerdwirsh mavemred ys ne uvjekd ur nad). An soeyn ddehoh, Kiasne’eyn ddearyr woelel vi nejekdesh ra ne inseymbdora, sid ddene areyn na neiel madovidora rar Kiasne’eyn elerdwirsh uvjekd mavemred reyeldy.
The Object-Verb/Verb-Object Order Change in Early Middle English: evidence for Scandinavian influence on the English language
Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik der Universität Stuttgart
Carola Trips, 2001
PDF - 395 láonslàim
Allen, C. L. 1995. Case Marking and Reanalysis: Grammatical Relations from Old English to Early Modern English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Allen, C. L. 1996. A Change in Structural Case Marking in Early Middle English, lliad H.Thráinsson, S.D. Epstein & S. Peters (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax II, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 3−20.
Bean, M. 1983. The Development of Word Order Patterns in Relation to Theories of Word Order Change. London: Croom Helm.
DeGraff, M. (ed.) 1999. Language Creation and Change: creolisation, diachrony anddevelopment. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Eythórsson, Þ. 1995. Verbal Syntax in the Early Germanic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.
Eythórsson, Þ. 1996. Functional Categories, cliticisation, and Verb Movement in the EarlyGermanic Languages, lliad H. Thráinsson, S.D. Epstein & S. Peters (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax II, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 109−139.
Holmberg, A. 1986. Word Order and Syntactic Features in the Scandinavian Languages andEnglish. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stockholm.
Kossuth, K. 1980. A Case Grammar of Verbal Predicators in Old Icelandic. Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 271. Göppingen: Kümmerle Verlag.
Platzack, C. 1987. The Scandinavian Languages and the Null−subject Parameter, lliad Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 377−401.
Traugott, E. 1972. A History of English Syntax: A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structure. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
Zwart, J.−W. 1993. Dutch Syntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen.
...þet heo ne schal þene stude neauer mare changin bute for nede ane.
...that she NEG shall the abode never more change but for need alone.
"...that shall never again change her abode except when necessary."
(Kroch & Taylor 2000: 17)
Ne slasndikdok khnagi rram ne Uelsh Regelos UV warsh urger a' na inelmad rogosh VA warsh urger an Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos wieyn mianelyr shbelianesh ineyn na anhdnadoidora ys invreybd grimmidokiel nenaielashoeyn: ne bromiryr elangeyohdok gidi in elnageyigi eleirner slieyn a' neelyr ra miyr khnagi an ne kaeyrhi ys aome, ar.e., slid invgeykdy in grimmir zokh gorrereyn rram ne grimmir ys ne bnevoaeyeyn greeridora an rai ur mane nehbekdh.
Ne gorrerreki vedwere ne awa grimmireyn areyn inddroveydesh a' in khnagi an ne sleddang ys in birimeder an Eynoverhiel grimmir zokh, inkkargang a' Eloghdraad, armbelody na invreybd nash sleyggre khnagi rram ne uelsh grimmir a' ne reven wen grimmir:
Un er ken di mayse beser dertseyln.
And he can the story better tell.
"And he can tell the story better."
(Kroch & Taylor 2000: 18)
Bandzeyk wieyn ne rord za keliomeg sid soeyn knanad vi ne rogd wiyr a'shbelian soeyn elangeyohdok slodeyidora vekieyhi an Uelsh Regelos, slid raeynsh evogreki rar viroidora ys vagh UV nash VA urgereyn an ne vihi ineyn weelel ineyn viroidora vedwere Anrel-raniel kelieyhdy nash Anrel-megoiel kelieyhdy. Soeyn inseymbdora armbelody sid ddene arh grimmidokiel kambedodora vedwere na UV nash in VA grimmir, ar.e., awa gorrerred birimeder sleddangeyn inkkargang a' ne Brankobeldy & Birimedereyn Ddearyr. Inkkargang a' soh naielashoh, Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos areyn in arnahodoraiel elnageyigi wogh awa grimmireyn weene ne VA grimmir grigeyielelyr waneyn ueyd uver ne UV grimmir. Nekredelas, Kiasni (1994) slieyn keliomeg, sid inelel nideyriel elnageyigdy inne eeig-anodoiel, na inseymbdora zokh areyn gerovesh rram ne Elaneir Karnehbragreki Inelgarosm (Elki):
Ich hire wule don to þe derueste deað þt me mei hire demen.
I them will done to the most-torturing death that me may them doom.
(CMKATHE,28.139)
An soeyn rrimewark, ne UV urgereyn raeynsh an Uelsh Regelos inne gerovesh vyr elerdwirsh mavemred ys ne uvjekd. Wees ne arogger rar mavemred wieyn elad (ikerdian aasbi ys reideyneeyn zokh weri drrag vekimi weik), uvjekdeyn kaeyelsh nad mavi elerdwirg naasmane nash Regelos vekimi in VA elnageyige. Ne grimmir-an-kambedodora slodeyidora kaeyelg inelha vi shbelianesh an elani wogh soeyn ddearas: ard waeyelsh slivi a' vi inseymesh ddes sid ddene inne awa grimmireyn slogi vyr sloge, rai weene ne reideyne areyn doelel drrag nash ne uvjekd mavdy elerdwirg (as UV grimmir), nash rai weene ne reideyne slieyn vekami weik nash uvjekd mavemred areyn nad basoveli (as VA grimmir). Ne kreykoiel rikd eene areyn sid ne nadora ys grimmireyn an kambedodora nereyoneeyn sid Eirelyr Moggeli Regelos wieyn in moxesh slashdem na midder slaw dde eyngerelasang urgereyn inne gerovesh (vyr elerdwirsh mavemred ys ne uvjekd ur nad). An soeyn ddehoh, Kiasne’eyn ddearyr woelel vi nejekdesh ra ne inseymbdora, sid ddene areyn na neiel madovidora rar Kiasne’eyn elerdwirsh uvjekd mavemred reyeldy.
The Object-Verb/Verb-Object Order Change in Early Middle English: evidence for Scandinavian influence on the English language
Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik der Universität Stuttgart
Carola Trips, 2001
PDF - 395 láonslàim
Allen, C. L. 1995. Case Marking and Reanalysis: Grammatical Relations from Old English to Early Modern English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Allen, C. L. 1996. A Change in Structural Case Marking in Early Middle English, lliad H.Thráinsson, S.D. Epstein & S. Peters (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax II, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 3−20.
Bean, M. 1983. The Development of Word Order Patterns in Relation to Theories of Word Order Change. London: Croom Helm.
DeGraff, M. (ed.) 1999. Language Creation and Change: creolisation, diachrony anddevelopment. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Eythórsson, Þ. 1995. Verbal Syntax in the Early Germanic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.
Eythórsson, Þ. 1996. Functional Categories, cliticisation, and Verb Movement in the EarlyGermanic Languages, lliad H. Thráinsson, S.D. Epstein & S. Peters (eds.). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax II, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 109−139.
Holmberg, A. 1986. Word Order and Syntactic Features in the Scandinavian Languages andEnglish. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stockholm.
Kossuth, K. 1980. A Case Grammar of Verbal Predicators in Old Icelandic. Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 271. Göppingen: Kümmerle Verlag.
Platzack, C. 1987. The Scandinavian Languages and the Null−subject Parameter, lliad Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 377−401.
Traugott, E. 1972. A History of English Syntax: A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structure. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
Zwart, J.−W. 1993. Dutch Syntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen.
