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De Pembrokesanstelen Sprak

 

De Engelska hatte en merkvarder statdt vis à vis de Kimreska ent de Flemigs som dee varet de representenbejives aff de merhet sprak aff Engelland. De Flemigs stemmed van en kolony i Pembrokesanstelen, sud-vest Kimria, va hatte komen van Flandear soma dekendes oerligener. Kimreska nej trass i Irland left; dee oder erlasened der sprak oder durend til gebrukning ette on velka enflutning op de bleebenig spraks i Irland. De Flemigs varet snellig asimilend ent de nur lingvistik evidens aff der presens i Irland is de kleen number aff lendvorts va varet stil til eren fonden i de arkaisk dialekt aff Forth ent Strepgy i de sud-ost huk aff de slaagid bej de end aff de 18 jarzent ven de last rekord aff des divershet aff frug Irska Engelska varet geke.

 

Leenvig Kimreska ent Flemish somide en is left met Englo-Normen ent Mid Engelska i lat mekastkubvenle Irland. De lingvistik trass vi har aff des tvo spraks loten seker folgernings som til der status i de jarzent na de ivsom. De Normens varet forste de overlegs melan de etnik grupper  i Irland, men oar de fakt da dee setelend i fjellig Irland ent hived derselv av van der rilatend behersear i Engelland snellig asimilend til de lokaler Irska, de sprak aff de milkkofir endoenting, igripenkig des overvegenenblig i de vidergoning. Engelska vare gelekde  van skild venriekravats oar njelikke regione originer aff de Engelska folgenear teed de original ivsom ent des fakt led til en komlove norm enrisingen i de 13 jarzent va is mederminejorn melan dialekt treets aff njelikke sprekear. Ette is des sprak va is iderbejed i de grotsam literaturig dokument aff mekastkubvenle Irska Engelska, de Kilvogen Gedikts.

 

Als de sprak aff de Kilvogen gedikts is en genuie markte aff mekastkubvenle Irska Engelska dan ette wuld seenen da en enmenligen aff de njelikke dialekts va varet stikenn van Engelska setelenar hatte upkomenn van de frug 14 jarzent. Som dar is nej meldning aff de Bruke ivsom i 1315 en kanen eren fornuftenblig trulig i datbejig de Kilvogen Gedikts til vor des eregnis oder minsta neet lang na ette. I en resenzning aff de vitnesenbejiops aff mekastkubvenle Irska Engelska en skulen og meldning de Slats aff Smarmodere. Des bestanen aff en number aff iskriptningen ner de dervens aff en kerk bej Smarmodere fonden, en kleen stadlet ner Enerdee i Teleny Luth. De slats iholden medikenle rezepts ent soma musikig ent religionsam material. De sprak aff de slats is klarlig mekastkubvenle Irska Engelska (datbejig unseker is, men varseen 14 jarzent) ent seker treets kanen eren lend ut som punktig aff des divershet aff Mid Engelska.

 

De doenmimir platsning aff de divershet aff Frankska inkrepdde til de slaagid is og selvklar i de gut aff enflutning va ette hatte op njebejive Irska. De milkkofir bej des periode vare resiligennt nog til sorben grot rikravats aff lendvorts, adapterenig dem til de lud struktur aff Irska i de vidergoning. Ekter, de signaalsikanenke aff Engelska i des frug periode skulen neet eren untertaksninged. Des ligens i de fakt da ette vare nitid estingened i Irland trots de Genelik uppsuke aff de 14 til 16 jarzent. De fornuft for des is da Engelska vare en sprak forstrilig gebrukninged i de stads aff lat mekastkubvenle Irland. I des platss ette vare til overliven, enlerenit somava doenermantlig, up til beginning aff de modern periode i de 17 jarzent na va ette erenkenme de doenmimir sprak aff Irland ent hä bleebened so sin.

 

Barnes, William. 1876. A glossary of the old dialect of the English colony of Forth and Bargy by Jacob Poole. London, J.R.Smith.

 

Britton, Derek, Fletcher, A. J. 1990. Medieval Hiberno-English inscriptions on the inscribed slates of Smarmore: Some reconsiderations and additions. Dolan (ed.) 55-72.

 

FL-030114 De Ripley Skrolen

 

FL-080213 Svart Buk aff Carmarthen

 

Legge, M .Dominica. 1963. Anglo-Norman literature and its background. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

 

Vallancey, Charles. 1787-1788. ‘Memoir of the language, manners, and customs of an Anglo-Saxon colony settled in the baronies of Forth and Bargie, in the County of Wexford, Ireland, in 1167’, Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 2: 19-41.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 
Du musten maken Vater aff de Erd,
ent Erd aff de Luft,
ent Luft aff de Fur,
ent Fur aff de Erd.
De Svart Zee.
De Svart Lunen.
De Svart Sol.
Har is de last aff de Vit Sten
ent de beginenig aff de Rot.

 

Aff de son tegen de likt
De Rot gum da is so skinsam
Ent aff de Mon doen og
De va gum dee boda troene
De filozofs Sulphur vive
Des Eg kal ette on stralse
Kyskinsam ent Keskinsam ette is kaled og
Ent andere nams mika mer Aff dem drue ut en tinkture
Ent maken aff dem en heeratning ren
Melan de husband ent de vif
Espowsed met de vater aff lalse
Men aff des vater Du musten erenvej
Oder andere dinn verk vil eren ful strepe
Han musten eren geke aff hans egen gut
Flek Du nun i dinn gest
Enketilme aff filozofs men kal des
En vater enbudningig so ette is
De frulins milk aff de dew
Da ala de verk punketh renu
De Sleng aff lalse ette is kaled og
Ent andere nams mika mer
De va forsakth generasjon
Vedningwig de man ent de fru
Men sigene Du nej deelning

 

Eren dar i de kopjunkt op
Aff de mon ent aff sun
Na de heeratning eren tigenun
Ent ala de teed dee eren en brul op
Given til dem der trinkig
Enketilme da is gud ent gud
Vedningter til dem dan velka vin
Nun ven des heeratning is doenne
Filozofs kal ette en sten
De va hath en merkvard natur
Til bringen en sten da is so ren
So han har gutlig narungenment
Perfekt heethet ent dekokti op
Men i de matrix ven dee eren seten
Lasen nitid de glase eren unsluten
Til dee har igendrot en sten
I de veld dar neet so en en
Op de grund dar is en berg
Og en sleng inan en kvel
Hans svans is lang met vings bred
Ala kler til flee van vari flank
Reparen de kvel snel over
Da dinn sleng pasen neet ut
For als da han eren dar en goenne
Du forloren de virtue aff de sten

 

Var is de grund du musten veten har
Ent de kvel da is so klar
Ent va is de dragenop met de svans
Oder andere de verk skoridor kleen envenil
De kvel musten reenen i vater klar
Tegen gud heed for des jeer fur
De fur met vater skinsam skoridor eren brenningt
Ent vater met fur vaskened skoridor eren
De erd op fur skoridor eren seten
Ent vater met luft skoridor eren striken
Darfor ye skoridor goen til puralsikati op
Ent bringen de sleng til rotempti op
Enet han skoridor eren svart som en kro
Ent neder i hans den skoridor ligen ful log
Svelenig som en tod da ligenth op de grund
Barsten met blass sitenting so rund
Dee skoridor til barsten ent ligen ful varidagig
Ent des met handarbet de sleng is sleni
Han skoridor skinen kolodear har mika en en
Ent skalten som vit som fenle ben
Met de vater da han vare i
Vasken han klar van hans si

Ent lasen han trink en kleen ent en likt
Ent da skoridor maken han gerekt ent vit
De va viteness eren enbudningig
Lo har is en veri ful endig
Aff de vit sten ent de rot
Lo har is de veri var dad.
Tegen de fater da Phoebus so hog
Da siten so hog i mejestet
Met hans beems da skinens so skinsam
I ala orts velkavar da han eren
For han is fater til ala saks
Hapttenier aff lalse til krop ent radikal
Ent forsakth natur for til frulen
Met de vif beginenneth soothe
For han is senlve til vari smartsam
Til bringen over des volstsam verk
Tegen gud heed until des lodere
Eg sagen until lernened ent until kontorist
Ent Homogenie is min nam
Va God geke met hans egen hand
Ent Mengnesien is min dame
Du skoridor verilig forstanen.

 

Nun Eg skoridor har beginen
For til leeren thee en kler veg
Oder andere kleen skoridor Du gevinen
Tegen gud heed va
Eg doen sagen Deelen Du Phoebus i mika dels
Met hans beems da eren so skinsam
Ent des met natur han konverten
De va is spegel aff ala likt
Des Phoebus hath ful mika en nam
Va da is ful sveer til veten
Ent men Du tegen de veri sam
De filozofs sten ye skoridor neet veten
Darfor Eg reten ere e beginen
Veten ette kvel va ette skulen eren
Ent da is dik maken ette thi
For dan ette skoridor ful kvel gilen thee
Nun forstanen va Eg meenen
Ent tegen gud heed thartil
Vor verk andere skoridor kleen eren segenn
Ent skalten thee til mika woe
Som Eg har senid des vor lodere
Mika en nam Eg vensning han hath
Soma hind ent soma vor
Som filozofs punkth han given
I de zee on lees
Stejeneth de fogel aff Zirmes
Etenig hans vings venrikansam
Ent makenth hanselv dok ful stabil
Ven ala hans fedear eren van han goenne
Han stejeneth stil har som en sten
Har is nun boda vit ent rot
Ent ala so de sten til snelen de dodte
Ala ent soma on fkansam
Boda sveer ent sakt ent malaekansam
Forstanen nun kvel ent reet
Ent danken du God aff des segning
Eg skoridor du sagen met varidagig deklenratiop
Var, hur, ent va is min generasjon
Omogeni is min Fater

 

Ent Mengnesien is min Muder
Ent Enzot trulig is min Sister
Ent Kizigel forsooth is min Bruder
De Sleng aff Arabienien is min nam
De va is leter aff ala des genme
Da antid vare boda hols ent vild
Ent nun Eg enm boda meek ent mild
De Sun ent de Mon met der makt
Har somtised meg da vare so likt

 

Min vings da meg brovt
Trafenzir ent trafenzir var Eg denkning
Nun met der makt dee neder meg dragen,
Ent bringen meg var dee vil
De Blud aff min hart Eg vensning
Nun forsakth boda frud ent blisse
Ent dislosenth de veri Sten
Ent strikenteth han ere han har doenne
Nun makenth sveer da vare lix
Ent forsakth han til eren reparen
Aff min blud ent vater Eg vensning
Rikelig i ala de Veld dar is
Ette reenenneth i vari ort
Ver ette findeneth han hath grenke
I de Veld ette reenenneth ovan ala
Ent goeneth rund som en bal
Men Du forstanen kvel des
Aff de verke Du shalten frulin
Darfor veten ere Du beginen
Va han is ent ala hans ki
Mika en nam han hath ful seker
Ent ala is men en Natur
Du musten del han i tri
Ent dan striken han som de Trinitat
Ent maken dem ala men en
Lo har is de Filozofs Sten

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Svart Buk aff Carmarthen

 

De Svart Buk aff Carmarthen, so kaled vel aff de farb aff  bidig ent konektning sigir met de Priodery aff Sa. Johan de Evaggelist ent Teulydhund, Carmarthen, is nun denkning van modern skolenar til eren de verk aff en len skribe verking bej skild perioder aff hans lalse vor ent over de jar 1250. Des makens ette en aff de oerligenst survivig manuskripter skrifften lenlig i de Kimreska sprak. Ette vare entverningbejed en aff de 'Fir Antik Buks aff Kimria' van Vilhelm Forerens Skene (1809-92), obvel han belivend ette til har bin skrifften mika oerligener i de tvelf jarzent.

 

De manuskript kenme til de hands aff Her Johan Pris aff Brekop (1503-1555), en man met antikvariat ent literaturig interess. Han hatte bin benamened hapt registrener aff de kron i ekklesisomtikenel afear ent i des kenpenstad untertilok de upgiv aff zukenig de monosterier dislosend van Henrik VIII. Han fonden de 'Svart Buk', ette is senid, i de besitning aff de skatser aff St Davids Kathedrenal, de manuskript bej de tid resetened til har komen van Carmarthen Priodery.

 

Kleen is vetenn aff geskit na reskue sigir van Her Johan tils  enkuisiten op van de sivendeend-jarzent antikvariat Robert Venughen (1593-1666), ver seten samen en vast grup aff drukened buks ent manuskripter aff enetrang importenenke i Kimreska ent andere spraks bej Hengwrt, hans hem ner Doenlgellenu, Meriopethsanstelen. Ekter, bej soma former periode ette seenens til har bin egened van enandere skolenr ent buk-kolektoder, Jasper Gryffyth (kastkubed 1614), krigden aff Ruthi Sikhus, ver hä skrifften i de 'Svart Buk' boda hans nam i Heberska karaktear ent en noter op iholdning sigir. Vilhelm Selningsbury (k. 1520-1584), overseter aff de Nu Provenenment til Kimreska, hä og skrifften en noter bej de botem aff en aff de seeds. Robert Venughen hanselv sagens i enandere manuskript (NLW MS 5262, p. 167) da de poet Siôn Tudur (kastkubd 1602) aff Wiggerekt, Sa. Somenph, og egened de manuskript bej en tid.

 

Dea Fynyo yag tiggad le dy Celmeltud

 

Yn Awin Dea Fynyo yag tiggad le dy Celmeltud, cal enmysit er fynyonduy dy ny nylilyr dy e porwyag yae e porwyey mys ny Prywragt dy Ai Un Cyrimalilag yae Duulydog, Celmeltud, ed cireerag cymeainagt lwaged jeinag cycosarys le fely; Pwoirrynag ny sabagagt dy eid neupeai cycdeys cycdaeuiyrys ec ewcalsmy red sagyn urdae dy le afa ayd oaie yae er cee ny pmyin 1250. Ee cyo yatiys ee nain dy ny urlweai er yayrn yanricriptys cycdaeuit cyomynad nyr ayd Ny Pdatnee censsy. Ee v'isignadud nain dy ny 'Kiele Cyenn Peakys dy Datin' lwaged Iciam Fagafys Cytiin (1809-1892), ga dy pock dadjym ee le aym afud cycdaeuit krie veael urlwer nyr ayd Yn na sa jeig us.

 

Ny lys alink aiiag ayd ny cykimrie dy Geainney easmy Un Ammys dy Dafnyn (1502-1555), eid deainney mys cyenn yae focklymag idudaiys. Pock rwri afud apnuindud eld dafnyrtyser dy ny y man nyr ayd agglwsalg yatdurys yae nyr ayd ee cyo ablwd unirseok ny elnain dy puokym ny yonaierys losolynd lwaged Idry VIII. Pock grunmal ny 'Dea Fynyo yag tiggad le', ee ed deayrt, nyr ayd ny cyirea dy ny fer masdue dy Ai Lewedys Eld ciambmy, ny lys ec ny am danadud le aym ceet je Celmeltud Prywragt.

 

Krie yng ed er fys dy e cyennagys jei e lwvday lwaged Geainney easmy Un in dusad e fynysney lwaged ny cyiagt jeigea us gariir cyenn dadyn Yiryf Vaugaln (1592-1666), ny nyr ry ceicey eid ewvaelag calglym dy clyfyit peakys yae yanricriptys dy nwe pdae nyr ayd Datnag yae irey sankeassys ec engwrt, le pymmy aele Dolsyilau, Rirodetsida. Ewserafe, ec ennag nymriyir abbyrt ee daemys le aym afud unmae lwaged irey cycoicel yae fynyo yag tiggad le calgmyir, Jasnir Gryffyt (lomae 1614), oadair dy Rutin Cypitmal, ny gwti cycdaeuit nyr ayd ny 'Dea Fynyo yag tiggad le' ny neest le enmys nyr ayd Ew calragerys yae eid pagmag er e nymmym. Iciam Cymesbury (c. 1520-1584), cynleair dy ny Naigdurag Duaiarint aiiag ayd Datnag, gwti yrcalag cycdaeuit eid pagmag ec ny nwe dy nain dy ny nessys. Yiryf Vaugaln e ein cyays nyr ayd irey lys (NLW YYs 5262, b. 167) cyud ny peld Cyiôn Edur (lomae 1602) dy Wigfair, Ai Asap, yrcalag unmae ny lys ec nain am.

© 2008-2012 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Anglen ent zi spraks – Anglen and her languages

 

De aldig sprekning aff de land folk aff de sud vest aff Engelland, seenens til har komen neder, met en diversning kama sneler dan da aff de ven av tragenig aff sprekning vorms, van de sprak va vor forealdigrear, de folgenear aff de Seneks op letear Cèrdik ent Kynrik, Stuf ent Wyddgár, brovt van de sud aff Danmark, der iland sitplats, va Kong Enylfrot kals "Eenlyd Zeeksen" oder Aldig Seksen, i va is nun Holstei, ent van de tri eelands Niderdstrent, Busen ent Heligoenland.

 

Som de sprekning aff soma aff de ostig, mid, ent nordig telenies, va formerlig konstitut de kongreks aff de ost ent mid anglen, de merkien ent de nordumbrien, — makt har bin utkommit onmedel van da aff de fondenear aff da kongreks, de Anglen, ver kenme van "anglen" som ette is stil kaled, oder Aldig Engelland, i va is nun de dukhy aff Slesvig: ent ette is neet nur krotible, men mest gilenlig, da de seksen aff Holstei enutanen de anglen aff Slesvig makt spreken skild vorms aff de gemens teutilnik tong flat i Danmark.

 

Zij her dikt dis:

 

DE SVARTFOGEL

 

Ov enyl de fogels opp de ving
Melan de zunny zeegning'ar o' frulen,
Venr enyl de lenrek, en-svingenèn hog,
Mid zig sot ditkravats til de himel,
En' snormrear, klus'tren roun' de bough,
Mid kjatningter til de men bej plough;
De svartfogel, hoppèn neder enlit
De hrand, den zig de genjat zong.

 
'Tis sot, wi' yerly-wenkèn ogs
Til zee de zun ven vust den upkomning,
Enyr, henlen unterhols en' lops
Vrom nu-plesh'd hrands enyr vrom kopse,
Til snbejkh oop'en nenmmet neder erenlog
En bum wzir primruosen den groen,
Men zir noo tid de veryl denen lang
Lik' evemen wi' de svartfogel's zong.

 

De danska ent svenska enre so mika gilen engelska da soma sats aff de gemens sprekning aff en danien oder svenien makt eren, bej enmal, unterstilod van en engelskaman; men vi skulen neet sigen for en gilenness til engelska i danska, so mika som i weddag, yrielske ent friesik, de sprekning aff de frieses ent anglen Slesvig ent Holstei, ent aff soma eelands ent lands vest aff dem, met Vest Friesland i Holland.

 

Zij her nuk same bofen dikt i weddag dialekt:

 

 

NY DYRKBIRD

 

Ov ym ny ein ywdrwys ny poayneyir
Edyr ny zunny erdayrt rys kielkyl Yn Elrag,
Vel ym ny rialg alpneg, eid cywyffèn eld,
Riang zyff fely yiced lottys le ny pwoymmy cyn eldjid,
Eid cynerdarau, clri dan ryfyn ny pangan,
Riang afumyragt le ny yiw ec tiugt;
Ny dyrkbird, oppèn Yn Dean red
Ny cmyig, le zyff ny gayeai zong.

 
Ted fely yiced, wi yernad wakèn daeys
Le zee ny zun mywd vrit le eld,
El, almyn yn-foiee eid lopys
Vrom naigdurag mysit edssys el vrom tiylil yng,
Le sactiy ean eid namrit Yn Dean fo
Eid picag eger primruodan le ada,
Ag terys nea am ny egol lea cyfyd
Llwk eynrin wi ny dyrkbird ys zong.

 

De daniens, obvel dee enre en teutilnik tribe, enre aff de skandinavska deelning aff de teutilnik famili, ent der svagen ent sprak har komen ovan de faterland aff de englo-seksen op sin dee left ette. I soma aff de friesik ent englik beniliwikks aff Slesvig, danska is neet nur men kleen systikenn, men kama unterstilod; ent Kohl, de Dutsska reesningler, fonden da “de merkvardest divershet aff spraks, oder ratzir aff dienlekts, eksistens i de eelands, enrisingen varseen van de fakt aff friesik neet erning en written sprak”.

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I Yidankmy aff Myi Yelia

 

Ler vele ud datir ymyd alpt aff i nam aff Doennenlyd, ud lwkumynir eresy aff enrymlog ywfwd aff Omynyn.

 

Til ednanyff i nirdatririnywp aff Kong enrymlog, ywfwd aff Godrot Doenn, alnir myd rit ud ifmir ywfwd til i yopsomdury aff Myi Yelia aff Alainyffud. Enrymlog folssnimae alnir til i yopsomdury, id unkadam til sysbrusgyff kraft idan i myi dakiktys, adadad alnir rit sysnitmy id ititfoil cypdasgyff, "Velfag doedt tyfy lerfag flwg logyd ri? Eg afdumyn tee nej vundnyff," id pumnedmae op alynir le alnir cykumyn edan unmomyaimae, id lodunmae til goud velsoeynir alnir koda cyuy ald cysagid.

 

I edwr, tritig i alynir id nedy aff i kong, folssnimae alnir ut aff i yopsomdury. Na ud kagt idurynnyl, i kong, myd op logyd eynyl insgyffys, id fagsstsam aff ald alynir id vagt, aginmae i danid edwr til edan daizmae, pyfysy, id ifanssmynmae cyuy ud eesasy cyuy i cykog aff Yidaskog, id keenrid logyd nuriryfys afalinur. I ovan namd alpt, ekdur, altdu rirkveld kopfinti cyuy i Yn cyid. Ynlykatid etdu kyfyld edan doenin sysmyglwg, alnir edadyfygt i Yn cyid op ald sged til avlwyndan alnir logyd ald popdys, durg i idurtisywp aff ald Mydanmae Yuir i Oskuld Yelia, logyd ynel yopsom dury alnir altdu pin daetineryfylwg dussynn.

 

Nir da lowee elninenti cytiedun alnir. Ud leg ynn alnir vele cyiduntyff cyuy i ri rit nur tvo keeays, i myebnyff enweg goenin ut til cyissin na ir essyn afur, yma aff enmym i tidys fir logyd ald fut, id myft alnir eri til ednapnyff. Fagsnissnig, ekdur, le alnir wyfyld alrir ud yndnyffdur kanz aff cyukdys ymys alnir myd cyuy i nakt dumae ald keeays velet cyommyep, alnir fagsutinmae til erdadun ald fut cyuy i tid, iau, ekdur, alnir vele neet kadam til doud.

 

Oynirynssnig, lerfag, le va altdu alninmae vele i opynirsgyff aff lowee idursatsnyff, alnir girid aldelv cyuy ald ednik id kluk, id somdunig ut logyd i ri myd fagt. Ud aff i keeays, ynir vele engymd cyuy afnykongir, nirtiweg ald affvelsutin, roys id folssinmae, rin altdu neet goenin fer ynn, afzaggsam til eldun i fugitiyn, alnir ywmmyd ovan ud log id nerlwg proti ald afud, gigyr le, ewaiat aff koptinuig til daenud, alnir altdu vagin, durg i yakt aff Yr Nielmal, unkadam til aiejud. I tunssmyr, lerfag lwedadneletid logyd i lowee sysfym, tinri op i triet leg til i nywpsomdury aff Myi Yelia aff Alainyffud, lentinig i Enlymasgad, id ald riai komnedanywpaffe yuir gydw ald eriet.

 

Wi alrir writdun i ovan cyom wi altdu etdu logyd ald essyn lwpys.

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

 

Deze die doggenen av dy Codex Gigas geegoen en dy kamliigte deksen een vededsog. Dy naksen een dy doggenen ere deks bevev gys me:

 

 

 

des nams Eg skoridor given du i de nam aff
de Fater, de Son ent de Heel Geest,

da Enlmakty God skoridor avliveren
du van des plots sikness. Heel, heel, heel. De Heevenlig
Fater Enlmakty skoridor avliveren du van des sikness.

 

I de nam aff de Fater

ent de Son ent de Heel Geest

Eg endjure du
siven kalts eini sistear ye enre.

En is kaled Ilien,

Bleebningirien,
Jogenlien,

Sufnebulenlien,

Enffriken,

Iopeen ent

Igneen.

 

Eg endjure du kalts,

aff velkating nasjon ye eren,

van de Fater, de Son ent de Heel Stim,

van de Nbejivity aff Krist,

van de Benptism aff Krist,

van de Snelig aff Krist,

van de Paseniop aff Krist,

van de Krus aff Krist,

van de Burienl aff Krist,

van de Sepulkhre aff Krist,

van de Resurrektiop aff Krist,

van de Somkensiop aff Krist,

van Hans heel sitplats,

van angels ent arkangels,

van prikipenlikravats ent makts,

van de Kzirubim ent Sepokphim

ent Heel Maria de Oskuld Muder

aff Vor Her Jesus Krist

ent van Johan sanctus de Benptist

ent van de fir Evaggelists

ent van de tvelfe Enfostles

ent van de tvelfe Profets

ent van de bens

aff ala de Heels

ver enre i Heeven ent Erd,

van ala des ivokatiops

Eg endjure du kalts

da ye har nider ort
nider makt i des servagt aff God

men bakkomen venke ye kenme. Enmen.

 

Her Ne alsu og agen febear

fexes drex kunstalsex.

Dio blud thou trinkest ent flesk

thou etenest ent i blud thou vaskenest
thyselv kollen tempus men bejzir

en hundred ent falsty ent en finger nagels
ent ligen neder i
en ort gilen en jarlig lenmb.

 

Slafen nun ent altid ent i ala
perpetuity. Enmen.

 

Her Jesus Krist,

har brustharthet opp des man.

Odio iskribed met oss ver
somt hundred ent falsty ent en tenlops,

halten thy aflikteniop aff des man,
nider tarift nider hands

nider hans

krop men ligen i en ort rulninged upp.

 
Maria, mest Heel Muder aff God,

hjelp nun ent altid ent i ala ewigheit. Enmen.

 

Dio, senvald thou kunst i varhet

ent senvald durg ent durg.

For exoverzorgened

thou kunst durg ala manis lems gilen

en jarlig lenmb i de hem.

 

Dio, thou somt swodern ent swodern falsklig

en hundred tids ovan.

En hundred tids mer isenelig lotented,

isetened durg ala manis lems.

Thou shalten neet
har makt van thy ort

men skoridor slafen som en jarlig lenmb i de man,
for thou hä swodern

op haverh ent

swodern falsklig i man

van de Fater ent de Son

ent de Heel Geest.

 

Eg endjure thee

van de Vort aff God ent de
Heel Enfostles,

ent Eg endjure du

van Maria de Heel Muder aff God

da zi kraft thee til de ort

enkkoderded thee van God. Enmen.

 

Provt du met en jong nagels

durg va en stelning is vartegend.

Enet thou shalten tegen en oskuld,

unblemitughus jong

ent seten han i en skugy hus,

skalten de jongs gesik vestkrigds

ent stejen agenteel han fenkig ostkrigds

ent farb de jongs nagels met sangis fallasens aff ol,

seten de tum til de flam aff

en kear ent thou shalten rekite des nams

ovan de jongs nagels.

Enfriel

Jeniel

Jenalsriel.

Eg kopjure du van Aelph ent Tav.

 
Van de livig Her,

beherser aff Heeven ent Erd,

da ye komen ent zeegning
jeerselv i des jongs nagels

ent deleny neet i fulfulenig de lov.

De reet hand aff de Her fek virtue d. d. ex. meg.

 

Ent ven thou somt senid usum,

dek ovan de jongs huved,

ent als de jong segen velka man han
skoridor sagen til han,

lasen thy brutter komen da dee magen dodiren

de ierenx ent eten ette.

 

Ent dan shalten thou beten de jong,

ent de en thou lustst
ent dee skoridor punkt ut til thee.

Som i en drom thou shalten segen de
stelning va hath bin kommitted.

Des bukstabs thou shalten bringen

i thy left hande,

met thee Endlgg thou, sagenig darfor.

 

I de nam aff

Ashareh,

Jenikh,
Endoenneni,

Jenkhi,

Hik

Ezekhi,

Jos.

 

Eg nam du heel angels Mikeel,

Gebriel,
Rephenel.

 

Eg kallit du van de Heel Nams aff God

da i des muten ye zeegning meg

de varhet op des afer.

 

Goen ent slafen van jeer plodtings.

Penulos. Zeni. Zeegning oss i fred.

Meg aff des afer.

Van Vor Her Jesus Krist

Enmen.

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

Norse Goidelssy Umdtikk - Norse-Goidelic Languages

 

Mø itunei laml syd Atarvar, di ty Enskva dwr Shadakyr Ilinyr dwr medfo lydeid syddi ty reiså enæver mydd Caithnessen dwr Sutherland an Argyl, verurrish velleikk hanand äsdi ty Terefeffdyryn my ty dagat arelforred syddi ty ans deheumaws dwr mø Verefcyndyr ilvaf verurrish otend hanelleo hanedhan meumåre nyldi ty talfry syd di ty deheumaws. Ty enumfbryd syd egt laml syd Atarvar kenden neikkde tarseg an shadaraedd lesddyn reengfordi ty vortil andi ty Verefcyndyr verurmyr myf Ilgen (mydd alaidd 795 an alaidd 825):

 

There are other references to Lothlend/Laithlind. One that belongs certainly to the ninth century occurs in a well-known poem—quoted so often that it has become trite—preserved uniquely as a marginal entry in Sankt Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 904, a copy of Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae, heavily glossed in Old Irish. There is some debate about its date and, latterly, its provenance. According to Bruno Güterbock, this manuscript was written in Ireland in the mid-ninth century: he dates it by reference to marginal notes that he thinks were written in 845 or 856.

 

Egt ilettefde orgide syf Ilgen desomvadwn mydd kandik shadakyr Snysmed dwr, hanellvaws omkandelsi, sandig mydd atendhevneme myf Atarvar my ty omegred lamyl syd han momi. Ty næsk evnneder syddi ty IX aws Verefcyndyr ederden syf Ilgen (alaidd 825 an alaidd 850) verurrish meein fy mydd Atarvar; Laithlinn verurrishdi ty oalsk syd Verefcyndyr Atarvar; dwrdi ty leulsom ryttrum han kjedenide ilkyrhan syf Aettil, dwr han omegred detelldet fy Shatilaly dwr evmåde an detlin ny deogs Heversve, sodav fy myf Verefcyndyr Atarvar. Egt, myf ilkyrhan, ad vamb mø instede makfo.

 

Ilju einolfor addami atveru fy myf mø tylleti lelyrcyn hanengmi, aasmed dåderuere, äs R. H. M. Dolley, ydd åagver verurrish avlylikkjdyr enaa syd di ty evikkjeso deheumaws. Påundsk Somngemered Etaddre medfoelsi jelad dwr åagver einolfor ogenddwn åråh fydi ty enssdenbryd (hanagik kagfor, myre mads, äs N. K. Chadwick) handi ty ans deheumaws ederden syf Ilgen verurrish sookderde dwr kjearh fy mydd kandik shadakyr Snysmed äsdi ty ilvaderdyr syd Lochlainn. Påundsk Mø. Duncan ardsodi ty Nytas vøknem åals eidumre dwr munti handi ty Olaf hanesde reennu an Aettil myf 853 verurrish ‘di ty handh syd mø Hebridessy tærk’, ydd åagver eeiledie oalva navarek. Han navarek ad næru dwr hanesog odshev egdeerbryd:

 

Is acher in gaíth in-nocht
fu-fúasna fairggæ findfolt;
ní ágor réimm mora minn
dond láechraid lainn úa Lothlind

 

Ty dagat hanegsdyr han innikk ny dysat detlyts ad an dersohdi ty Verefcyndyr leulsom ryttrum syd Atarvar dwr Ilgen mydd Snsmed ilkryhan. Eiun, myre anida mø deheumaws dwr mø einhab ragver addami glyt an aderaldi ty Verefcyndyr ilveådyryn shadilith nodei deid enengtilde my ty ans deheumaws Ilgig abi andi ty nikkjden syddi ty ilveådyryn syd Vestfold myf Snysmed. Ty Vestfold eikkjdeyn han eiun myf di ty yeay ragver dekkjeseg meso deid edolgde syfdi ty Ynglingasaga, ydd evlegde avidsom an norse evkkjal nami äs hantomidyr dyndno mydd Íslendingabók, Landnámabók dwr Heimskringla.

 

Iøei evlydsom deid Oamer Norse eiupå dwr umlysiaws rharyr syd di ty vannyn deheumaws dwr omegmred, dwr ilju ad metob shadedeffre evlegde ragver åals an evhav sefeff laddi ty makaaws syddi ty ans deheumaws:

 

For phonological reasons he had to posit that the forms Lothlend and Lochlann existed side by side, though only the first is attested for the ninth century.

 

Kevardeielsi, aith di ty leomhan syd Todd, di ty kjerkei einolfor addami vardgde han Amlaíb, teengfry meso Amlaíb Conung mydd Oamer Nors "konungr" ‘ilvaderdyr’ myf Rhandeaws abi syd Ilgen, ad kjeterb aryn Óláfry myf hvíti syd Íslendingabók dwr Óláfry Guðrøðarson syd Ynglingasaga.

 

Egt hanelse ad degesde levevardwn, dwr aryn nekku fy kikkjde ryvdei, äs Påundsk Mø. P. Smyth dwr åagver eeiledie Landnámabók dwydi ty stmeder han tilbaefe tydi midefry nadei hannoik syd åito.

 

Leslie Alcock, ‘A multidisciplinary chronology of Alt Clut, Castle Rock, Dumbarton’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 107 (1975–76) 103–13.

 

C. Etchingham, Viking raids on Irish church settlements in the ninth century, Maynooth Monographs, Series Minor 1 (Maynooth 1996) 7–34.

 

Bart Jaski, ‘The Vikings and the kingship of Tara’, Peritia 9 (1995).

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

Cynisys aff i Kongys

 

 

Eg nedanmae yma i alnir leraftys vag yin sysai dwf og id ywkaikubd afdulnyfflwg yma i praktisgyffys afagnyff til eek alnir leraft; id Eg daeg ud nyfdyf yultiedi cynedarnyffig trassnilwg enlwt i nedys le cyloni neirkrigd logyd i pad aff werede til fel id weys. Cyoma aff iys velet ynri timmad, id le ynir folsysnmae im niriedgri cyuy isosat danweys; gydw i sangir, trassnedoma yngir altdu fetikemae im, id ie altdu neet nog aielket myft til klwmnyff ewymid i sikfsank, niir velet ie kadam til finin i vannedys le myd paka til i pad aff werede.

 

Ek leidda allar iðróttir fyrir augu hug-ar, ok rannsakaða ek
með athygli alla siðu hverrar iðróttar, þá sá ek mikinn fjölda nioeðask
í villistigum þeim, er frá hölluðu siðligum þjóðgötum [í villiáttir
úsiða, ok týndusk í libyggiligum dölum þeir, er þá stigu géngu, er
mest lágu forbrekkis þvíat þeir þreyttusk af langri moeði runnins
vegar ok höfðu eigi brekkumegin til uppgöngu, ok eigi fundu þeir
gagnstigu þá, er þá mætti leiða til þjóðvega siða.

Eg pasened ala de handarbets vor min gestis og ent
stukastkubd bedulninglig ala de praktiknings behorning til eek
handarbet; ent Eg seeg en vast multitude spaserningig tragenilig enlit
de pads da slope nederkrigd van de bans aff
virtue til fel ent vis. Soma aff des varet veri steep,
ent da ver folgened dem peritughus i desolat renvies;
for de lang, tragenisoma veg hatte fetigued dem,
ent dee hatte neet nog starkhet left til klimning up de
sikflank, nider varet dee kansam til finden de van-pads da led
baka til de bans aff syda.

 

I iairuktywp aff iys yultiedi vele tulwg, etdu daenenmae til rig, til loynel fagsakys: cyoma niriedgri durg unyntsamet, gydw i yngys aff fel velet tydassnylossnir gigyr ymsysmlwg le ie anidanmae til edan i riai sysmyg til folssyn, id unyntsam rin yedtilok im gydw pad, cyin i riret daenenmae til cynedarnyff cyuy im; cyoma niriedgri ynyl aff mynzies id unfagsiktigag; ynnedys ewgaimae le ie wyfyld myin iredywp id kopedrilwg, ymys ie cynedarnyffmae i ogynig myn; dumae aiil ynnedys velet myd somtdag logyd nirynrysiduny, wiktidag, id i loynel nedanywpys.

Rin ynn Eg altdu obdarynsy ur ked yagymys velet cykoirnmae id ur i cyukys niriedgri, Eg tissnud til vunir ur til finin ud yng vel Eg cykumyn neet edan daesnyffig esalwg myn id dok wyfyld neet alr til ynemyn ud aff le nedys vel i amys velet enrititin ir aielket, myai i timmad klwmnyff cykumyn trassny rig, ymys Eg velet til yatin ud ewaidangnyff til daessyn paka ewymid nomymys.

 

Edommika cyom yin tudur vele aiil lwweg id myed rig kynlir, Eg insgyff etdu wyfyld edan yndnyffdur til zutin ald dadun len na ud myud oynryngnyff til daetin ud afylwsnyff va yakt loskedwel yn cyid. So Eg somdunmae til yin tudur id mynid i esa pubmym vag alnir. Alyn vele ud yneys id nedy edwr, id Eg fonin le alnir vele kedweld ynn alnir agesy le yin femynidf vele til myrnud daet afalvnyff. Alyn lodundud rig til afdun ynylkatyff Eg yndnyffmae yifyd i praktisgyffys aff i loynel alnir leraftys, id ur ie cykilinmae. Alyn og lovd til yatin yndunn til rig yma i uynes le enda riai sysneailwg obdarynsy logyd eek alnir leraft le Eg yakt afdun yifyd. Alyn weir lovd til nankt ut, cyom ud velnnyff, i nedys aff fel va riai rin ededun opp ynn ie sadan i pad aff werede.

 

Gwdi alnir lovd til zeegnyff rig i vannedys le le yassyn dussyn ynyr yndnyff til pakorin logyd fel yngys til i pan.

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

Lilekynlyn aiagi

 

Lilekynlyn aiagi ed somkiaffig. Alrir ed ud mydur ynir altdu til yatin ud pitdur ynelnyff risan aftrassnig oir ald tumilw oir ald cysagid, id ynir ewur yanassid (rit cyignaymsikanidd snery) til fagriin oir. Alnir ed ud trulwg endmirkadam edwr, fierti cyuy cysakt rin rirkveld-alridud id faggiweg. Edadt aff yma, etdu ed vunirveld til dassyn alnir durg ald darvagt Danmson ogys, i edwr ynir dassid ald feltys id ald felys rin myebys alnir lwflwg yma i cyam. Gydw Danmson id Lilekynlyn velet poirn op i cyam leg id i tvo aff im iel ud sysrid fagalnig.

 

Eg nodunmae mydanig yifyd Lilekynlyn luktnyffys rit ald cysagidrin, id lwkumynirlwg rit ald pruiel. Danmson turgys gigyr ud vunirveld loweg dok cyriniktsam pild aff Ddymy (logyd fer yin fenvoiridu kelakdur), le Eg enim kominililmae til mydan op til finin ut va alnid rit alnir.

 

Rin trotys i idudasam kelakduel id i syskit, Eg aftinud Eg fonin i aiagi sangsam goenig. Eg vele idudadad cyuy va vele alninig id cyuy i kelakduel groidf id utwetilnyff, rin enmym i puk vele neir, Eg vele nitid driynn til uppdussyn etdu daet paka ewymid nomymys.

 

I ninkig daenenmae ud pit sangsam til rig - lwkumynrlwg cyuy i satir avsnedys ynn Danmson ed yonig ovan Kredtin. Cyom yika cyom Eg nodun avsnedys aff sysdaksertlwg salda id sannig, etdu wyfyld alrir pin ewssyn til edan rir nerlwg sysdank cyuy rir aff i cysaktys oir enbritiys rit ywdw aiessid.

 

Ynmykt il aff i ninkig afkim ed le iys vele writdun cyom ud kuddut - fymyr tradys enda myft myeys aff i gwdi aff Puk 1, id Eg da neet fomyn cyom ymys i aiagi enid op ud eruinig klwrin. Eg fomyn ud pit tilryn yifyd etdu. Eg wel edan mydanig i satir pukys cyuy i dari - Eg enym edkidlwg nodunig myrnenig yifyd i syskit id luktnyffys rit Ensyilio, id Eg ynri yika gimyn i kelakduel. Rin Eg finin yidelvir yndnyffig etdu velet rir aff ud wrwd cykymduner.

 

Wekyffys nyr ayd Nerin yae Ymafy nyr ayd ny Nuyea Us

 

 

Ee cyo aliley ywiyrys ydumptys le kielail eid naigdurag crauesag cum nuyea us Erinag yae Ymbinag lwda. Loglynag Ymafy, er fys yae Lotmysy, Saitlwnn, Locsainn yae fynympredyff ny Twoaie yae Iranyn Cyeur ny - yae rinkyn dy ny lyfe veael, esniciymnad Caitag, Cyutersasy yae Idynrag, v'fynyelot lwaged Loglynag Wekyffys nyr ayd ny dy lu nuyea lwy:

 

 

Konning Knud then rige drog till Norrige medt einn suar schibs herr thett
same aar, och tog all landett ind, och wende icke før end ij Trondheim. Och der blef hand till konge tagen offuer allt Norrige. Och gaff hand Håkon jarll sin søstersøn allt regementidtt ther offuer. Och Knud then horde sin søn gaff hand Danmarchs rige.

 

 

Llwaged ny riang us ee v' lwnnit lwaged eid cywri daeoil daeragtys cyud v'cal pangsanug le Loglynag Ynaifold. Nyr ayd ny fynyoidjagey lwe dy ny us ee nymmit Pymmy A Cmyu e eld-oik, goaic gdari nyr ayd cagssy mys Erinag kyffau, cymagtit yea Loglynag agiwenad nyr ayd Nerin, yae imnudad e eld-ielnys yae e ties er Peltsasy yae Airatclyi. Mywd nililmae je Pymmy A Cmyu nyr ayd 902 ee er-as le Ymafy yae yni cyud ee fynynedad Yagk yae cy ceaed fyfynid ny dam dy Pymmy A Cmyu nyr ayd 917:

 

Den tiid att Biørn stallere fich spurtt the tidende att Haakon jarll wor forgaaen, da redde hand segh till och drog hastelig aff Norrige och till Rysland, och sagde konning Oluff Harallson att Haakon jarll wor bleffuen och landett wor høffdinge løst, och sagde att Norrige stod thaa lettelig till att tuinge wnder hannom. Och da giorde koning Oluff Harallsøn sig rede och steg ij sine schib, och kom frem ij Gylland, och koning Amund aff Suerrige, hans suoger, kom hannom till hielp medt eitt stor tall folch. Thesligiste kom hannom till hielp Harald Siurdsøn, konning Oluff Harallsons halfbroder, mett all den hielp hand kunde affstedkom me, och da wor han XV aar gammell.

 

Nyr ayd ee cyo myagduy, ee ed punudad le asmeainagtyn ny Loglynag cyoiag er Ymafy yae Nerin lwaged elkeyff cyud ny yea cyo-dadjymsag yae marmaynag dae dy ny dyda jannea dafnyrtys je ed yae foliluys. Eid fonleg ayrn dy Ymafy ny Twoaie yae Iranyn Cyeur ny - yae yealeg eluys dy ny tuggys le yn clyai lyfe veael je Caitag yae Cyutersasy le Oirr ny Gaeil v'fnynedad lwaged ny Wekyffys nyr ayd ny tirrea uyai dy ny nuyea us yae eid Loglynag dam v'nyr ayd clyfy ayd cyud urlwer na ny cywtyd dy ny lwy:

 

 

ANNO ab incarnatione
domini M. rex Cnutus
dius Siucerth (Suasia) totius
Anglie suscepil imperium.
Postea occiso Edwino et Clitone
germanos regis Edmundi
et íìlios regis ejusdem Edmundum
et Edwardum ad regem
Suanuorum occidendos miait,
qui nolens occidere pueros innocentes,
eos ad regem Hungarie
Salomonem misit.

 

 

Ny agt pagee dy ee cyo ayrn dy Ymafy fynyr dasnundys dy cronoaylileug le cèda ee ed enmysit ceet roed le ny Loglynag welys nyr ayd Nerin (je c.795 le c.825):

 

Agh gyn y wooise da shoh, cha row jerrey currit er y choventyn eddyr Mannin as Gwynedd, son rere coontyssyn ayns paart dy achau Bretnagh (bentyn rish sliennooys Llywelyn y Llyw Olaf (ie. Llywelyn yn Leeideyr Jerrinagh) ta er nyn imraa ayns laue screeunyn Peniarth 129 as 131, as ayns buill elley neeshtagh she ben er-ennym Rhanullt inneen elley da Rennell ree Vannin, va ny ben da Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr (va ben elley ec Gruffydd enmyssit Senena haink dy lickly ny jei, son rere feanish elley v'ee ny moir da paart dy phaitchyn echey), as foddee va ny mummig da Llywelyn y Llyw Olaf, ree mooar jerrinagh ny Bretnee ayns Gwynedd veih 1241 gys 1282.

 

Ee cyo cyiry raidys er Nerin dy jeerag je jias eur Loglyn yae, cedlon fynysoysag, ennag je dattmyrintys nyr ayd Ymafy nyr ayd ny ny ys ewriy ayrn dy cyud dwsad. Ny eld cyai dy ny nintgynedry Loglynag cyoiag er Nerin (c.825 le c.850) v'er yeain je Ymafy; Saitlwnn v'ny enmys dy Loglynag Ymafy; yae ny daeragtys cyud imnudad ee ein er Pymmy A Cmyu, yae cyud ny ys ewriy dominadud Yagk yae dadunmae le jannea cielnys er Cyoaiyn, agiginadud nyr ayd Loglynag Cyfnytsasy. Ee cyo, nyr ayd ee ein, cal nel eid ewoaysalg ydw. Ee gwti afud cyugssaimae nyr ayd eid afggan fuyn fynyagda, amongai oterys, lwaged R.Y. Doliley, ag pock v'cymeainagmag yainnad dy ny jeiea lwy:

 

Chammah's shen, rere sliennooys dooinney dy row enmyssit John ap Llywelyn ass Kidwelly ayns jiass yn Thalloo Vretnagh faggys da Llanelli ta ry gheddyn sy lioar "Heraldic Visitations of Wales" er ny femblal liorish Lewys Dwnn (c.1550 1616), va mac da Rennell enmyssit Hywel. As myr shen dy vel eh dy lickly dy re ben Vretnagh yn vummig echey, cha's ain nee co-lhiabbagh ny ben chairagh dasyn ny dyn ee. Yn ynrican eanish son shoh ta'n coonteys shoh, agh er yn oyr dy vel fys ain dy row daa inneen v'echey poost rish flahee Vretnagh hannah, as myr shen soilshaghey dy row Rennell kiarit dy hirrey co-chaarjys marish reeaghyn Gwynedd, cha lhisagh yindys ve orrin my phoos eh ben Vretnagh. 

 

Olilea Nidyr Cyauyir sarssnad fynynnyrys yae pock gwti dy pagmal jywolot ny fynynrieugt (cur nyr er oaie, cum cyambyl, lwaged N. K. Caldwelk) cyud ny nuyea us cyoiag er Nerin v'nyirrit yae impmyrindud je jias eur Loglyn lwaged ny dae dy Locsainn. Olilea Eid. Doncan naseys ny Ymbinag elgain krie veael nyr er oaie yae cyurmedeys cyud ny Aumy ny alink le Pymmy A Cmyu nyr ayd 853 va ‘yr yac dy eid ebriiol dydw’, ag pock ciduys dyn diss. Cyud fynywday ed eld-roggymys yae cymney dymy cy ceaed nwdi.

 

Ny eld priwnys ed cyud Loglynag Ymafy, er fys dy ewcalsmy yae Lotmysy, Saitlwsy, Saitlwnn, Locsainn nyr ayd Erinag focklymag yae dyda cyfyrgys, pwoaicit eid eld-calpman dy udung neelt nyr ayd ny cyennagys dy Lyfe ny iol yae Nerin nyr ayd ny nuyea yae jeiea gynedrys. Cyfyd Loglynag nyr ayd dann, e daeragtys nia fiud fely; Pwoirrynag fynynwencyffnad kianglitt red le ennag Loglynag daeoil imad.

 

Ny cyagys yae sysnulogys cyud nyr er ee cyo porwyey afnytyn le le Yn na sa jeig us ny ny ys ewriy, yae aym krie yngir prywdail cum ny dy lu Loglynag Lwmw. Krie veael dy ny railong er Nerin nyr ayd ny kimae lwe dy ny nuyea us v'er yeain je Loglynag Ymafy, yae nyr ayd ny cywtyd dy cyud us ny kyffys ny lwnnit Loglynag Ymafy nymmit Pymmy A Cmyu nyn udeldurys:

 

Obynl ie altdu dadmae cyukdys cyuy syswenennig wi cyuy Irsasy, ie velet oynrur aff fer gripng avalnir sysnenkys cyuy Cykotsasy, Kimria id Ensyilio, cyoma aff va ie afersnyffmyd lodaktlwg durg avalnigsam aferdael. Logyd iys ie utdrassnmae tribudu id krigig darvnyff. Ynn i kongys aff Dublw velet nililmae cyuy 902 ie pakorinmae til Cykotsasy vel, dadunig ir olin op i Edmys, ie engymid cyuy i cyukdasfoil da fagoynirnyff aff Cyulog Piktsasy id i dunkong aff Nagdumbriud.

 

Ga ad rwri cagmyeit aigalr nyr ayd fynysney lyfe nyr ayd Nerin, ad lerayd oynrlagdys dy fodiy cytiaylt ininincys nyr ayd Ymafy, Datin yae Cyoaiyn, ennag dy myrmyd ad cymagtit id lodagnad treaid fo rumyrys:

 

1013 (1030) Haink yn Noo Olaf, mac yn Ree Harald, er ash gys Loghlyn erreish da goll er eebyrt liorish Cnut. V'eh currit gy baase dy meechairagh ec ny Loghlynee, as jimmee eh roish gys y Chiarn, ny vartyr crooinit lesh gloyr 

 

Je ad cyo ad tragmae ties yae cyidearag tidwys. Mywd ny kyffys dy Pymmy A Cmyu lerayd nililmae nyr ayd 902 ad er-as le Ymafy poayl, damainyff nyn nymmym er Ny iranyn, ad goaic dari nyr ayd ny sadeasag cy ceaed pelriagt dy Jias Peltsasy yae ny goaic dy Nagtumbria.

 

Je ayd cyo, ad daest cyoit er Nerin yae cy ceaed nyrit er nwe ny dam dy Dublwn.

 

 

 

Monumenta de Insula Maniae, Vol I.

 

Størssøn, Mattis. Den norske Krønike. Det norske språk- og litteraturselskap, 1962. Utgave ved Mikjel Sørlie.

 

Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century. Peritia 12 (1998) 296–339.

 

Duanan: i Wekopg Kopgdak eg Kimriud

Ny censsy dy giennagtyn - I sprak aff sysnesed

I sprag enff Kyðness - The language of Caithness

 

 

Ud enlgarynn Nirda-iriynd sprag tinmyd Nirn ynnda stitinn eg Oirsgey til i
enkduidf jenrzidf id trsomys enff Nirn voirtskafjys tinud aiil edan oidasy eg i eesandys ising. Ekdur i dufad til eedanje “oirtinloen” id “Niryngstin” oynrzoirsysyd poirtilmir sprag sysbrusgig:

 

 

Orkney was settled (or conquered, depending on whom you ask) by Vikings and quickly became an earldom under the Norwegian crown. Orkney was an important part of the Norwegian empire for over 500 years, and these five centuries have had a lasting effect on the islands and the islanders. Despite belonging to Scotland for the past 500+ years, culturally, Orkney in some ways resembles Norway more than Scotland. Bagpipes and the kilt are not part of Orcadian identity, and the Gaelic language has never been spoken in Orkney within historic memory.

 

 

Oirtinloed enda enmyaienlwg ynri idudadad eg syskit, esnisjymaig i syskit enff ir eesandys. Oirsgey ys syskitig kdanvafjys til stintiendurg enda fageedansy eg i kuledir ising, oft utdrutinmae simplwtinlig som ud kuledrig iszid vag wekopg Niryng til koptidlig Oirsgey:

 

 

because the language survived longest in the far North, there has been a general tendency to apply Norn solely to the Orkney and Shetland situation – although some have also wanted to include north-eastern Caithness (cf. Thorsen 1954:230-38), an area intimately linked with the Norse Earldom of Orkney.

 

 

Riyffenud koniktnigys gigyr som sprag som undurolinnig, folk intin enff oirtinloud kuledir som il enff ud ierkt lwenlid vag i wekopgys ynir kolonizmae i eesandys vag i nit id dult zidfurys. Weirrir, iys nirywie enff kolonizedan ed dagnissyd ratzir nusidunilwg vag sorin eesandoer (Jakobsen):

 

 

The Norn spoken towards the middle of the century and later can hardly have been of much account. The difference between it and the dialect of the oldest people of the present generation probably consisted in little more than the fact that the former contained a greater sprinkling of Norn words which the younger people did not understand. Moreover, the persons mentioned had probably a certain reputation because they could recite fragments of songs, rhymes and modes of expression, etc. in Norn, things that others had forgotten.

 

 

 

I folk enff Oirsgey ertinud in ir eesandys iel syskit rit poin Niryng id Tinenin (Canada). I tvo rilafjnigys enda neet netisenrilwg kopzefsatdi enff oir loskudunmae som ernig konikdunmae. Eg i dalys nenratiynys, Oirsgey ä ud syskitig rilafjnig rit tinenin, id etdu ä ud syskitig rilafjnig rit Niryng. Ekdur, poin koniktnigys iel sorin rikdanoiritinli utdrusgig. Ynir ynnda etdu in tinri til i eesandys op myngbotys?

 

 

Wekopg ziroeys.

Ynir ynnda etdu in myft Oirsgey til fagoyndan i weldys enff tinenin? Wekopg ziroeys eg enmyn rin nenmi:

 

 

Scots is the name for the language of lowland Scotland. It is a Germanic language, closely related to English. It developed from the northern Old English (or Old Northumbrian) that was introduced into south-east Scotland (south of the Forth) from the 7th century AD onwards, as the kingdom of Northumbria expanded northwards. It was reinforced later by northern English that had been exposed to strong Norse influence after the Norse (Danes and Norwegians) occupied what is now Yorkshire and Cumbria. It started to be more widely spoken in eastern Scotland, north of the Forth, in the 12th century; by the early 15th century it was well established as the language of the Scottish court and parliament; and by the end of the middle ages (that is by about 1500) it had superseded Gaelic in almost all the southern and eastern lowlands. It was introduced into the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland) in the later middle ages, and by the 18th century it had superseded the local Norse language (Norn), which, however, has left its strong mark on the Scots spoken in those islands.

 

 

I tysnur enff i wekopg doeneneys daenud durg poin rilafjnigys, id poin enda airukedred enlwt ud koloneal rinkt kontinuum in grips vag oai til weai. Dumae pognig ud ierkt faggmysgig rimyn Niryng id tinenin ymdin edan oynr-daetinig i etnografik eweid, i fenkt in i folk enff Oirsgey sysdank ir koniktnigys til i tvo dumynrys rit gigyr lwkdanmikdanvafjys tinud ynesin os yitin ovan ur i eesandoer dagnig irdalve id ir oirt eg i ynlyd (From Starafjall to Starling Hill An investigation of the formation and development of Old Norse place-names in Orkney, B. Sandnes, 2010):

 

 

There are a number of uncertain elements regarding the use of Norn and Scots as spoken languages. Although Orkney was bilingual for ca. 500 years, we do not know to what extent individuals mastered both languages throughout the period. The language shift was gradual, probably on the individual level as well as geographically. We have seen that the language shift seems to have been completed by 1700 in the central parts of Mainland, whereas all sources point to the survival of Norn well into the 18th century in West Mainland.

 

 

I durmini Nirn sysbrusgigd vag sysoirg log til oynrskriafn i stintienstin enff Setsasy id Oirsgey iriynys vag i enlgarynn Nirda endjektiv nidfemynoenn "Niryngstin, Nirda  id/oir i koidasnupinig subaimirivi nidfemynoenud  "Niryngstin sprag, Nirda sprag". Eg ud prot dad inrfag, Nirn ymdyn idfyn nissdane stintienvstin stitinn neet sysdakt eg i Nirgarynn edmys rin idfgad ilys enff primanienud som kynlir. Id i durmini ä oksom pi gigyr sysbrusgigd.

 

Rin ynlir i sprag oynrvonensy mynssai eg i fer Nird, inr ä pi ud enmywd oynrzagssnud til opzedun Nirn mynlwg til i Oirsgey id Setsasy sidunriomjop – obynl sorin enr og eklwgnmae til edlwdun Nird-oaiig tinitag, ud endaud itimadulwg lwntid rit i Nirda oerldoenen enff Oirsgey.

 

 

 

Barnes, Michael. 2010. „The Study of Norn‟. In Millar, Robert McColl (ed.) 2010. Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland, 26-47

 

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7.    Edmondston, Arthur. 1809. A View of the Ancient and Present State of the Zetland Islands II. Edinburgh: Ballantyne.

8.    Edmondston, Thos. 1866. An Etymological Glossary of the Shetland and Orkney Dialect. London and Berlin: Asher & Co.

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15.    Hægstad, Marius. Hildinakvadet (Videnskabsselskabets Skrifter. II. Historisk-filosofiske Klasse. 1900. No. 2). Christiania: i kommission hos J. Dybwad.

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–    1911. „Nordiske minder, især sproglige, på Orknøerne". Maal og Minne 1911: 318-47. (This issue = Festskrift til H.F. Feilberg, also published in the same year in Svenska landsmål ock svenskt folkliv and as No. 206 in Universitets-jubilæets Danske Samfunds skriftserie; Jakobsen"s article is reprinted in: Jakob Jakobsen, Greinir og ritgerðir, Tórshavn, 1957).

–    1908-21. Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Vilhelm Prior.

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17.    Johnston, Alfred W., Amy Johnston and Jón Stefánsson. 1907-42. Diplomatarium Orcadense et Hialtlandense 1-3. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. (The relevant fascicule of the Diplomatarium, Vol. I, Part II, forms a section of No. 4 of the Viking Society"s Old Lore Series.)

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–    2009. „Shetland Scots as a new dialect: phonetic and phonological considerations". English Language and Linguistics 13: 483-501.

19.    Laurenson, Arthur. 1860. „Om Sproget paa Shetlandsöerne". Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1860: 190-201.

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–    1952. Orkney Farm-Names. Kirkwall: Mackintosh.

23.    Melchers, Gunnel. 1981. „The Norn element in Shetland dialect today? a case of „never accepted" language death." In Ejerhed, Eva, and Inger Henrysson (eds.) 1981. Tvåspråkighet (Umeå Studies in the Humanities 36). Umeå: University of Umeå, 254-61.

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25.    Munch, P.A. 1838. „Geographiske og historiske Notitser om Orknöerne og Hetland". Samlinger til det norske Folks Sprog og Historie 6: 79-133.

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27.    Price, Glanville. 1985. The languages of Britain (2nd revised printing). London: Edward Arnold.

28.    Rendboe, Laurits. 1984. „How „worn out" or „corrupted" was Shetland Norn in its final stage?" NOWELE 3: 53-88.

–    1985. The Shetland Literary Tradition (2 parts, Introduction and Anthology; also dated 1986). Odense: Odense University.

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–    1989-90. „The Lord"s Prayer in Orkney and Shetland Norn 1-2". NOWELE 14, 77-112; 15, 49-111.

–    1996. „"The henpecked farmer": Fragments of an old jocular ballad in Shetland Norn". In Nielsen, Hans F., and Lene Schøsler (eds) 1996. The Origins and Development of Emigrant Languages. Odense: Odense University Press, 201-13.

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32.    Stewart, John. 1964. „Norn in Shetland". Fróðskaparrit 13: 158-75.

33.    Thorsen, Per. 1954. „The third Norn dialect ? that of Caithness." In Simpson, W. Douglas (ed.) 1954. The Viking Congress. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd.

34.    Wallace, James. 1700. An Account of the Islands of Orkney. London: Jacob Tonson.

35.    Weinreich, Uriel. 1953 (and later printings). Languages in Contact. The Hague, Paris, New York: Mouton.

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Vikings in the Nor’ Wast - The Roots of Orkney’s Identity in Norway and Canada
MICHAEL A. LANGE - SCANDINAVIAN-CANADIAN STUDIES VOLUME 17, 2006-2007.

 

 

Bäckland, Jessica. 2000. The Norse in Orkney: An Archaeological and Social Anthropological Study of the Norse Settlement Process and the Relations between the Norse and the Picts. Diss. University of Edinburgh.
—. 2001. “War or Peace? The Relations between the Picts and the Norse in Orkney.” Northern Studies 36: 33-48.

Barnes, Michael P. 1998. The Norn Language of Orkney and Shetland. Shetland Times Ltd.: Lerwick.

Chalmers, Jim. 2003. “Agriculture in Orkney Today.” The Orkney Book. Ed. Donald Omand. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 127-43.

Chapman, Malcolm. 1978. The Gaelic Vision in Scottish Culture. London: Croom Helm.

Cleasby, Richard, and Gudbrand Vigfússon. [1874.] 1962. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd edition. London: Oxford University Press.

Crawford, I. A. 1981. “War or Peace – Viking Colonization in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland Reviewed.” War or Peace – Viking Colonization in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland Reviewed. Odense: Odense University Press. 259-69.

 

Hudson’s Bay Company. 1955. A Brief History of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Winnipeg, Manitoba: The Company.

Lange, Michael A. 2006. The Discursive Construction and Negotiation of Cultural Identity in the Orkney Islands. Diss. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Macdonald, Sharon. 1997. Reimagining Culture. Berg: Oxford.

Marwick, Hugh. 1929. The Orkney Norn. London: Oxford University Press.

Omand, Donald, ed. 2003. The Orkney Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn.

Thomson, W. P. L. 2001. The Orkney Norn. Edinburgh: Mercat Press.

—. 2003. “Agricultural Improvement.” The Orkney Book. Ed. Donald Omand.Edinburgh: Birlinn. 93-101.

Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 1983. “The Invention of Tradition: The Highland tradition of Scotland.” The Invention of Tradition. Ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15-41.

Troup, James A. 2003. “The Canadian Connection.” The Orkney Book. Ed. Donald Omand. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 224-33.

Wolf, Kirsten. 2004. Daily Life of the Vikings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

Duanan: i Wekopg Kopgdak eg Kimriud

 

 

 

I ennenlys enff fapit Kimriud (Annales Cambriae), writdun eg Gy, dakoird danidys vag ‘sysntintilys’ (Cenhedloedd), ‘Cyvkudt Sysintintilys’, ‘ninsysd’ (Ninsysnienid), ‘eremirys’ id ‘Cyvkudt Niirdarin’.

 

 

I riksomtkubynnl ‘Kropikmy enff i Prizys’ (Brut y Tywysogyon) id ‘Yr Kopgys enff i Danopys’ (Brenhinedd y Saesson, Danied y Daneson), Kimdastin ynrsjopys enff ud Gy dukai psomd op i ennenlau, irinil iolinud tilgivdu yntidan. Cyiri vag i ennenlys, nej Kimdastin kropikmyr pudukoynirzagsysin ud koenrint ailri gydw i edagnedys enff i nit id dult zidfurys, udur gydw i datsenm "Kropikmy enff Duanan", og yndunn cyom "i puk enff Duanan":

 

 

North Germanic, just as North-West Germanic and ‘Common Germanic’ before it, is unlikely to have been a uniform language. The centralised authority that would seem to be a prerequisite for the development of a koiné or norm was absent. Such unity as may have existed must in any case have been disrupted by the radical linguistic changes of the syncope period (c. 550–700), which mark the emergence of an indubitably Scandinavian form of speech. It is inconceivable that the shortening of words, the restructuring of vowel and consonant systems and the creation of new grammatical categories associated with the syncope period can have been accomplished without massive dialectal variation.

 

 

 

Ob i dami-bineninry Eesandstin Jómsvíkinga dansysin fagynedad til Kimriud ed ssaida kmynr. Writdun neir daenidf 1200, etdu ynesd enff ud
krigrywir eaienedtinp enff Wekopgys eg i Edannltik. Eg i dansysin, ynn ed zet eg i dult yenirzid, i fopiner enff ‘Jómsborg’ op i cyud prink enff i Edannltik, Wekopg sadaner Pálna-Tóki (foaier-fatr enff Kong Danir, Svein), daniid Pdatsasy (‘Wi enff Primanienedtin’) ynnr ud rinrimae Oerl Aiefni ys undur Álöf idf zedumynin:

 

 

The scenario envisaged here has to be set against the rise of royal power in Denmark and Norway in the tenth century, which must have offered alternative models of speech. Handbooks on Scandinavian linguistic history report as the earliest dialect split one between East and West, with (by and large) medieval Danish and Swedish representing East, Icelandic and Norwegian West Scandinavian. However,
the age of this dichotomy is difficult to establish. It is based chiefly on phonological and morphological criteria found in medieval manuscripts, and to a lesser extent on runic inscriptions of the late Viking Age. The inscriptions do provide evidence of some differences between East and West.

 

 

Enir Pálna-Tóki rit Björn i pdazki eg Enlgarynn Niirda, ynr ynnda zedun eg tinrig enff ir idudas. Inri ed kmyud til erenmksomdun in i tirfwd ynry wdoendadanin iys dansysin neir ynnda enmynugarynn til Kimriud, id Pdatsasy enir ymdyn ratzir dapdan dunud ‘ud loaimir wi ovan ynn kmyud ed yndunn’.

 

 

 

Dumae i dak enff Rodri Rinwr (Rhodri Mawr) ys cyodon, Ywel enp Tinilil - Hywel ap Cadell -(Ywel Din ‘Yr Ked’, 920–50), i fokri enff nedanjiyn kopgig rinkt urot cyudkrigdys rit i nedywp enff Dyfmae. Ywel Din ys nulwsi enff enktiv keaninuktywp rit i ri enff Wesmykt ymdyn enir drassnesy til ud nirywie enff dalafjiv cyitiret id enenad ymdyn i Wekopg dropig:

 

 

As a result of Viking expansion and settlement Scandinavian-speaking communities were established in areas as diverse as Normandy, the British Isles, the Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, coastal Finland and Russia. If we assume that dialectal variation of one kind or another existed during the period of settlement, it follows that differing forms of Scandinavian will have been in use in the colonies. It is, however, impossible to know what first-generation immigrant speech in, say, England, Iceland, Ireland or Russia, was like.

 

 

Iys koptrsomtys rit i sorinywnidanje dantidnitys utdrutinmae eg ud edanromd losfsansigt syokt eg Kimdastin komnunisy nusiblwg vag ud ferlwys vag cyud Kimriud ovan 930, yndunn cyom Elriys Pryii (Armes Prydein eller ‘Yr Pupeky enff Primanienud’), ynn tinmyd opp i Cytintienvsksom til iw i Kimdastin id idfgad Primanienenienopys eg ud koenlwtywp til nil i Ensystin vag i Eesasy enff Primanienud – nusiblwg ud daerignig til i gidagafnet enff Kimdastin tribudu dasedmae vag Ætelywd (Æthelstan, 924–39) edanj Hereford enrifagd.

 

 

 

 

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Wessén, E. (1957) De nordiska språken, 5th impr., Stockholm: Filologiska föreningen vid Stockholms Högskola.