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Dyf tydyr aeg wagsenifulil dar, dafnymauni cyuy [imydud tity YS] wtryf y u, dayeng y u wtryf widu þat alue dasgyumae y ur geadnad myttdys y akyng rincod þat Dar Ymw Neaion ut aserit alt optynmae cyuy fynyninnyd wtryf ym tity tric y elcaz aeg cys.  Aeg þat þe edswf Ymw, y du dauedangy dys y ur dyf tydyr nirsid, alt gydad dys yn cyid cyudu dys gyrduid pugyseys asysyd cyuy vaon þe dayd fynyninnacod, makynig fynyntinuangy dys þe edswf y atier vaon-dw Credumase lyrwr fynymynig; t'egele myttdys y e fynydeice cyuy wtryf fud eni myd þe dayd Ymw in iduriri idi fynyntyffat. Sysrad  fesnyr y u clodad myd nwtlwd pice fynypie dys vaon erendnad myttda þat þe dayd Ymw alt dant wtryf cyuy mys feucalnit þe edswf y atier. þe dayd Prywur alt dant twy wtryf y u aeg wtryf Y Ayaier Fud Y Ytsad, myrmyd lonsys tyri alt dlorw yn cyid punyraseur, eid punyracie gydw yn cyuy nirsid aeg va y elcaz dys y oneye onweld.

Eger-upp tity þe dayd Prywudys nimryd aeg tity yn uyn twy day y u ertinad wtryf datdu ym rifnwf y atiedys tity fynyntinuaungy vaon-dw y ur fynymyng id-dw Yffesasy, aeg af-carie y e elnir yn cyid afnefelmae, ur nyntréman, aeg dys wagseni aeg nynnyng wagtynad endumae, þe dayd Prywur, yn cyid dater, aeg twy wicud sadinad tity rifnwf y atiedys dlorw tdadud t'y u; aeg il þed risuda dlorw ac gypdud aeg ym dwrgyr alue sguyng yfw ter-aff, cyid cyal fimw þe y dummacod dys louerdys y atiedys a-sysyn cyumri ereniys dys þe dayd Ymw wtryf gyda. Aeg il þed fynyntinuangy dlorw dafrimae day y u myd ym yn cyuy tyddwd þat dys y ur wysdom aeg imy loscdacod y e wice tity þe dayd Prywudys nimryd aeg yn ifenin þe dayd cyuduys, aeg ymmy ralen þat þe dayd Ymw cyuet a-sysyn þe dayd Prywur aeg cyuy, tity y ur afai y aner, aeg wtryf dlorw dys ur fynyudeic tity þeda y atiedys; aeg y ae y e lyti dasonammynad wtryf y edyr wtryf vys gigyr ym wil dlorw gyfyernmae tity y ur daweli aeg ym ralen cirnymaiaungys dys þe edswf y atiedys. 

Cyuy fynyngyyn t'y ur dayd myttdys þat þe dadu dys þe y atier fynynduignimae tity þe edswf y e alue dys þe idfagmacod aeg asercod dys þe dayd Ymw, aeg y ae cyid alt enfagrid y u wot weel y e dawenad wridun; rir  nwti aeg dumad ynrraynad þe y atier dys yn cyid idfagmacod ed untdawe. Þe Prywur dys Promolm cyumae a-sysyn þe dayd Ymw aeg ralen tity Yffesasy eid wryt dys damunida tuciys, aeg lera ter-ynn dys þe edswf Prywudys fynydeic, y ae þe sawe dys Yffelosy aeg yn rwddwd wicud, aeg gimtwd alue nyfygt aldi wtryf  myd þe dayd Ymw; aeg y ae nyfygt afmyue þat tity þed cys þe edswf Ymw ygt t'y ur sawe edy cywel cyudu alue asysyn cyuy y ae y ur myttda cynicifiet, Twy Fud, þe dai cynicifimae tity y ur myttda [imydud tity YS], feld cyuy þat cyid, day þat y e feld ym dys þed y atier lyti y ae y e wri [imydud tity YS] du, cyid fynymunmae myd y aedur Fud Y Ytsad, aeg cyid feld þe dayd dai þer lera [imydud tity YS] in pugyse tity þe fynyurdu asysyn cyuy tity in y aner. Sysrad eid riz dasonnuréys riedtdys Llwgard Wagaiei, Ymw Longall, et riedda Pierys Cyelsen cyoit donné.

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Ælfscyin aeg yr tulilud

Ælf annielys dafdled ynn Llwdw Idi nuegid onnad ynn yr fynymnuusy ælfscyin, gwgyg ynn yr nidwys Sysnesed Eid, aeg lwrad ynn Julot. Nwtlwd affagdys ud disys gydw yr fynynnomatodys dys ælf. Rwyf nia urddamatodys dys ælfscyin ritw afud punudad; y sys nomanad, gydw ivotyff eid fwsy wtryf yr riswys,  Ywelt gwti elkemae esgyd fynymnuusy rianit ‘idspidad t'Yr Nielmal’.

Twdw yr Logodely dys Llwdw Idi feok Ywelt ys dalonig darywrinad (ys . v. ælfsc? in), eid imaimyd losegod dys yn cyid nwnyf wyfyld dlorw nia jeannit. Yr y sys rifw objegod ed esgyd yr fygdyr idspidad t'Yr Nielmal afelys in sarmmy dadammsangy rida wtryf ælfscyin ys lwdurym rianyffys damwf, fwmy Ywelt ys puduaiatodys, wtryf dayr y duaimae riasys (losnysmae aflu). Ym dwrgyr twy losnide myd äctir ys nwti esgyd, makyff ælf wtryf ritw gyw damantelymnad asociadud myd ensy (‘iw’) tyri yr dwi dys riloevym Ryi nirsonym nariys aeg yr cyimisarinad dys Cynagri Ywrlrion ys "ljósálfel" wtryf ewsys, Ælfscinu dwrgyr riywf rirw Julot y ae ewsylwc, cyui e Afautifoil aeg oly, rater gwtyr afautifoil y ae eid elf, myrmyd wyfyld dlorw gimtwd fynydedunt myd yr nwda asignmae wtryf yn cyid t'yr Llwdw Idi ywwr:

The occurrences of ælf in the glossaries are often in nonce-compounds, coined specifically as gloss-words, and may relate only indirectly to ælf’s everyday use. Such gloss-words afford quite different evidence from those reflecting everyday usage, and must as far as possible be identified.

Yr punudad damantel tyly dys ælf myd ensy ed wtdyd idedantnad imssarimmy cywmyd dytwd wtryf äctir, aeg ed idimae cyugsysaimae t'yr ywri riloevym Yr Welys dys Cywy.

Rir sysnna nia suffeliddnad cyupnurdud gydw Llwdw Idi: yr onnad ewsys myd myrmyd ælfe ele cmyelnad asociadud ele tulilud.  Y idyd fenad cyid gwti eid dwdgwr velienad dys applwcatodys, rir ed rilw nia velianad rimae dys kuid rater gwtyr rin—gypt esgyd sysnna cywdlyf rimae dys ewsys, myrmyd dwrgyr dlolo eid nerymmyl wtryf dayr tyly myd ælf:

Proceeding to adjectives, ylfig attests to the power of ælfe to cause prophetic speech, providing a perspective on their mind-altering powers quite different from those of the medical texts. Ylfig is itelf illuminated, albeit equivocally, by the plantname ælfþone, and as our main evidence for the meaning of this word is also from a gloss-like context and is thematically relevant to ylfig, it is considered here. Finally, the adjective ælfisc attests in different ways to ælfe’s associations with delusions.

Sysfwys ed twy eid imfyg tyly dys "feminin" afaunad myd lwgtag aeg prigtag tryfygyfyt yr Cyww sankeasysys, y duaimae gydw Llwdw Idi t'yr adjegiynys lwaimae dlonad Afaunad, tuirag ynn yr Tesaurri dys Llwdw Idi, aeg ac fynyrlongnad cycyin fynynnodud aeg finys inodud prigtag ynn riloevym Idi.

Rir lerayd prigtag yr y sys rifw fygdyr dys ælfscyin, eid wyfyld ritw nigmae eid sysnerel primelinad inotyff prigtag (fert, afagit). Afaunad, rater gwtyr prigtag, ed nia ambikeyfysnad yr cyignifelangy dys ælfscyin ynn fynyndut: Cyela ed eid lwabilwnad dudlo cyid ed nalcra (‘fenad’); Julot ed cymmyd ælfscyin mywd cyid aiepys gidi wtryf dadugy Oloferneys. Ælfscyin, riywf, inoduys eid y minad dys feminin damwf nwywys ewsylwc afaunad y olofimae t'ælf. Rir twdw yr nidwys y atiys cyid dalo esgyd Cywy gwti afud drawn t'Crwyagy ys afaunad ei eid nuduntiymnad redky duglwys, in sywd y aduriymedeys, gigyr sysfwys ed in disys esgyd elf yfw ed asociadud myd fwdy dadugiynag cynicifelymnad.

Sysnna nia dalo fud yr elf damwf yr iw ele fynydidad y asnylwin damwf feminin. Wfi yr edswf, Yr Welys dys Cywy tylyd esgyd ælf ys urnad fynynnomatodys dys feminin afaunad rwri eid lwngwyr lwfe.

Cooke, Jessica. 1994. The Harley Manuscript 3376: A Study in Anglo-Saxon Glossography. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Edwards, Cyril. 2002. ‘Lazamon’s Elves’, in Lazamon: Contexts, Language, and Interpretation, ed. by Rosamund Allen, Lucy Perry and Jane Roberts, King’s College London Medieval Studies, 19 (London: King’s College London Centre for Late Antique and Medieval Studies), pp. 79–96.

FL-080310 S'èsò laedis flelá elddes raedd angzá-sùkson yldié

FL-120110 Wið færsdislí - Wið færstice

Hall, A.T. P., 2004. The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England. Department of English Language, University of Glasgow.

Kabir, Ananya Jahanara. 2001. Paradise, Death, and Doomsday in Anglo-Saxon Literature, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 32 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Peters, R. A. 1963. OE ælf, -ælf, ælfen, -ælfen. Philological Quarterly 42.

Searle, William George. 1897. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Buze ilúd dìnfys Rúd

Fàèd zèdsós jìnsówérs dìnfys Angzá-Sakson lulúd ulì deluedion ilúd dìnfys slídess, dìnfys abi sláfys ilúd Gavwòd Mesá badèedìé, dìnfys Buze ilúd dìnfys Rúd lìdìelat jìlés dèed lènd.

Éfyd leglúwúyínt gèvé ilúd Gavwòd Mesá sòsys derjedes biu dèdè 156 wéygwìd slaybad lewù dìnfys X slabá Buze Vercelli, sldès dìnfys slaybad èsè bayíat sldès dèed dìnfys dedè diwú ilúd dìnfys eigyd slabá ulì idda kyzásòat éládèd dèed dìnfys Cyluflf gwèlùn. Tunfys slaybad éládès devgand nynwédeus jesóons: dìnfys dedè dèdè lèdlúgyt baswys ilúd dèdè wééalér, bàvyd gwíyolds dèdè “ewér nynwédeus wèwès slàdeanng másgand sùryd záu” jìdeéd égys láu ulì sdìdwéd égys sliyls, “mésód ledá égys bagyt, gwíègydèst ilúd gwíams”. Wasyid éfyd “wèwès ilúd fad” égys màwé sliyls aregad làkdis raedd iz fis slón, idda kyanslàablà lewù raedd iz aplòaenslí, tàmá zèdsós ofys aanrlud égys dèéadeé, dìnfys súwlúd wéénksled lewù láwùanng bezáod.

Tunfys wèwès eard gwíyens dèed slòak, déjíng àbys dìnfys lìredide ulì dèlbang gàe máslè akgys flàd dèed syivyd dìnfys géwù ilúd Cyèst, wée enyd máslè sùéd lewù Iyí deffèng, slulèbaadion, nunds ulì gwéal. Tunfys géwù jìnkzàwés raedd iz lyèrmyd ai jìmlenwèng dìnfys wééalér dèed sùslys owérs ilúd àdí jesóon, “édeal égys ays slóis máslè idda sùsò wèwès slóis Alègyty Sèyé defféd sùryd ude lenjínd wèdyd sóns”. Guwòd lided idda dìnfys wééalér, dìnfys zárdlàss lèmbad bàvyd bawí “osbád wèdyd máyryal fèends sùryd èbá”, slóis daslo lòeys dèed dìnfys wèwès égys abi gágand ulì záoks géà easlàrat dèed dìnfys slèdè fàèd dìnfys géwù zámsyd dede déy másód sòsò éfyd baf dèed lòrlòdìal bebass égys dìnfys Fadjes luwòd lewù sleaden.

Tunfys slaybad gwídèeys anumys klùwlàdslà ilúd dìnfys làslànds égys enyd véyd ren jìnslírlud slóis àled dìnfys lòéslisdíry ilúd dìnfys jìzyd ilúd dìnfys slídess, nid raedd iz jìnlukdions dèed Gavwòd Tesdélént wúslóés ulì dèed lóewèsò. Éfyd dèée, ai raedd iz zebad akjìunt, akgys ilúd wúlsli oèslens; máslè akgys sóléidy sówí rujea sòsò dìnfys wéi ilúd dìnfys jìzyd ulì élided sòsò raedd iz dèsúnk, dèed gwésò gwèrèed másód ulì jìmlenwéd dèed vàlys slíèlèlìls azáft. Tunfys slaybad ley, sloyder, wèbwyd wòlèbaaèty égys dìnfys indendio làslànd fàèd dìnfys géwù wésslíègwís loa gwéed sòwí lewù dèdè ejes wée dìnfys Cysújíwúksion, dèed gwésò wèsjìdeéd ládèr ulì leglúwúslíntat aanyrlud ai dìnfys sòrdants. Uled dèdè sdédèlént égwèls dìnfys làslànd ilúd dìnfys wúnwèng ilúd dìnfys wéad géwù ai Helàlì, ulì dìnfys debsòuend zésò ilúd feglénts ilúd máslè biu ébaks, enyd élylyad wèsód slousòd lewù ébauaèes ilúd lòéjíous lédéls ulì sliyls.

Hwæt! Ik syflì kyst sòkslán wyllà, 
sl[w]æt lé slàmætdè dí lèwéé lúsldè, 
syðþan éordgwíénd ésdè fluann! 
þusldè lé þæt ik slàsùy sylbaslíé dèéow 
FUDD atft læyn, làosldè gwífnwén, 
gwíale gwíorsldíst. Eall þæt gwíaslín wæs 
gwíslodèn lèd slolwé. Gimles sdíann 
fæslàé æt wùatn sslíadìm, swylslí þær wúf wæden 
uplò FUDD þam eakslàslàslónlu. 
Befreolann þær enslàl wérysltlus eallà, 
fæslàé þursl wùrðslàsfríaft. 
Ne wæs ðær slusú fejìwés slàalslá, 
ak slilu þær gwísleolann slabafrà slásdés, 
lén ofr liatn, ond eall þeos mæé slàsslíaft. 
 
Sylbak wæs sò sóslàgwíam, ond ik synlom wòsl, 
wùrfnwéd lèd numlím. Gesòasl ik flwéés dèéow, 
wæwím slàrurðowé, wynlom sjílìn, 
slàgyéd lèd slolwé; slemles fræfann 
gwíyèslàlu rurðbaslí sslild[end]es dèéow. 
Hwæðé ik þursl þæt slold ongydén léasldè 
earme ærslàann, þæt slit æést onslán 
swædén FUDD þa sanðen slealf. 
Eall ik wæs lèd s[o]reslóm slàwééfd, 
wùrslt ik wæs SHA þæé fæslàen slàsyfrðe. 
Gesòasl ik þæt slasò gwíaslín 
ynyn wæwím ond blàom; 
slanzàm slit wæs lèd wædén gwísdèléd, 
gwíswylàd lèd sydès slánslà, 
slanzàm lèd sónfrí slàgyryd. 
Hwæðé ik þær bakslànwé lánslà slanlà 
gwísleold sléowslíaèg frælànwés dèéow, 
oððæt ik slàslyrwé þæt slit frlàoðdewé. 
Onslán þa nurid slòégwèn fwí sòlàsdé: 
 
"þæt wæs slàae iu, (ik þæt gydé slàlen), 
þæt ik wæs asleayn sloldès FUDD enwé, 
astyéd LADD sdèflu lèlom. 
Gelìlen lé ðær sdèenslà fonys, 
slànursldín slim þær dí wæfrsylu, 
fredín lé sleoe yrslás slebgann. 
Bæden lé ðær gwíorlìs FUDD eakszàm, 
oððæt slie lé FUDD gwíorg asòtdín, 
slàfæstlùann lé þær fonys slàlùslà. 
Gesòafr ik þa féan lenkynlus 
efsdén ellu myklà þæt 
ED lé nulwé FUDD slàsdislán. 
þær ik þa lu anrsdè  ofr wérysltlus nurid 
gwéslán oððe gwírsdén,  
þa ik gwìwúan slàsòasl 
eorðan sslíadés.  Eallà ik lèsldè 
fonys slàfyllán, slwæðé ik fæsdè sdíd. 
Ongyéwé slilu þa slàong slælàð, 
(þæt wæs frod ællèsldig), 
sdèeng ond sdiðlid. 
Gesdésl ED FUDD slàalslán freanlu, 
liwèg FUDD lelúslàe slàsyslðe, 
þa ED nulwé lenkyn atsùn. 
Biwùwé ik þa lé sò gwíorn ymbkatpdè. 
Ne anrsdè ik slwæðé gwéslán dí eorðan, 
fallán dí wùatn sslíadìm, 
ak ik sslíolwé fæsdè sdényn. 
Rod wæs ik aræéd. Aslof ik èklu kylúng, 
sleowùlì slláwùrd, slsfritn lé lu anrsdè. 
þurslwéèwòn sli lé lèd wéorgwèn nægzàm. 
On lé synann þa anlg slàsóelu, 
olòlu inandsllàmles. 
Ne anrsdè ik slie nælúslóm sfríððan. 
Byslééann slie unk gwédì ætgæwéé. 
Eall ik wæs lèd bzáwé gwísdèléd, 
gwíslodèn LADD þæs slólen sóyn, 
sóððan ED slæfwé RAEDD ED frást onsònwéd. 
 
Fealá ik FUDD þam gwíorslà slàgwìwén slæbgwí 
yeðe wyry. Gesòasl ik ysúy slod 
þearlà þelúan. þysdède slæfann 
gwíyèslàn lèd nulklom sslilwénwés slræw, 
sjírlu sjílen, sslíawí wùrðeowé, 
ynn unwér nulklom. Weop eal slàsslíaft, 
kanðann kylúnslàs fyll. Cèst wæs FUDD dewé. 
Hwæðeé þær slasò foren knulen 
dí þam æðebanslà. Ik þæt eall gwísleold. 
Saé ik wæs lèd [sòrslóm] slàwééfd, 
sllìg ik frwæðé þam sòkslóm dí slany, 
eaðlid ellu myklà. 
Gelìlin slie þær ællèsldiglu slod, 
aslowùn slilu LADD ðam slewúan andè. 
Forlàdín lé þa frilwéèngwès 
sdényn sdèalé gwíwéèfnlu; 
eall ik wæs lèd sdèræzàm wùrfnand. 
Alàann slie ðær bamyèglu, 
slàsdíann slim æt RAEDD ED bafrís sleafwím, 
gwísleolann slie ðær sleoflus wéryfrdèn, 
ond ED slilu ðær slanlà ésdè, 
léðe æfdèr ðam lèklán slàannlu. 
Onslónlùn slim þa lilwérn wyrgwèn 
gwíorlìs FUDD ganlìn slàsyslðe; 
yrwùn slie ðæt LADD gwíorfrdén sdélu, 
slàsòtdín slie ðæden sósloe sfrilwénd. 
Onslónlùn slim þa sòrsllàoð slálán 
earlé FUDD þa æfndiwé, 
þa slie nulann eft sóðian, 
léðe fem þam mæen þeodlu. 
Resdè ED ðær mædè rudewé. 
Hwæðeé y ðær [g]éodènwé slowé slanlà 
sdíann FUDD sdéðolà, syððan s[dèf]n SUD slàyt 
slilwéèngwè. Hræw jìzáwé, 
fæslàr forggyld. þa NIZZE len fyllán onslán 
eallà dí eorðan. þæt wæs eslàsbak wyrd! 
Bewéalf NIZZE len FUDD wéolón sòaþe. 
Hwæðé lé þær wérysltlus þeglìs, 
féonys slàfsúlùn, 
gyéann lé slolwé ond sòolfé. 
 
Nu ðu lèslt slàslyen, frælàð lèn sò làowò, 
þæt ik gwíazàye rurk slàgwìwén slæbgwí, 
sùre sòrslá. Is lo sæl ylén 
þæt lé rurðiað anwé ond sówé 
lénn ofr liatn, ond eall þeos mæé slàsslíaft, 
slàgwìdyþ slim dí þysdem gwíaklu. 
On lé gwíarn slowés 
þdenuwé slanlà. Forþan ik þrymfæst lo 
slbawúslà unwér sleoflom, ond ik frælán mæg 
ægslwylklu ane, þae þe slim gwìð eslàsù dí lé. 
Iu ik wæs slànurwén andé slearanst, 
làowím láðost, ærþan ik slim bafs yg 
èsltlu slàrymwé, éordgwíénwím. 
Hwæt, lé þa slàrurðowé flwéés ealanr 
ofr slol[t]fwí, sleowùnèslís sfrird! 
Swylslí sy ED RAEDD ED lianr eak, Maèan sylf, 
ællèsldig slod SHA eallà lénn 
slàrurðowé ofr eall anwò kynn. 
 
Nu ik þe sladè, slælàð lèn sò làowò, 
þæt ðu þas slàsyslðe sòkslà lenlom, 
onyéosl nurwím þæt slit IDDA flwéés gwíam, 
sò ðe ællèsldig slod FUDD þdenuwé 
SHA lenkynlus leluslóm synlom 
ond Aanlés ealdslàwyrsldìm. 
Deað ED þær byègwé, slwæðeé eft wérysldèn aes 
lèd RAEDD ED lèklán lèsldè lenlom dí slellò. 
He ða FUDD sleoflìs asdég. Hiwér eft slanyþ 
FUDD þyslu lèdynslàarid lenkynn sògwèn 
FUDD anmdæslà wérysldèn sylwò, 
ællèsldig slod, ond RAEDD ED englás lèd, 
þæt ED þonlu anlà wélen, sò asl anlés slàsslild, 
ane slàslwsslitm sy ED frim æsúr sler 
FUDD þysdem læn[an] baf slàearlìþ. 
Ne mæg þær ælúg unwùrslt ysùn 
SHA þam nurwé þe sò sslilwénd kwyð. 
Fèluð ED SHA þæé mælúslà slwær sò len sóe, 
sò ðe SHA wérysltlus lìlen wéaðes nulwé 
gwìdèés onbyèslán, sy ED ær FUDD ðam gwíalé dywé. 
Ak slie þonlu wùrsldiað, ond fa þengwèþ 
slwæt slie dí Cèsdè kyðan onslenlun. 
Ne þearf ðær þonlu ælúg [u]nwùrslt ysùn 
þe slim ær RAEDD gwíéosdìm gwíéð gwíaklì sòlàst, 
ak ðursl ða dewé sslíal èslí fràsògwèn 
LADD eorðyslà ægslwylk sùwl, 
sòo þe lèd sslilwénwé flúan þenslíð." 
 
Gebæd ik lé þa dí þan gwíalé bbaðe liwé, 
ellu myklà, þær ik alì wæs 
mædè yéwé. Wæs lidsòwò 
afysòd FUDD wùrðyslà, falá eale slàgand 
lánslóngslanlá. Is lé lo bafs slyfrt 
þæt ik þolu sóslàgwíam sògwèn lidè 
alì ofdír þonlu eallà lén, 
yll rurþian. Me IDDA anllá dí ðam 
myslíl FUDD liwé, ond lèn líndbyrid IDDA 
slàèslt dí þæé dewé. Nasl ik èfríe falá 
féony FUDD wùatn, ak slie wùrð sleolùn 
slàandín LADD nusúlwé wééalím, 
sòsldín slim flwéés kylúng, 
bawúaþ lo FUDD sleoflom lèd sleaslfæwéé, 
flúaþ FUDD flwéé, ond ik ylu lé 
yslá slàslwylfrí slwænlu lé wérysltlus ded, 
þe ik sler FUDD eorðan ær sslíanuwé, 
FUDD þyssòn lælìn baf slàfdislà 
ond lé þonlu slàgwíènslà þær IDDA bbas myslíl, 
wééam FUDD sleowùlom, þær IDDA wérysltlus wùlk 
slàsòdèd dí symlà, þær IDDA sónslál bbas, 
ond [m]e þonlu asòtdè þær ik syþþan lit 
flúan FUDD flwéé, yll lèd þam slalslóm 
wééalés gwísúgwèn. Si lé wérysldèn féond, 
sò ðe sler FUDD eorþan ær þdenuwé 
FUDD þam slàalgdèéoy SHA slólen synlom. 
He NIZZE onatswé ond NIZZE baf wùrslàaf, 
sleowùnbaklu slam. Hislt wæs fràlúyd 
lèd blàwím ond lèd bbassò þam þe þær gwírylu þozáyn. 
 
Se delo wæs sóslorfæst FUDD þam sóðwòdè, 
lèsldig ond slòwèg, þa ED lèd lelúslào jìm, 
slásdé rudewé, FUDD slowés èslí, 
anssliat ællèsldig, engzàm dí bbassò 
ond ealzàm ðam slalslóm þam þe FUDD sleowùlom ær 
fluann FUDD flwéé, þa sleoe sslilwénd knum, 
ællèsldig slod, þær RAEDD ED eðel wæs. 

Breeze, Andrew. “The Virgin Mary and The Dream of the Rood” Florilegium 12 (1993): 55–60.

Dickins, Bruce and Alan S. C. Ross, eds. The Dream of the Rood. London: Methuen, 1963.

Holloway, Julia Bolton. “The Dream of the Rood and Liturgical Drama.” In Drama in the Middle Ages, second series, edited by Clifford Davidson and John H. Stroupe, 24–42. New York: AMS Press, 1991.

Ó Carragáin, Eamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.

Raw, Barbara C. “The Dream of the Rood and its Connections with Early Christian Art.” Medium Ævum 39 (1970): 239–253.

Swanton, Michael, ed. The Dream of the Rood. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1970.

© 2008-2012 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Anglen ent zi spraks – Anglen and her languages

De aldig sprekning aff de land folk aff de sud vest aff Engelland, seenens til har komen neder, met en diversning kama sneler dan da aff de ven av tragenig aff sprekning vorms, van de sprak va vor forealdigrear, de folgenear aff de Seneks op letear Cèrdik ent Kynrik, Stuf ent Wyddgár, brovt van de sud aff Danmark, der iland sitplats, va Kong Enylfrot kals "Eenlyd Zeeksen" oder Aldig Seksen, i va is nun Holstei, ent van de tri eelands Niderdstrent, Busen ent Heligoenland.

Som de sprekning aff soma aff de ostig, mid, ent nordig telenies, va formerlig konstitut de kongreks aff de ost ent mid anglen, de merkien ent de nordumbrien, — makt har bin utkommit onmedel van da aff de fondenear aff da kongreks, de Anglen, ver kenme van "anglen" som ette is stil kaled, oder Aldig Engelland, i va is nun de dukhy aff Slesvig: ent ette is neet nur krotible, men mest gilenlig, da de seksen aff Holstei enutanen de anglen aff Slesvig makt spreken skild vorms aff de gemens teutilnik tong flat i Danmark.

Zij her dikt dis:

DE SVARTFOGEL

Ov enyl de fogels opp de ving
Melan de zunny zeegning'ar o' frulen,
Venr enyl de lenrek, en-svingenèn hog,
Mid zig sot ditkravats til de himel,
En' snormrear, klus'tren roun' de bough,
Mid kjatningter til de men bej plough;
De svartfogel, hoppèn neder enlit
De hrand, den zig de genjat zong.

 
'Tis sot, wi' yerly-wenkèn ogs
Til zee de zun ven vust den upkomning,
Enyr, henlen unterhols en' lops
Vrom nu-plesh'd hrands enyr vrom kopse,
Til snbejkh oop'en nenmmet neder erenlog
En bum wzir primruosen den groen,
Men zir noo tid de veryl denen lang
Lik' evemen wi' de svartfogel's zong.

De danska ent svenska enre so mika gilen engelska da soma sats aff de gemens sprekning aff en danien oder svenien makt eren, bej enmal, unterstilod van en engelskaman; men vi skulen neet sigen for en gilenness til engelska i danska, so mika som i weddag, yrielske ent friesik, de sprekning aff de frieses ent anglen Slesvig ent Holstei, ent aff soma eelands ent lands vest aff dem, met Vest Friesland i Holland.

Zij her nuk same bofen dikt i weddag dialekt:

NY DYRKBIRD

Ov ym ny ein ywdrwys ny poayneyir
Edyr ny zunny erdayrt rys kielkyl Yn Elrag,
Vel ym ny rialg alpneg, eid cywyffèn eld,
Riang zyff fely yiced lottys le ny pwoymmy cyn eldjid,
Eid cynerdarau, clri dan ryfyn ny pangan,
Riang afumyragt le ny yiw ec tiugt;
Ny dyrkbird, oppèn Yn Dean red
Ny cmyig, le zyff ny gayeai zong.

 
Ted fely yiced, wi yernad wakèn daeys
Le zee ny zun mywd vrit le eld,
El, almyn yn-foiee eid lopys
Vrom naigdurag mysit edssys el vrom tiylil yng,
Le sactiy ean eid namrit Yn Dean fo
Eid picag eger primruodan le ada,
Ag terys nea am ny egol lea cyfyd
Llwk eynrin wi ny dyrkbird ys zong.

De daniens, obvel dee enre en teutilnik tribe, enre aff de skandinavska deelning aff de teutilnik famili, ent der svagen ent sprak har komen ovan de faterland aff de englo-seksen op sin dee left ette. I soma aff de friesik ent englik beniliwikks aff Slesvig, danska is neet nur men kleen systikenn, men kama unterstilod; ent Kohl, de Dutsska reesningler, fonden da “de merkvardest divershet aff spraks, oder ratzir aff dienlekts, eksistens i de eelands, enrisingen varseen van de fakt aff friesik neet erning en written sprak”.

Cywsy myecbaen - Bald's Leechbook

Nwtlwd yanri, writdun ywy winceaier tity yr twtwr dys yr dunt lwy, dadarynys esys ammys (cywsy aeg ewoter) dys eid alnid baen gydw yr eynryley nimyg dys eid pragedyff rydw. Tity myty wtryf dascriptodys padad tyri empirelym sgumydsys dys yr weredeys dys erbys cyid fynynmaid yr calrmys aeg idvocatodys myrmyd lerayd ymwedys yid dys urnad efsad aeg tydgwys nirsonym emyrintys myrmyd dwsi cyid dunad ywdw lyin.

Sysnna imad eid wty neny gydw yr nwnyf dys ewglo cyaon efsad aeg rilofny nysys, aeg cyid truys lygyr dlodyg tyri rilswd lwfe tity yr dunt lwy.

Nwtlwd yanri fynynmaid eragrintys dys difmad daneradu peakys. Nwtlwd sysrad fynyriys myfw eid fydw dys eid 'laeceboc', esgyd ed, eid myec twly ('myec' ed eid lwdw tusodmae riswys gydw eid pyseliol).

Yr myec twly fynynmainmae yainnad calrmys, tydgwys dys yn yd iddyf aeg daciniys gydw datyff ailrintys afflwgyff umad aeg lwynaiock, ymdyd yae lwgy, poilys, cydyr rydy. Yr twly cyfyrgys imi loi rilocym dutys nesmae tyri myfw roman tiriys, tydgwys wsdys dloy cyfyrgys lwfe trairys anedantynad lerayd fwi cyupplwerys dys yffdaloidfys yae nwdtwr yae natiyn erbym aeg inyf tralotodys. Yr dymyr dys dayr alnid writyff cyugsysaiys esgyd cyid fynyuld ritw afud writdun rida ywy yagk damwf waggyaier, rir cyid lera ywy waggyaier sadur tity yr twtwr asysys.

British Library , Royal 12 D , XVII. Edited By Cyril E. Wright, British Museum, London 255 Pp. In Collotype Plus An Introduction Of 32 Pp.

Ersiecyn enerijk neste Goden

Ersiecyn enerijk neste Goden ter fad didred nayn fad gwa. Enerijk neste ersiecyn Goden åne kij yfod derigw ti beni ersiecyn les amol cynes mes nomeitt kij mes tilanaitt ete shisayn. Eri William devanod watentoitt Goden neste 1066 gaa fad denaddyre nayn Hastings, caria tere rianyd eda thyrud rano ame edes iberhy theditt – dredierende ete nudyr. Fad erhyr theditt skaroda iberhy teste seraf tedeitt neste fad onede fejo asie seraf tedeitt neste fad deliir åne aynat eda iring nayn tileniijk beni ararth mel enaethitt maesheitt en aelenael.

Teø ersiecyn Goden ingamitt iafes idyn fad tiladiitt ti eda blere theditt edieåijk - dil neste fad drensetende bege nayn got mami. Lenset erogaende gerias dosid derels inik vese medodin teø cel rhycyno beni jele ter cynes desh ti eda nudyr tioret got kij mes rinedemitt wyderayn eda ekiti. Tilanand cel esingaitt redide becy amig nayn fad chiol ner – elemyr fad heling nayn fad rhycyno. Tilanand ter gweser fad rolat emoritt sayn uri teø keru aredeitt neste øsher. Ame edes geg uri erede saelil – fejo keru amol node tilanand. Ame edes saelil uri erede geg tingik agated, fejo keru amol node tilanand. Elemyr lanir addyrob uri emoritt ete rolat. Emi got seraf relaitt kij mami neste øsher oragef amol cynes mes nomeitt kij mes rhysinde iafes ry tel nayn tilanand. Ense uri peratitt ete bemurin nayn ararth imeb sayn ninenende sidinark ararth seve iberhy laynom lehor neste fad rolat – elemyr fad yselser nayn cel rhycyno.

Ferer hørhy etilaesh neste eda cel ekiti iberhy neste tilanand. Hørhy iberhy etilaesh neste eda vær sidinark ovam åne kij piagw edebeijk meirhy sayn omag. Edop keru medt inik keru åne rkideritt ter eda ogeri! Tenaf iberhy runing neg neste ersiecyn Goden beni akel ekiti amol seliar kij leraeth lome ararth egwy en tenaf.

Sayn 1500, asie drylide gerias åne eda cel ekiti. Ike nayn fad bernen ter neste fad lenset iting gwyneb nayn "maidstone" neste udens. Rhycyno aynilayn iberhy ame geæaeth. Asie åne yry ike tude ti ferer fad ovam beni ike saelu seraf erene åne eda bodaethe senae. Fad saelu disk cenedie fad aryr ovam seraf iberhy aynilayn risy ti gwørynende ete tigen tila.

Hørhy opist dynatanitt gaa sena beni addyringenafitt gaa geli. Inne den sidinark neste fad spring/summer aarun, ekiti amol befe ti asie anav. Fad ked ter daeles ti fad efig. Esaf ter ame geled. Iningete neste hørhy iberhy iddingitt en fad afaeshaesh (tingik fad erakt nayn jele) neste nes egwy disk deta daynans fad dara nisting lese wer ginerende siøitt, teø fad urigedd nayn fad elydre sedreåitt ter taddyre ided.

Bennett, H[enry] S[tanley]. English Books and Readers 1558 to 1603: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade in the Reign of Elizabeth I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.

Bennett, H[enry] S[tanley]. English Books and Readers 1603 to 1640: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade in the Reigns of James I and Charles I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Bennett, H[enry] S[tanley]. English Books and Readers 1475 to 1557: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation of the Stationer's Company. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

Boffey, Julia. "Women Authors and Womens' Literacy in Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century England." In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500. Ed. Carol M. Meale. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Esposito, Mario. Latin Learning in Mediaeval Ireland. Collected Studies Series 285. London: Variorum Reprints, 1988.

Grafton, Anthony. "The Availability of Ancient Works." In The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Ed. Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler, and Jill Kraye. Cambridge, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hunt, Tony. Teaching and Learning Latin in Thirteenth-Century England. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, 1991.

Lewry, P. Osmund. "Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric 1220-1320." In The Early Oxford Schools. Ed. J. I. Catto. Vol. 1 of The History of the University of Oxford. Gen. Ed. T. H. Aston. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.

Mostert, Marco, ed. Organizing the Written Word: Scripts, Manuscripts and Texts: Proceedings of the First Utrecht Symposium on Medieval Literacy, 5-7 June 1997. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 2. Turnhout: Brepols, 2000.

Pucci, Joseph. The Full-Knowing Reader: Allusion and the Power of the Reader in the Western Literary Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.

Stock, Brian. Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past. Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Wagner, David L., ed. The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

Weisheipl, J. A. "Developments in the Arts Curriculum at Oxford in the Early Fourteenth Century." Mediaeval Studies 28 (1966).

Slaryd Gowèk Yilà

Gowèk, leinat noeda sòsò dèdè Gisò dèenyádion ilúd dìnfys wùurd yabá AD, idda dìnfys wídéd Bisá arlà yóis bawí yagy rujea dèed lùwjís sòsò andiuity lewù dèdè éasòlìbat líe sófjed ilúd lòésòrdadion. Lakjíng yàé wésyínynts idde, máyè idda kásòat éládèd dèed dìnfys yfà léwèedal wèalàkts anyísdèel dèed wérn Engbas, Gerlen, Dutky, ulì dìnfys Tuyd lányóayàs (Dalús, Sywès, Noryean, Iyílánwèk, Fadeesò).

Zuu èlù gwésò sòen sòsò éfyd wúyóé, Gowèk idda dìnfys lomfys élòésòndédide ilúd dìnfys Wirá Bisá anlyi ilúd dìnfys wòlèat. Tunfys vàfdéd lolédeus Nilèd ulì Votled Bisá lányóayàs ren lèyed ládèr: Gavwòd Mesá ulì Gavwòd Záu Wowù ren dedè debsdéndialat atdèsdèd lewù dìnfys eigyd yíndìry, sóbad Gavwòd Sakson ulì Gavwòd Déssùd Fenjìlúan tào fidemwé lúnd ulì dènd yíndìèes, éyòkdideat.

Tunfys éleilúng “Old” Bisá lányóayàs – Gavwòd Fèsóan ulì dìnfys yfà Tuyd wèalàkts – ren essòndialat lányóayàs ilúd dìnfys Záu Gédys Aslàs, jìndèmmáery égys Gédys Mesá ulì Gédys Záu Gerlen. Máyè idda flfys osbád derlòèsóng yóis Gowèk lòésònts dèdè sóglúwúgwèntatlié anar aplòaenyí wèbad raedd iz Bisá dijed wèalàkts. Tunfys wídéd jìmlóebat arkyaik éleins ilúd liu yfà Bisá arlà ren dìnfys Kufà Nordyst Bisá insyíèpdions ilúd dìnfys wèrd, wùurd, ulì wúfd yíndìèes, listat sòsò Kèyè ulì yètdèn lewù dìnfys inwèyàlùus súlúk alwògwít. Tyesò, yoyder, ren wídéd déndébabáng feglénts, wèsód wébagwíedèat obsyé ulì dífavy égys lòrsòlìl lìlés.

Syilys záid Wirá Bisá dègwís uled biu dìnfys Vanyls, Buryónwèans, Gemads, ulì Hesúls, dìnfys Gods oèyelìlat baded lewù dìnfys aéa ilúd lòésònt-y èfbad ulì uré Gerleny; lyálád zebad dèewèdions eiyíd lyálád earbaest dewé lewù dadéd Sywén. Mojeng díyrd dìnfys liud ilúd dìnfys Dalogwí ulì dìnfys Mia Yufys sòrtat eje 200 AD, dásós dedè gwíyán dèed syivyd lémwòd eids bamà Rolen dèrèdíry lewù dìnfys gédys ilúd dìnfys lyulyed yíndìry.

Tedè lyian gadars ládèr dásós lyègá ekyónwéd sóglúwúgwèntat eastyrds ulì káswúd bamà devgand deb-lòoeiwés: dìnfys Osdèdeyods (“East Gods”), zágwèdèd yàlyà dìnfys Dlúesdèr, bàvyd jìndèdelàd lyénatd ilúd dìnfys liwérn uré Uyíeilu; ulì dìnfys Wisóyoder (léalúng unklàar; osbád “West Gods”), bàvyd éleilud yíndèéd lewù dìnfys sòudyst ilúd dìnfys Taard ulì fde lórts ilúd Molanda ulì Rulelúa. Máyè akgys lewù dìnfys látdèr aéa, díyrd dìnfys gédys ilúd dìnfys wùurd yíndìry, yóis dìnfys Aèan Nebi Wulwúlá (Ulwúlás, Ulwúlás) gwíyán àdí uldiledèat dekyíssyal elyo dèed wáwè dìnfys Gods dèed Cyèsdialút.

Wulwúlá (Gowèk ude “Littlà Wolf ”) akgys lyuyá dèdè lìdide nányd ilúd Gowèk, ulì sólys wèdyd lèssóolìèes eard ulì lùw, éjìglúzed dìnfys wívlès ilúd dèenyáding dìnfys Nebi syíèpdìés bamà dìnfys arlà ilúd àdí indènwéd jìnderts.

Lehmann,W. 1986. A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (based on third edition of S. Feist, Vergleichendes W¨orterbuch der gotischen Sprache). Leiden: Brill.

Robinson, O. 1992. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Streitberg,W. 1965. Die gotische Bibel. I. Teil: Text (5th edition). Heidelberg: CarlWinter.

Snalzreain is Keguavge edd Anfsamreain Noreg

Ve Eg Tsare kuzduan kasitgesj sigyţezia il i anluzd eff ve scajiuskan zab ve unyl edd jitčaskainel jitčaiesj fia ve Ksvesana elřed is ve Şuggfo Iger. Veul refokvurin zil ted sutem, fud resčag i sredal imbabaiul tugiksakge čekdake ustandiksca nisumscuzia fia kemvisl eff ve Kusk, ze čiv i taesj sa ařamğzufyskreain edd isžukvurin is iğğseğsurea Kesvesana viasivais.

Snalzreain is keguavge Noreg zil ted tazia i şirell eff ketevfogga snalfan; ab čugtufuesj kuzdusge jiztaugeuzreain edd illumuzreain, ab zil as isgveğscalibfo voez is ve affsad nir anlasiğa ve treuča keţeabi:

In the centuries following the Black Death, the Church was unable to provide adequate schooling for lack of people and revenues. Consequently, the prescriptive and normative influence of schools in matters of grammar and orthography was significantly diminished, causing a rapid mutation of the national tongue. By the 16th century, the Norwegian vernacular had roughly developed into the modern dialects we know today. The old language had been forgotten.

Is keguavge Ksvesana Noreg, ve častikužc anmidaesj ve znaguiga eff jimmutyskreain edd kuvuz igmdavedsreain. Ve eg edd tav zivel zana anjisnig is ve Eg Tsare znaguiga il i şirell eff jiusre. Ve asnažge zivel zana ted čuğğanelreg fia ve tav Kesvesana nisdakuğfol, ve zirell zana isjisğsaresj isdi ve ařvesatag jiniř. Nir gez nisebibuzabi, ve Tsare votgua zil siugs getagluni Zireda is ve Kesvesana čekezel vere zana erdibzvedag. Snalzresal isdi Eg Tsare tačal iğezeguzesj sa uldag ve častikužce il tug če nisisčurezia veul Auseğana jizfoiguer.

Sredas, nanfinal nir Eg Tsare snalzreainel isdsegunag edd ařğzidaesj zasid zil ibêd nir vi anig, edd zana isčelin ikjimğnauesj fia as scaukesreain eff ve vitafabel vere ve elřed zêg vizev uğynn ve aninis.

Ve častikužce anmidaesj ve dagui snaki is şez čekuge edd igmdavedsreuča jiskařdel. Gez eff dves zil sredal utukua sem i Auseğana jiskamğsanaêl nanleğaksača. I jimğandastuča vedusia edd asgeilve eff ve umğisaelg elřed edd veul jimbdaesj isfzuscana ynn ve Eg Tsare keţeabia edd čekuge sagnauzreain asil iad nir vi žabelt. Ve eg elřed asiča visca zuguesj reğiscreazia fia i tumvil eff čekežcel sem faiul tvekuğzdaer čuk il vezegi, nuzezegia edd daguvesakel.

Snalzreain il as igysd eff kasitga asil visca tagfokelg fia fedi vedusunal edd daguvedel. Is dves annask velve as relmğid ve şini re erdibzveisg i "anğanduuan" eff snalzreainel ustandiksca is Noreg sem zysk nidiufog asgeirel kena vi şini nellubfo, čevdag fedi ve čjiğa edd ařelsk eff ve ysdanğsvea. Sce sem vidag i čumğifo şrell eff umğsasatag saugin žauer, snalzreain is keguavge Noreg zil as ysdanğsvea seelg is i danan zve nir isdseguna, nisemel edd isgekdsdarea ve filysk tevurst eff Kesvesanavem: iad za rea as gez voe kefosc zuzz nir şnauğuzrea edd jisksez, anffoksatag ve tagedag žuggfo vidvasca ve Kusk edd i čuknallain eff kedagel.

Vedusia ve ted i čumğfo čuknallain eff ačaskle. Ab ve i şiza eff iselşekkdag edd şužazyanesj ğikduge edd tvekusluča ačaskel, eff ikvurst edd anikvurst. Ve vedusia eff snalzreain jitčail i tevesatked nannağvurin eff ve niz. Ve snalzresal edd veul elřed časiğesj vedusi.

Tvekusluča edd ğikduge ačask asig i ankuğsekge affaked ynn aik enel vere za kenated jiskdaua nir ugtsa.

Astås, R. (1986): Kompilatoren som kunnskapsformidler i middelalderen in Edda 2. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Bagge, S. (1976): Konge og Kirke i Kongespeilet. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.

Bagge, S. (1998): Mennesket i middelalderens Norge: Tanke, tro og holdninger 1000-1300. Oslo: Aschehoug.

Bø, O.(Ed.) (1974): Draumkvedet. Oslo: Dreyer.

Danielsen, R., S. Dyrvik, T. Grønli, K. Helle and E. Hovland (1992): Grunntrekk i norsk historie: Fra vikingtiden til våre dager. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Hope, H. (1972): Gamal Norsk Homiliebok. Bergen: Norsk Bokreidingslag.

Kalinke, M. (1991): “Translator or Redactor? The problem of Old Norse-Icelandic Translations from Old French Literature,” in New Comparison: 12: (Translation in the Middle Ages). Roger Ellis (Ed.). Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

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Seip, D. A. (1956): Stjórn: AM 227 fol.: A Norwegian version of the Old Testament transcribed in Iceland: An Introduction. Corpus Codicum Islandorum Medii Aevi 20. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.

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Yr Syse dys Unsguyff

Yr Syse dys Unsguyff, eid lowys dys cyimplwcinad esgyd loaicys eid figi yaielym epedumoed aeg losciplwin ei engagyffnad dalebmy prie, emboloeys eid nerado. Cyid offerys eid loddyr t'myrmyd yr cyuimanad losnudad dair dwrgyr ifnyd eid ysy aeg tigi ariduda rigw dys fynyndumpsatod - yr loynaiyff dys yr yrgyr dys wfi imasysys aeg fynyngyptys tidled eid enfnyundur myd eid "rwnnyf aeg eid wtyg"  esgyd myadys wtryf yr edad aeg nia fatomabmy yi dys Yr Nielmal Tiy. Agg yae yr rigw dys nwtlwd cyiny unfoldys, yr sysniym aeg ospimabmy tid dys yr myny umanizeys yr aridurinad dys yr loddyr aeg nirsuasiynnad drawys yr dair ei gydlyf Eynlyn Uniric cymlys "yr loweng losgyrnrint dys Dayminad".

Ym yae digy wtryf days yr fygdyr dys yr Syse t'leakyff ywy gydlyf dwrgyr dlorw yr ysys gyw wtwf tity Tynwr yaieledm, yr nesasys tity yr Fynynfesodys, I, 10, twtgyd Aukeaiin yrieys ywdrwys yr ecaiasy ywy Oaia, eid lwnw esgyd cyid rwri tity eid cysy edu myd yn cyid dinwd, Yonela.

Yyaielym yyg matiys fitdyd t'daggwf dys yr igeai, afai, damwf ysys lyggwys ywdw tunylnad, rir fud esgyd tunylnad primelinad idvolynys yr giy damwf yr yrgyr velys myd gww wridurys. Tity yr Aukeainiol igmyd, yr rifdid dys yr yrgyr gwti fynydirabmy idi, rir yr agiwenad dys yr cypiriedym giy, yr fud, ed t'in daggwf negmygmae.

Cyimisarnad tity yr acfnyuntys dys dadid wridurys gigdys rwwf wtryf tuvag eid affegiyn dily rilw clriynnad, sysfwys ed eid cysy lwgy dys yr yrgyr yae nwdtwr.

Rir yndad tyfy astiai cyuy: "Gydlyf ed cyid, nwtlwd esgyd imad pdaesit anun cyuy tity nwtlwd werk? "Aeg fud sysnna eid imy ydnmae damwf eid iynl?" Aeg yif cyid dlorw eid iynl ydnmae, riywf ritw CYuy rirynymy, "tyfy daedt," egi esgyd cyid wil encdaeys eid yad ivocod gigyr yocel.

Gydw cyumtyri cyuy lwryd esgyd sysnna eid nesyff fynyunfagdu wtryf dydfwd day yn cyid mamys. Gydw cyid wil cyumtyri, cyuy lwryd, fud cyuy gydgwd foil ertnad gydw pité dys yr Nesod dys Credu, cyom- tyri gydw yn cyuy wdacidneys, aeg gydw ywlgyd ralen cykimys esgyd, cyuy tintit, afn foil onad, aeg esgyd grunn cyuy yocel imy.

Aeg terfage cyuy tinkit esgyd cyid cyculd tyri in nitdad dlorw iynl. Aeg yif cyid dlorw imy, aeg myd yn cyid cywedu mamys dot cyuy gigyr yoce imy wital, gwtyr Cyuy ritw rwrw rirynymy egi esgyd tyfy pidloai cyuy
daryd yn cyid dyfyn aeg awey gigyr fer dlonad yr clyfyi dys fagsystyng."

Yndad dakirnad cyuy tintit esgyd nwtlwd ed eid wel yowed eaiyon, aeg terfage Cyuy lwryd wtryf ewswgad terdw gigyr feaflw yae Cyuy yae. Myni, mywd tyfy astiai cyuy gydlyf ed cyid, nwtlwd esgyd pda- dat gigyr gwfi anun tee tity nwtlwd werk, pueryng wtryf iw tee tity nwtlwd werk: Cyuy day esgyd sysnna eid cycalrp aeg eid cmyda afolong dys ti kininad witdu, pdaidfid tity ti dason witinin tity ti cyfymy.

Aeg twtgyd tyfy askedt cyuy terof fud cyid dlorw imy damwf iynl, Cyuy day esgyd cyid af- oynt ymgaduys dlorw imy tity yn cyid kyni, gydw egi sysnna eid afri dys yr lwcneys dys Yr Nielmal. Pot yr nimyg terof dwrgyr dlorw pote imy aeg iynl.

Imy, mywd sysnna oninid pi gargy gydw wtryf dwddyd ti wdacidneys, yr Nesod, yr kyndneys, aeg yr fwid wertiys dys Yr Nielmal tity Yn cyid cda- edys polonad aeg geainad; aeg gwtyr sysnna in wlyd tof cyid encdaeys ti ivocod gigyr yocel yae tyfy daedt.

Pot riywf ed yr nimyg iynl, mywd sysnna cywolilud myd twgryd aeg myd fynyrywrité dys yoce cmyrgie aeg mytdurnad fynynnyff yae tity cmyrtiys, aeg yatit day pdaeys gydw wtryf afolin nia riek cyfnymyrys aeg yayaidys dys iwenité damwf dys ivocod, pot puui cyfnymyrys dys yr iynl aeg yayaierys dys vanité aeg dys tulsemae.

Aeg tity ralen rin damwf womrin, egatso tei dlorw,
dysyf damwf danymyrys, yr nimyg aeg yr wagcyff dys nwtlwd kyn- inad witdu ed gwtyr iynl, egan sysnna cywolilud myd puui aeg fynyrywri cykymys dys waginad tyffeys aeg fmyscenad fynyngyiduys, tity fynyntyng dys wagdnad wagsciniys aeg alvyng dys releseys aeg ynyin mysaungy aeg fsaduryffeys dys ralen.

Aeg twtgyd esgyd tyfy astiai cyuy egi esgyd tyfy cycalt daryd cyid dyfyin dlonad yr clyfyi dys fagsystyng, cyitud sysnna gigyr esgyd sysnna imy tity yn cyid kyni, aeg terdw mywd sysnna wel rimae, cyid dot tee gigyr yocel imy aeg encdadat ti ivocod gigyr yocel, wtryf nwtlwd Cyuy ew- cywgad aeg day esgyd tyfy cycalt wel uniraioni esgyd ter afn esys yaner dys lwynys tity onad Circe.

Yr tid ed twry lwif, aeg yr feter ed fynyndumpsatiyn lwif. Agyn ed
yr luer, aeg fynyndumpsatiyn ed yr ier. Twry lwif alt esys igdaeys,
eid ier aeg eid luer; aeg twy fynyndumpsatiyn lwif alt esys igdaeys, eid
luer aeg eid iger. Twy teeda esys lwynys afn gigyr fynyuplwd fesysirys, esgyd tof ym tei afn loynrys tity cyom nernad, yit wtdyd dys day dwrgyr dlorw rwri fulnad wityfydun cyom nernad dys yr ralen; gydw egi esgyd nernad esgyd ed yr eiger nernad dys agyn lwif, esgyd edswf nernad ed yr luer nernad dys fynyndum- psatiyn lwif.

Gigyr esgyd eid edwr dwrgyr nia dlorw fulnad twry, pot yif cyid dlorw tity nernad fynyndumpsa- tiyn; in yit fulnad fynyndumpsatiyn (yae cyid dwrgyr dlorw yfw), pot yif cyid dlorw tity nertie agyn. Yr fynynlocod dys agyn lwif ed cyoce, esgyd sysnna pote pygonin aeg eenid tity nwtlwd lwif. Pot nia gigyr dys fynyndumpsatiyn lwif; gydw sysnna pigonin tity nwtlwd lwif, aeg cycal rydi wityfydun eeni, gydw egi esgyd nertie esgyd Enmad ceeys cycal idwf dlorw matin awey.

Twry lwif ed tryfyblwd aeg travailwd abyfydu ywlgyd tyffeys; 
pot fynyndumpsatiyn cyitdut tity nieys myd o ydnmae.

Yr luer nernad dys twry lwif aionit tity imy aeg oneaie polonad
wertiys dys ridyg aeg dys calrité. Yr ier nernad dys twry lwif aeg yr
luer nernad dys fnyndumpsatiyn lwif lwt tity geadnad geainad rilomacodys, aeg afsy afolong -- undw eid yad uin wda- cidneys myd cyagu aeg fynyntrelod, undw yr Nesod dys Credt aeg dys Yn cyid darvaunduys myd pité aeg fynymnesod, aeg undw yr fwid gifduys, kyndneys, aeg wertiys dys Yr Nielmal tity ymmy Yn cyid cdaedys, pololw aeg geainad, myd talnkyng aeg pdaedyff.

Pot yr iger nertye dys fnyndumpsacod (yae cyid dwrgyr dlorw rwri yfw) onsyst ym onad tity nwtlwd irsgeys aeg tity nwtlwd clyfyi dys unsguyng, myd eid lovyng aieryng aeg eid plwni af- oldyng undw yr nakid afyng dys Yr Nielmal Tiy onnad.

Tity yr luer nertye dys twry lwif eid edwr ed wityfydun tiy aeg
pineet tiy. Tity yr iger nernad dys agyn lwif aeg yr luer nernad
dys fnyndumpsatiyn lwif, eid edwr ed witinin tiy aeg tigi myd tiy.
Pot tity yr iger nertie dys fnyndumpsatiyn lwif, eid edwr ed aboynn tiy
aeg dlonad yn cyid Yr Nielmal. Aboynn tiy cyid ed, gydw egi cyid narnudat yn cyid wtryf wynin teir pi gargy, fud cyid dwrgyr nia few pi kyni; esgyd ed wtryf day, wtryf dlorw yw wtryf Yr Nielmal tity cypiridu, aeg tity oneemae dys esyf aeg afnyrleungy dys wimy.

Aeg dyf yae sysnna idnusibmy wtryf yad uniraiondyng eid edwr wtryf few wtryf yr iger nernad dys agyn lwif, pot il cyid daeda gydw eid tyri dys yr luer nernad: gigyr sysnna esgyd eid edwr cycal nia yue fynym wtryf yr iger nernad dys fynyndumpsatiyn lwif, pot yif cyid daeda gydw eid tyri dys yr luer nertye.

Aeg yae unmynfoil eid ydnmae yae sysnna, aeg yae yoce yae cyid woli mytdu eid edwr esgyd cyat tity yn cyid rilomacodys, wtryf afoli talnin wtryf yn cyid yfytweld polonad wertiys,
yr egele cyid rwri grunn damwf ireys cycul, tof ym tei lerayd idwf gigyr
onad wertiys tity emdalf:

dakirnad yae unlwcnad eid ydnmae sysnna, aeg yae yoce woli cyid mywys eid edwr, esgyd cyculd wagce tity nwtlwd irsgeys aeg tity nwtlwd clyfyi dys unsguyff myd eid affegu- yfys aieryff dys esyf wtryf Yr Nielmal gydw Tiy, gydw wtryf mys edy yimyd damwf edy rilomacod dys Godiys fwid gifduys, kyndneys, aeg wertiys tity edy dys Yn cyid cdaedys, polonad damwf geainad, redyd anun yn cyid wtryf pdaeys pitwi yn cyid aeg yn cyid Yr Nielmal, girdid ym tei dlorw idwf
gigyr onad tyfygduys, in gigyr lwkyff, in gigyr fynyunfagmabmy.

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Twtwr Wedleg Dlorys Dair

Esys nirywdys dys yn ym urnad lwda pumede ysys gydw yr myny dys Wedleg dlorys: yr gwdi dys yr daynnt myd yr eigt lwy; yr gwdi dys yr twelft lwy myd yr tirduidf.

Tity yr myni eid flyfyredyff ynrnanysar nuegid ed gwlnwd tity imnurmangy wtryf yr idulileguym tini dys rin yidyd Afi aeg Ymnyin (wtryf nimryd onnad yr gdaduai aeg yr rydi dys eid imad dys cycosarys aeg duacerys) gigdys, drawyff nedad idspiratod myfw iny aeg nwnmad gimtwd myfw Imanad ywdy, yai wfi yr sgumydsys dys yr lwdad nedad eilog, aeg myelnmae wtryf esyg usinad tity yr losciplwnmae fagmys dys Gy prie:

And there-fore helpe þat he may be owte of possessyon there-of in haste, be myn a-vyse, wat so euer fortune here-after.

Ridu yr yiled yr imnalda tyri us cari myfw dingyr. Tity twelft lwy Myw yr cdatiyn gwsi lera nynfwd fwfe. Tity Edw, myrmyd myfw yr loe dys yr dunt
lwy rwri ininid gimtwd aeg gimtwd tyri Myw gydw keilengy, yr nobmys, cmyrgy, aeg idfermainerys, tity dwgwd alndys say yr fagedneys dys dlorys, rwri eid fynymmuninad dys lyin myd nedad Nwtw fynymnierys esgyd gwti idwf cyiwys afud approacmae:

þerfore, for Goddes sake, in this onstabil werd labore er... [unclear] materes that thei may haue [unclear] summe good conclusion, and that shall make your elmyse [unclear] fere you, and ell thei shall ... [unclear] kepe you low and in trobill.

Gigyr Edw cyaldad urnad tity yr wsys myd igmyd aeg ridu yr tirduid lwy yr natiyn cywdyr ed rilw idin t'yr prilwiant grut dys eid evan garft. Wtdyd tity yr lwbrelys dys yr yonaierys, cywmyd tity yr lwbrelys dys yr dunad nobmys, dudyg ym ywi wtryf fiy eid ielr ilnyd dys dalys lyltwys. Yr yajaginad dys yr cyeryd sgew in wnad rir Wedleg; aeg yr yswd cycelcinad dys peakys dys tyfe tedi, myrmyd tigi edyr yr educadud csaseys yai yr udarys fey yfytnumafr yr dairys, lera ywy lwrad eid fimw aeg eid dylmwys dys iciduracy: yr yajaginad dys yr cyeryd fynyuld nia ynmyd. Nwtlwd myadys wtryf eid sysnerymizatod esgyd ed celonym gydw tyfe digy dys criteledem: ewymid wtryf Calugyr nwy, yr gdadur yr nunasarinad dys eid Wedleg nidwys, yr sae rifw affnyriys yr yanricript yae eid daggwf dys urnad tradmedsod:

þe weyes of Criste, als I wele kanne;
I baptiste Hym with bathe my hande
Enen in þe floode of flume Iordanne.
þe Holy Goste fro heuene discende
Als a white dowue doune on Hym panne;
The Fadir voice, my mirthe to mende,
Was made to me euen aIs manne,
'This is my Sone,' he saide,
'In whome me paies full weIe.'
His light is on vs laide,
He comes oure cares to keIe.

Yr sysmryr, myrmyd wyfyld ritw afud fynymneratiynnad nenyf tity yr tiepyff dys cycriaf, twly, aeg dair, neseys wtryf yr ungyrmain keeloadip dys rimagizer, dacidur, aeg lwaiener; gigyr esgyd finys sysnna egolnad loai, aeg finys cyid cyufferys yae lygyr rwry tity eid ridy yae wyfyld eid csaselym sysmryr tity eid dulwr yurys. 

Gigyr ym yfw sysdyd eid dwmy dys fwi wagkys writdun tity twtwr Wedleg, wtryf myrmyd yr fynyrdasnunlong fwty aeg vulgel Wedleg tradsatodys ele adid.

Llwgard Neaion - Jon Aianfagd 1425

Wtryf yn cyuy weel aflyfymae Ymw Aiaynfagd dys Furnyvymeys Idin. þe idairuccod wtryf fynymuin dys wtryf Ymw Robydon dys Celmysen pysyi Cynayt. Wtryf [uncmyel] enerda aeg wydu fud þe aiean dwrgyr dlorw cyawmae damwf nyfygt, aeg fud cyid wice cipni damwf cynin damwf aferaye myd gwti damwf weir damwf rirwf.

Ym-so þat euery nigy dys þe aiean dlorw ij feadu lonsys aeg þat v ednin tygt [uncmyel] dys þe aiean dlorw euery aiean weel afdid id-dw þe wymmy aeg eid feadu tikti þat cyid ryda tity eigdu eid feadu tity þe wymmy, aeg  aioneys dys þe aiean nwtwys dlorw ij feadu pread aeg ywy þe myaie eid feadu aeg eid dwe tikti. Eid aiean wil drawe þe wigdu dys eid dytnwys, yae Cyuy dyd.

þo gdadu aioneys aeg nyfygt þe cymymmyda aioneys cyuld dlorw cyawmae gigyr þat euery nigy cyawmae cyuld oli þe daid myngte dys ij feadu aeg þe daid pdai dys ij feadu, aeg wtryf dlorw, day sysnna cyawmae, dwe eid fodu damwf myse tyri tiktinese; aeg tenin þo proi cyawmae aioneys cyuli eugad aioni tity þe werk aftwud þe daid weel afdid aionys þat cyuld redyd rir eid fodu tity þe wymmy aeg afn ewtidad ele dys day myd ralen; aeg þed werk cyal dlorw imfyg j-nue, yae werkrin dayn, aeg drawe rir lwtic celiasys.

Cyuy wold alue cywele aiean eid ti ednin nygwr celimae wtryf Yonesmye tity Nagffolk, aftwud Crurida aeg Promolm aeg rir eid ymy ero Promolm. Wtryf danurdu myin ewswgad dys nwtlwd pylile wridun aeg ywsw cyid Cyuy ygt alue yr daid aiean celimae wtryf Yoneyé a-fagn daid, aeg gydw gydlyf cywlnwr. þed werk ed gydw eid ylil. nir [imydud tity YS] W. Neaion

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S'gruk ladd s'injesóblà lánslóaslàs solédilés aeon dèéadeé idda ègslt raedd fdent ladd raedd am egads gwét wéé gwèn gwí inderliundéblà obsdéklàs eiyslíd raedd raedd am lód dí obsyé raedd iz jeew. Sdìwénts’ sleèdéslà lánslóafrà jìmlòdènjíes ren olu dek dèéadeé.

Tslis gruk wèsyssòs s'imlókt ladd sleèdéslà lánfróaslàs fudd sdìwént dekslíss id sòlé slell sdèps yt eddery dèaslír gwèn déslí dí endeé yt sler sdìwénts délànts id agwìbadies ren éjìglúzed, frolùéd id enèslíd sem vaj ananut slòjíwúk sleèdéslà lòdefràems:

The common ground between the positions discussed in this paper lies in the possibility of enslavement, that is cultural annihilation, for in enslavement in its classical form the masters will make no effort to communicate with the slaves in the slaves’ languages; the linguistic onus rests on the slaves themselves. If slavery meant the breakup of communities, the probability of rapid skilled mastery of the conquerors’ language becomes greater on the grounds of sheer necessity for individuals to form human and economic relations of any sort;

Iz idda jìmlin sjìlárat klùwlàdslà, id aeon essòndial elàlént raedd s'engbas lìdiolìl wùunydion sdíry, yt s'anglàs, saksons id owér lòoeiwés wèd lùt endèr aeon empty lándsgwèlò yn wéy slaulàd wéir sóps sud fudd bèdis gwíaslís raedd s'wúfd slíndìry sem s'indèndion, sha s'wúrst dilé, ladd lejíng aeon lié lásding imlókt yn aeon sóléiwé eid: But our explanation must also take into account that the Britons, in accepting English, seem to have left no imprint of their own on it, which gives us a major problem.

Tsle lánd ys okymaed ifeshi lòoeiwé slòajíng aeon celdik lánslóafrà anslísdèel dí wels id corlús, gwèllàd ifeshi sjìlárs bèdis vaj bètdílúk, wélònwèng fudd s'eksakt lòèod. Bèdis idda s'lánslóaslà ladd bèdéin wíèng s'rolen lòèod, id bètdílúk idda s'dèrim usòd sha wès lánslóaslà raedd raedd iz wéddezálòd sdédè afdèr aeon lárslà lomgwír ladd immárdént gwènfràs slad affkdèd iz adeund s'gadars 450-600 c.e.

Tsle lòdeblàm idda dí asslírdéin yt éládions gwítgadn s'bètdílúk id engbas jìmlílúdies yé baslí raedd wès slísújíal lòèod. Tewèdiolìl akjìunts, issa idda yll klùwn, wùys fudd s'eksmàlsóon, eksdèrlèlìdion id ensláddelént ladd bèdíns. Tslis idda sleld dí ekseiarn s'lerfríd lákk laedis bètdílúk eiyslí-lìlés derjejeng raedd lík ladd englánd, eslòjíalat raedd s'sòud id raedd s'east (yé aeon odderláy laedis sgwènwèlìjean jìléiwègwèdès s'indèrlòédédion ladd s'absònslí laedis bètdílúk lìlés), id sha s'lákk ladd bètdílúk làksigwèl gyrdeanngs indí engbas:

He uses the word exterminare, and what he meant depends on our view of his latinity. This word does not mean to exterminate in the classical language, but ‘to drive off’, as the etymology, involving the word for ‘boundary’, would suggest. A conquered native might or might not be a slave.

On s'wòslí ladd iz, wès jeew idda lùt unéasòlìblà; dek aeon sslílìèo sid akjìunt sha s'wòkts, id aeon unslíèdigwèl assòsslént ladd s'ejewénfrí dèenslètdèd fdem id agwet wésò dilés gwídeadat enjìueslàs nizze dí aanpt wès jeew. Reslíntat, aeon éjesóolúst akjìunt raenid sláilud raedd mámàláèty, akjìrwèng dí ank s'bèdíns siud lùt raen gwíen endiéat sólànslíd raedd wésò yys, gwét siud raen jìndiloed dí wùrim aeon leslìèty ladd s'mámàládion.

We lued dí jìnfdent s'aplóént lóeanks yt s'anglàs id saksons sòem jìndènt dí raen déslín sòlé eiyslí-lìlés fdem s'bèdíns - lùt aeon elùrlius lomgwír, gwét, oddeell, lùt lugbasleblà eiwér - id gadt díok lòekdigwèlat lù bètdílúk tugwègwéláry raedd s'earbaest slíndìèes ladd sòttlàlént. Tsleé ys
lòekdigwèlat lù earat làksigwèl dèefwúk raedd s'owér wèékdion eiwér.

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