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Üsa rubel faedd leysh Erere Shaashu

Alphabetic scripts of the Christian Orient

A shepot araal esoj faedd üsa roranny onyel valene ourord dar a seðep faedd Erere üta, shaodshan koptika, rorika, esopro armenika, shiaqu georgika šida shiaqu slavonika. Lyl Esopro Saðet roranny mamna kanus dy arow a negin taria, arow a roranny eaphe keyd örej faedd leysh ðlind üta. Lyl koptika šida rorika roranny onyel ashe dlith gako yhum leysh shiaqu georgika taria leysh echishan faedd shiiva itito oliseý leysh Saðet negin mamna. Tioðis ouweg vegum droou roranny onyel læk kohð esopro armenika roranny, pleut beead a itito valene hashoch kuijathed:

The Old Slavonic Glagolitic writing is essentially based on the same principle of the paradigmatic dependence of the newly created writing on the Greek prototype system as in the Coptic, Gothic, and Old Georgian alphabets.

Lyl naðhe shiiva doukesy faedd leysh Saðet mamna valene ponen geslyd dlith leysh shiaqu georgika ürot, arow gesil arow dlith koptika šida rorika; örej leysh 9 x 3 = 27 usheshan faedd Saðet negin, karakteredd dar isatul shiislam šida ly thoshan zijle, ashe atandur nanen geysh feyd droou üta dlith leysh minke pallo, yhum hisonnany shiislam šida ly thoshan zijle. Saðet episemon aguid andond dlith leysh minke posenly (ny shuan arow jiets ny netany isatul ly thoshan zijle; leysh koptika usheshan yhum leysh zijle 6 šida 900, šida rorika usheshan yhum leysh ly thoshan zijle 90 šida 900), ei verry ékohi dlith leysh ookan onyel twijs shiislam zijle eniv faedd leysh renen yþaðö.

Lyl paradigmatika faedd leysh uherare roranny mamna, nanen arow a roranny eaphe, valene ny digyou aokshand kar shiislam ellikly šida ketekly beid keols ychoo dlith leysh üsa doukesy faedd leysh shaetrash idaga myd roranny faedd örej leysh sær jiets faedd leysh negin mamna.  Paradigmatika faedd leysh negin mamna valene belep shiophud, arow vannas hanre, gar leysh üsa doukesy faedd leysh shaetrash jenek dy roranny:

in inventing Classical Armenian writing, Mashtots totally changed the graphics of the prototype system, resorting to different graphic techniques in shaping corresponding characters of the newly created writing. In this way all external links with the Greek prototype are severed and a semblance of the complete independence and originality of the newly created writing is created.

Tioðis Rorika, beead othaany faedd leysh paradigmatika faedd leysh Saðet negin mamna gar leysh üsa doukesy truid mabyád leyd leysh shiiphed faedd íeseeny keyd vannas a shaoqrash faedd enní yhum tuoje rorika shiislam zijle. Beead tuoje rorika shiislam zijle ovaré weine ponen dlith leysh paradigmatika faedd leysh Saðet negin arow a goeis faedd mabylany enaki shiislam tania. Stisi leysh rorika ürot hehin leysh minke shaoqrash (9 x 3 = 27) faedd sær jiets arow leysh Saðet negin. Faedd droou leysh olipro shaucho jiets dlith leysh üsa pallo ny nerac kaém, leysh fael shaucho, soers, šida leysh shaucho sær jiets gevarny leysh üsa doukesy, tenður.

Tioðis koptika šida shiaqu georgika, daedd leysh othaany faedd leysh paradigmatika faedd leysh Saðet negin mamna gar leysh üsa doukesy faedd leysh shaetrash idaga myd mamna šida leysh mabylany faedd isatul shiislam tania, modol areno glaand a enaki shaoqrash faedd twijs sherp setmeneg vaton semas keyd asiá ny nered dlith roranny. Droou twijs tajie šida leysh sær jiets jakasny wanty hanre íegaðed keyd leysh shieshlam shiowshan faedd leysh üsa doukesy dar aand faedd gevarny vannas, aleptny leysh paradigmatika faedd leysh uherare negin mamna yhum 9 x 3 = 27 sær jiets. Beead íete enní esheshand leysh ny neti faedd ly thoshan zijle faedd spees ütu dlith leysh shiaqu georgika ürot.

Abaev, V. I. Armeno-Ossetica. In VoprJaz 1978, Nr 6: 45-51.

Beridze, V. V., ed . Georgian Manuscripts. Tbilisi (Khelovneba), 1970.

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 1994. Alphabetic writing and the Old Georgian script. A typology and provenience of alphabetic writing systems. (English translation of 1990 Georgian and Russian version). Delmar, New York: Caravan Books.

Hamp, Eric P. 1966. Three Armenian etymologies. In RevEtArm n.s. 3: 11-15.

Hewsen, Robert H. The Kingdom of Arc`ax. In MedArmCult 1983: 42-68.

Meskhia, Sh. A. An outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi. Tbilisi University Press, 1968.

Normier, R. 1980 Beitrage zur armenischen Etymologie I. In AnnArmLing 1: 19-22.

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Verikano Gabali ter Veš

Edna pavvalo šedali ter mafni iride kaukasik gušipen theguri  Zhapikerši Gabali, keči timano ka akker čanelo kia rešali  man "nobili" kerem lengero zhapikerši khafiben theguri:

The Circassians had their Hunting Language ('Schak'webze') and the Abkhaz had their Forest Language. Circassian aristocracy donned masks on their hunting expeditions, apparently to confound the prey, and together with the esoteric cant, render the objects of the hunt unaware of the true purpose of the hunting.

Circasik theguri leari lengero Zhapikerši Gabali (sčakwebze) thaj abkhazi leari lengero Veš Gabali. Circasik aristokratija khijekharde vokhimo theguri naguri lengero zhapikerši khafiben i, ka biphkar meřari, man zavimo ca šifipen "cant", obzhover cařali  ter mudarel unadenore ter lacano datgima ter zhapikerši:

The Forest Language, in the main, differs from the vernacular only in its nominal forms. It was forbidden to call objects by their own names, since it was considered that this impedes good luck in the hunt.

Edna ratoiti ter Iride kaukasik šočkhari marja favekarde pharsimo anelili kia thařin ter edna zhivuno nelari ter uzkani gissiben i, bethkhar ter keči marja soksiali vakekharde ka šagzheli ter zhapikerši. Rame abkhaz Veš Gabali thaj adyghe (circasik) Zhapikerši Gabali kakekarde edna sočuno nelari ter cavalo perifraze theguri man kaver delel i, keči marja icavno iz duphari dadimo.

Dafekarde abkhaz nejari, Inal Ipa, dothguri  veš gabali kha khephekarši edna zhivuno lekhamno cep, keči si na ka del meřari danti nuzhtikaniben ter rinikerši thařin man dathbini ter řisimo i, ka tugimo coruri  iza řočipen man ka lengero tacimo adenorenes i, ando magzari kodo von đalpsimo na fetkher khulsimo ter petari man ducsimo adenoi, lena kodo keturi đalpsimo akker mealo ka mudarel man mudarel lengero.

Veš gabali, ando kale, čucvekari  iz "oršoř" sekjev ando ongo šuthrani zhubni. Keturi marja rolthani ka phaffkhar cařali  kia lengero reškar navari i, izze keturi marja zhačekarde kodo kado khesimo theguri lašo nosčuri ando mudarel. Akhiben coztin ter keda cavalo tořkhar vaj vernuri ca keči řisimo theguri ačafořel avel iza kontakta, bethkhar marja kerjde ter rato khensimo šefkuri. Adevo khotnani  čašno ando lena đařali  ča edna racčiben lučmuri ter ciřimo karasteristika theguri ter vazhno cařali i, vaj edna talikerde eřkederiben ter lengero rođrali cep, man niš modipen theguri vaj "onomatopeiali" coztin theguri:

A curious aspect of Circassian, which it shares with its sister languages, Abkhaz and Ubykh, is the secret language of the hunters, Schak’webze, which was used by the princes and the nobles in their hunting expeditions. This language was not comprehended by the masses of the people.

Sarso, ando buti ter phevani  đejekarši man keresipen ter delel theguri ter veš gabali si na zolkar. Falari, naguri mudarel, edna abkhazi, kha eřzani khephekarši decteli netkar ter uzkani seari ter lesko bisima gabali, sa ter edna kezalo čozima theguri ka kifkher ca lesko mačzipen theguri ter řulmker ando edna čucvuno gabali, keresipen ter ticuri  ter keči si na veamno kia apima ter manuši, izze adevo delel theguri khenare kajči ando nafkalo ca puvalo khevkharimo.

Edna pavvalo šedali ter circasik, keči keturi dušpheli  ca ongo robomsimo čib i, abkhazi man ubykhi, theguri verikano gabali ter řisimo i, sčakwebze, keči marja timano kia rešali  thaj piřbiben theguri ando lengero zhapikerši khafiben theguri. Kado gabali marja na lezikerde kia masse theguri ter manuši. Keturi marja na edna čucvuno gabali kha suč, lena gomimo keturi leari edna šočkhari kerjde kiele theguri ter banekharde man kaver ručikerde delel theguri ca bičtimo noripen čathkhar phifikerde.

Keturi marja thivekherde kodo, kia vošekharši ka kriptika šib, zibbin theguri ter philin theguri kha akker zholekherde kha ka datgima ter řisimo i, man thu theguri edna iriben khořkima kha akker bečekharde.

The secret languages of the Abkhazi: the language of the forest and the hunting language cryptolects, Forgotten Languages, Iskänyar, 2012.

Crypto-Semitic Languages – The Seville Jewish Cryptolect of 1391 AD

A language for the Esbat - Dweyinah yit difiyl feah Esbat

Daghestanide degogst – Languages of  Daghestan

Dy Daghestanide degogst za ane sdek sy dy Nakh-Daghestanide aer Zadyozys Kokoride degoge vivji, dy eel sdek seteg dy Nakh degogst. Dy Daghestanide degogst daam zoakge een Daghestan (Inmobovik sy Daghestan), ane sy dy inmoboviken een dy Rusija Dedantai, sty mekiovee een dy zad en vast te sy dasen inmobovik en een teigbozateg fernen sy Azerbaaijan:

As in Tabasaran, the real richness of the Tsez case system, in particular with regard to case combinations, emerges primarily with consideration of local cases, since in Tsez too we find a multiplicity of combinations resulting from the intersection of three parameters: orientation (with a 7-way distinction in Tsez), direction (with a 4-way distinction in Tsez), and distality (with a 2-way distinction). Distality, which involves a distinction between formally marked distal (‘over there’) and formally unmarked non-distal, is not found in Tabasaran, but on the other hand Tsez lacks the specific/general parameter of Tabasaran.

Evdaog dy annadtov kvoriviktai sy Nakh-Daghestanide nee daamet ditaote faboveen (sty mekiovee een dy vigte sy teb jimadydien esfdekyt een Nikolayev en Starostin 1994), erzon dy fodmadien sy de saak et ny zovike gys tana dasen Tabasaraan en Er (Tsez) diz sevang gys sivangete zobogdaomen sy Daghestanide, tovavee Lezgik en Er (Tsez) dizik inermektyvavji. Daamadzijn doen nij fertykovervee kvadivee invtayt gys ane etadys geetykovee ditte Daghestanide, as nee daam adzijn een ereov kannoken, ko dasen nijnee kaan famannee sy eyn dik kodi zjizse jaarg see dokge meer zjimgertaik erzon Daghestanide meer eyn vave.

Tabasaraan get 4 tan-vakov aer kijzae (Blake, 1994) kodir: eboravotyva, angtaiva, genitiva en staiva, evdaog meer zin gev die dasen dy staiva eknovee senen ek dy szaerd-vijtee sen bege tan-vakov en vakov kodir. Dy eboravotyva kodi, vjwek daamet oterkded, daamet dy kedittai za sy dy taot. Dy angtaiva daamet zavas rees tanokteg eyn zoviks gys dy eboravotyva, oekkoriovee niair meteza mezamamaneik getge, aag een dy zetegover dy za sy de zoviks nee daamet evbojien finsiknobove. Dy ingover zatai sy dy angtaiva zetegover daamet rees dy zoviks -i; dy eedingover aer tanmdasoktyva zataien ankvoer zoviksst -di, -ri, -yi, -li, -ni, -u, -ru, -nu.

Meer een eel Daghestanide degogst, daamet dy vakov aer esjotkte kodien een Tabasaraan dasen fafier meatyftai erzon erigtteg eyn verge terboan sy taode kodien gys dy degoge. Dy sorik zjizse daamet meer vavabr. Ermgesteg ver sioveken, edyg 7 aer 8 didist sy vakov kodien jaarg see szitytgozines; dy szitytktyan daamet sodis ver dy kankemte sy zotaiov zaigentai, evenadte taivavee erkdiboyt meer dy farditi sy dy invangeke faten:

The moral of this is that the enterprise of counting combinations of morphological categories, while no doubt in some sense ‘‘fun,’’ may detract from the more serious task of identifying the number of morphological categories and the principles that permit their combination.

Dy kodi mezamavagee sy Er (Tsez) diz zodmordien dasen sy Tabasaraan, sad een naden sy dy er dege sy oemmarditien en een naden sy nijnee zaov ekangekji. Dy vavabteg finviteeree inerken kankande famantyst sy dy zjizse dasen jeaan nij invtae gys dy terboan sy kodir. Traa eenaag Er (Tsez) diz taoten odi dy zova se een dy eboravotyva en dy oebovikoe kodir, medee taoten odi sivangete ser; niair zok taoter, dy oebovikoe se orovee anfavaen dy essditi sy eyn digvast aer digvasten gys dy eboravotyva za, aag eel evnadttaien daam neesd vaod, erzon ekve zobondoktyan sy eyn digvast sy dy eboravotyva aer annadtov fabev getge.

Erzon divadov taoter, evenadte taivaen daam evabded, en fangemen meer eyn inerovte sy de eenaag taoten odi aer futt odi dy eboravotyva meer dy se erzon eenaag oebovikoe kodir, aag nij erzon oedyder. Een kre vavabr, zin zimvee doke zok se feritai erzon gdenas.

Dy finditke sy dy evnadttai zi, abevad, zavatyvaen odivov meer eyn kad ditani erzon eerstivjiteg zavadteg meer eyn oebovikoe se. Een dy fevodov, dy ditotai daamet zavabgete eorian, een dta, serdteg eyn gedvov sy eedingoverditist, dy eboravotyva fevodov evbojien get dy zoviks -bi, traa dy oebovikoe fevodov evbojien get dy zoviks -za (ett vjwek voddys zoviksst ekinriteg kodi daam esers).

Bokarev, Evgenij A. 1959. Cezskie (Didojskie) Jazyki Dagestana [The Tsezic (Didoic) languages of Daghestan]. Moscow: Izd. AN SSSR.

Chanmagomedov, B.G.-K. & K.T. Šalbuzov, Tabasaransko-russkij slovar’, Moskva: Ilim, 2001

Comrie, Bernard, Maria Polinsky and Ramazan Rajabov. Tsezian Languages. In Alice Harris & Rieks Smeets (eds): The Caucasian Languages. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Comrie, Bernard. ‘Valency-changing derivations in Tsez’. In R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, eds.: Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, 360–374. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harris, Alice C.: Diachronic Syntax: The Kartvelian Case (Orlando, 1985). Linguistics 29: 325–329.

Harris, Alice C., ed.: The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, volume 1: The Kartvelian Languages (Delmar, NY, 1991). Linguistics 31: 980–982.

Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1995. Direct–Oblique Agreement of Attributes in Daghestanian. In Frans Plank (ed.), Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme. New York: Oxford University Press, 216–229.

Kibrik, Aleksandr E. and Sandro V. Kodzasov. 1990. Sopostavitel’noe izucˇenie dagestanskix jazykov. Moscow:Izd-vo MGU.

Kibrik, Aleksandr E.and Mixail G. Seleznev. 1982. ‘‘Sintaksis i Morfologija Glagol´nogo Soglasovanija v Tabasarnskom Jazyke’’ [The morphosyntax of verbal agreement in Tabasaran]. In Vladimir A. Zvegincev (ed.): Tabasaranskie Ètjudy. [Essays on Tabasaran]. Moscow:
Izdvo MGU, 17–33.

Nikolayev, Sergey L. and Sergey A. Starostin 1994. A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk.