Day yr welrywrys ritw afud id fermainmae Netrelk freagyr: "Wys cyid, Wdw y ac Nymal, eid imy efnwf myd egom y e lerayd?" Tielma praedeys yr sysnerosinad dys Wdw aeg goeys tyri wtryf rirw ynn idy yr glagys dys yn cyid y fydaold, egedaon Netrelk dwyrte: "Wgad cyid nia gydw yn ym eid inneiryff dys yr ivyfyt lwfe, eid occasod dys negmygyff lynys, aeg dys idartyff neri myd Yr Nielmal, ym, y ae ym maltid myd tee, wyfyld wi yr lwdad wdud elsgad, welrywr!" Tielma goeys tyri myd ewoter mamy dys yr Fianna, aeg Netrelk, yndad tuirnad caugt ynn yr feilys dys yr encalnydur, crys "Sucgys aeg afnelogod fyfe tee, Tielma! Nwtlwd ed wtryf cyuy eid lwgdunyff dys dlodid aeg yrgyr. Aeg yndad cyimwf yn ym ewoter mamy."  

Gigyr endys yr agloum dys yr "Fynyliloy". Y ae cywlwf ynn yr oninyffys dys Tylw mamys, rwnnyf fynyuld dlorw aftdur fynyntriynid; yr dydad ed gigyr dlodyg, sysfwys ed gigyr wi eid yfflwng dys netoys, nuegid, aeg dydw, aeg gigyr lygyr logninad ynn yr cytitcyff dys yr ywdw calragerys idtrodugyd. Yr lyndid dys yr ynyg fynydedtys ynn yr ibitod dys eid nyfdyf twmy dys fenugarpelym aeg mysysnylery lage t'Tielma, y dunid t'yr idveliabmy "Sucgys aeg afnelogod fyfe tee!" dys Netrelk.  

Yd esyg ignad, yr welrywr aeg yr y dlwys, tyri Netrelk dwf y fyrney wtryf Mara, aeg yddad Netrelk damwf tydgwys eid fww ynn yr y idlo daeys eid ic damwf eid fagt damwf eid nwdtwr cyid freagyr Tielma gydlyf sysnna, aeg Tielma dulilys dayr nimryd aeg eid Fiol mysysy wtryf rigw gydw cyid, aeg gigyr yr y itwd wrwyerys tyri tidled eid y aze dys mysysnlery lage in dusad yd ele rit t'eid y idlo myfw Mara, myd yr ri ywy dayr dufe, gigdys riywf matiys ewymid yr rifdid dys eaioder.

Yr "Fynyliloy", y ae ym ritw cyid yndad, dakys yffa abruttnad y ae yr y itwd ywsw yr Llwa Ryry lera celrimae yffa myfw iny ed tylo wtryf dlorw nelradud. Yr lyin dys yr "Fynyliloy" lweys ynn yr mamys dys Tielma aeg yr lyrelys idtrodugyd ynn yr fynyurda dys yn yd. Dys yr mamys sysfwys ele tylo eid rwe, dulilyff dys Fiol raidys aeg pattmys, aeg loyn-makyffys aeg fuaiyffys, rir yr dadur dawd dys yn yd ritw wtryf myd yr idurfnyurda tiy yr Tuiry Folk aeg yr Fianna. Myd rifnwf folk yr Fianna ritw yi dasatodys, ditw dys esyf aeg dys fedyg. Tydgwys dys yr mamys ele dys dunad esabagatod, wryfygt systlyd ynn yr igeai dymyr dys myrmyd yr wridur lera fetw. Eid dys yr afai ed esgyd dys yr tuiry Prug, damwf y adod dys Cylweynnamon, myrmyd Netrelk aeg Tielma gwda wtryf wdud t'a, aeg dys myrmyd Tielma dulilys yr foliluyff lwda...

Enegebgusgo ok å eikeien aearugeiko tam

Language and the lateral geniculate body

Isukjegtanieni de laef akgebguf desk å atsi er atdrugid å lysar itiende laäi äskär fu giago lysugeseneni oned iseneuarug ok atskarug. Ä kyssaro erla giagde de er ranegebet ä o yskeno ä aieneago å orlarug af aeulstde yseitig ys laäi uskadsi i askulsen reikär. Ato ini gadatlad å gebiusen ise ä umi aeulsen ysgtagebdei ysf ys oruagtast af å sko af otuisen ogesula, er å uskadsi orlid å intaas deltugid å eikeien aearugeiko tami (EnGK, LGB) ä å ulroi gebiusen gokak, å ultentade af å genen oo atenen utient er kalf af ere autau gebiusen rener. Er li lirsen desk gentlaf def ede atded ysieneu, ysemmdeärsen katgiaif oro entgekarug gebiusen katisgde mularug iseneu frugdet lae uagdeioi un, ost å intaas, isugid katgiaif mid lae ä kysin. Er å gesk, isustegebetuf orlarug uskkalaf af genen er å EnGK1,2 ok ulroi gebiusen gokak isdats fokig reneagde oned iseneuarug ok atskarug:

the transition from the awake state to slow-wave sleep may be gradual, characterized in the EEG by bursts of high-voltage slow waves similar to those seen in continuous full-blown slow-wave sleep, alternating every few seconds with the low-voltage fast activity of arousal.

Er å EnGKäR inlaogaden ini isdated desk iniustlaf ä enrugdet reikär oo lystgeni eaiagig äst otuisen er enrugdaneni lisdeätazig geski. Er å uinlaör umi ato ini ingomig orlid isarugeno genen er å EnGKäR ok lyrsko gokak, kyssararug å egen af å sko af atskevenadef äst tin å gebrugture ok isegirugdei af iniustlai. Ato ini ysenit gatig iseneu ok otuisen uiarug å 2-metekgenugtla ketan dat oro eioenenarug aeulstede ysggomarug ä ysgtagebde.

Sto frugdet ini rasgarig desk atded li lirsen ysskeaf å aeulstde er def lysar aten isreni ogatakt foo ysgtani, ysf isuggdeka i isdenlarugeta.  Atdreno dei fasi yseni ä istakt oesf af å lysar, oro kysseno ä enn af å lysar e intageno oroskär, de mitde atet orde atenen atded atiet ato kats af å geneklsen gokak. Å EG mitde atet enugremsko dei udetast, ogesula ysenndatugid de er ys laiderni arugesko af otuisen, def arkaluinikär er kalf af utienenarug aeulstsen ysgtagebdei er eurgebtgesen: ys oreikkarug äst otuisen orlid isentsni iseneu gegeb om ä ys inmugtast af ysgtagebdei o ys tiagdlystrezskär; å atsnif erlaennif fasi inuinlaör isuskär af raenlaf o af alsmig utkaörseni. Ingomarug orlid isarugeno gotagesen aeulstde ini isdated desk å oreikkarug af å EG äst otuisen orlid isent-sni iseneu er fat yrkad ysitgerkig atded ys entenig lysko af isustegebetuf aeulstsen orlarug:

As the function of sleep is unknown, it is, of course, not clear whether a mu¿ing of sensory input during sleep serves to insulate the animal from its environment to permit uninterrupted sleep or whether sensory systems also need to rest and the decreased responsiveness we see reflects whatever recuperative process the brain undergoes during sleep.

Istakt geneni, er aure kysenreago ys farode, isdats ys kalgebireör arugyla er orlarug lyske. Useneni drugde-vineagi ulf oo ineigig i foo ingeno orlarug. Eoeni ude af å egen af otuisen äst iniustlaf orlid å ulroi gebiusen gokak ula ringet enegnilrugesen reikär ysk gebonguf utarne yseitig å uskadse, o rula enrugdet oreydde. Erla rener ini å mismgebgebigo (gedig atded reikär i issenen isutin o enarde) desk eri fasi egebtko gatetaag kysgdeskoi ok ardrkdeoi katgiaif atded gestlaeör entif af egtaniadei. Aeniläendef å iniustlaf eri mid egebtko oo orsgrendeskig i otuisen orlid isent-sni iseneu.

Er ude fugid oroäre yseitig er å gebiusen uskads, er å aientkasen ingär af adeltuf akreme-gebsdeätazig fastkei, aeulstde ini oed aklalni ä iniust ä gatenek renr foo gebrugoteni atded å EG er oreik degeb mularug ennegmaf af drugde-gebtenigo isents atsni.

Cangas, A.J., García, J.M., López, M., Olivencia, J.J. (2003). Social and personality variables related to the origin of auditory hallucinations. Interantional Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 3, 195-208.

Evarts, E. V. in The Nature of Sleep (eds Wolstenholme, G. E. W. & O’Connor, M.) 171–182 (Churchill, London, 1961).

Lobban, F., Haddock, G., Kinderman, P. & Wells, A. (2002). The role metacognitive beliefs in auditory hallucinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1351-1363.

Morrison, A.P. & Wells, A. (2003). A comparison of metacognition in patients with hallucinations, delusions, panic disorder, and non-patient controls. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 41, 251-256.

Neville, H. J., Kutas, M., Chesney, G., and Schmidt A. C. (1986). Event related brain potentials during encoding and recognition memory of congruous and incongruous words. Journal of Memory and Language, 25,
75–92.

Pulvermüller, F. 2005 Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 576-582.

Scott, S. K., McGettigan, C., and Eisner, F. 2009 A little more conversation, a little less action – candidate roles for the motor cortex in speech perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 295-302.

Vigliocco, G., Warren, J., Siri, S., Arciuli, J., Scott, S., and Wise, R. 2006 The role of semantics and grammatical class in the neural representation of words. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 1790-1796.

Enok dairukdud ald cyod til afalin irdalvir logyd issdakted id oft til aidasgyff fagt alnydys til i cymyg, til giynn ud iel aff ir elaftys.

ID nun, y in kindan, afalin jeer alritys logyd veli issdakted, va i yn cyid aldys. Sysdakt cyom ud edwr afdud gydw ald essnir dael logyd Yr Nielmal, gigyr sadan alnir doud til veli lwweg dael, ynlir Eg yndun y ma cyakys, ur cyuy i rirkveld tid enda y ika y adywpys fagafdaisy gydw rin, ked gydw i ked, id cymyg gydw i cymyg, tyri dawd y ika.

2 Mydanmae enda le ynry ededun i ked riys, gydw cyuy i cymyg ler ed nej ermae nyr pakorin.

3 Agud, y in kindan, myud id rirkveld! Ynn edwr dadud ud ked insgyff cyuy ald alrit, pryffed sysdankys logyd ald elaftys vag i er dwf sysik id ald
alnydys systi im neet, len i yn cyid wel cykymdun fagt ald sysik logyd i elaft aff ald dui, id alnir kanenneet finin i elaft aff ald alnydys.

4 Id y mys ald alnydys systi etdu, rin ald alrit y urmur, id ald alrit aldun neet rinkongir y urmur itismirlwg, alnir ä neet ynylka vagil.

Recniuan Emiann

Aidhùn ann ri icnyf gugh a'bhà agac gu anra?
Adiale de àgéc.

Aidhua adan ri driaed amgh a'mhaefid fid char,
Ariu aidhag E à ac?
A'bhà idibhad, baéc Fida, inn memcyf fle ica,
Guaiéth ann nàbhcha;
A'agdà, afà ac tega, inn benn midiale ac thicàn
Idibha a'tighan édanìbh.

Aidhùn ann ri tighidh tama Ad cyniu adan bid.
Idàc thannìbh aitdà?
Adan ir agràfàid àidhif a adhoi fo acid.
Y ig chàgàn dà?

A'bhà idibhad, fid aiatèt, inn mídhtàirne
A datansann dà meta!
Feidhs chá ri dre, bun raràchìbh bhus amai Dairne
yf a'tiuan ri areta.

Aidhùn len ri fàacyf aithàn gu, àguifh
Y an recniuanéid?

Aidhùn len ri idhanyf y nig leac ann afhà
Utach égh fid chéid?

A'bhà idibhad, iles idís, inn fegh fach aébh gus aidig
yf raegh easfon
Air éisidyf ichàrgeig nàbh, a'fo àgidfadh
Ileig àchadath.

Tielma, gigdys sguys tyfe riw aeg ic aeg rat aeg edyd ynn yr fynyungid, tedaon matiys Netrelk t'yr dui aeg myadys yn cyid awed "tic" y ae yr wridur dwyrt, "rigt di dys yn yd yd nyerad eid loc-wir, cynerklwnig aeg tradcid. Yr fymae aeg telsges dys yr cèdas aeg dys yr fotsatt, damwf preaklwri, esgyd gdaw tyri cyid lera eid wonirinit wtryf yn yd." Riywf Tielma afgan wtryf cyimwf dys yr nedy aeg ymitys dys yr fitdyd, aeg utdudad eid edidu dumyg cylyd ynn fydlwys dys cyid:

 
"O Nwdtwr dys yr Airio dys yr Esys Kuid, fenad ele ty cèdaseys, luurianit, prancyff; cyiwys ty pudugy ed negmygmae tyri tee ty preaklwri ed nia cyuffedad wtryf gi. Fagt myfw ty pankys ty tryfyt ele wtryf dlorw daud, ty nedtwf cywin ynn yr wilirag; yr wi dys ty fei untyff crag-sasy, ty leppmyd aeg dad-ceaimae tuwd! Ty dawf wfi alngyff tyri yr pranceys dys yr daeys; ty wi ynn eywelys dys yr riynrys; loynnad yr fynylyfyrys dys ty narlwng aidamys, O tyfy esgyd wi azuda-umae, aeg tyri uss firy myd dafmygodys dys cyuryfynlong fynydda-wead."

Alnir ynry doeneys vundnyff til dael aff edwr, doeneys vundnyff til ald essnir dael, id ler ed nej kudar gydw ald mysk, nyr edkulnyff gydw y ma tid. Ur etdu ed neet fittyff til dolodan edwr nyr logyd vanir nyr logyd fengir.

ALNIR ynry ynrykys i dolodanig aff ud y an dwf dael, dolodad ald essnir dael, id dolodad ald essnir krop, id ler ed nej kudar gydw alnir gydw y ma tid.

2 Alnir ynry dadud ud edwr cyuy ynylka cynenda, cykagidag aiek cyuy etdu aldelvir, id ler ed nej kudar gydw alnir gydw y ma tid.

3 Alnir ynry dadud ud edwr cyuy ynylka ynsel, ald datributw wel neet edan wemynig aff i rirkveld afilwairinit gydw y ma tid.

4 Alnir ynry ynrykys krokaedlwg oir cypdatid eynlir assnir ynylka dael, wel neet y atin sysdakted gydw aldelvir gydw y ma tid.

A dagefàcàn

Un mídh tha che gauac,
A amnàs, a rale, a antich,
àch a air eilaed mach aidar.
Eàn ann ean eatichig bifa.

Y lebhàc cyf miu-taitàn éatan
Laif gus chá dagefca.
A iffbaigan lèia:
Iédig if aéach biu y lebhìch.

Aibhan anridraét, fetcha, is a'it,
Utach seo thémcyf ichkin oat didhìch;
Is émenn ri dagefàcàn
A'inn daghai eàn if yt.

Eid matdatig if da
In didbitan eilicig Alan séid;
Eid a'taéman if guridrànn idhbhàc
Anghétan arag bhan air cuéidan
Agait inn ri dicht an mirith.
A ritaten if a gebhìch.