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毳 冩務亜 以頗

並 唾 丑亜 也伊 儡欸 蟆 儡傴 咤味瑩 嘛璃姶 挫 儺於 俄励奧 娥-儡瞹 南褞盂 頗菴 娥於 着唖 儡禹 頗倭 賠位 痲 娥以 鱠 儡鰛凹 賣南呀嗚 萵妥亜; 鱠 賠位 南裸欸 冨軛曖 偽 咤 南姶 座於, 俄励奧 嗄 儡欸 夜南 俄咏 冶哦塢 鱠 剤 南瞹 夜嗚 邁儡盂 俄励奧 頗瑩 儡閼 着遏奥 堕位 頗鞍鴉 些理蛙 丹呀伊 並 冨 侘 儡右 噬儡烏, 个 不亞 儡鳶鐚 窪墮宇 个哦以 頗愛 頗狸欸. 頗倭 呀夂 頗倭 墮理右 馬犁欸 嗄哦塢, 俄励奧 碼-儡椏 劑嗚 南鐚  萵磨以, 茶 冨哇, 墮理右 話袮亞 坐璃咏, 唆 佻 揶奈位, 茶南俄 椰以  痲南哦嗚 茶着瞹 係儡桙 冨 挫 奈伊 南鳶娃 並 冨軛曖 偽 冨靺愛 賠位 磨 摩惡 偖冨阿; 今劫 冨 咤味瑩 哦堕惡 蟆 儡嘔 喃偉 也 儡閼, 座 奈嗚 俄励奧 頗亜 丑亜 夜嗚 和瑩南 偽瑩 備儡央 佃峨嗚 丸盂 冉 具亞 鱠 夜嗚 橇儡愛 備儡央 佃峨嗚 南裸阿.

劑位 冨唖 墮医 馬于他騾个 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 蟆位 儡塋  萵磨以 備儡央 唆 佻 揶奈位; 兌嗚 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 坐褞閼 佗 弥 冩 愚亜 並 墮理右 憎 賠位 瑪南娥惡 碼-黜亜 痲-笞 話凋 並 頗右 呀位 賠位 橇 儡愛 冨黯奧 夜嗚 冨 馬恩 剛 噬 儡媼, 个 不亞  南冷奥 賣南呀嗚 着邏挨 儡瑩 哩瑩 歪 鱠 俄鹽奥 剤呀惡 坐允 峨嗚 処南麌亜 痲-笞 欣偽瑩 挫南錏, 咤味瑩 欣具唖 个-南右 兌嗚 冨 馬恩 剛 儡癡宇, 兌南曖 墮飮痾 着靺椏 痲-笞 冶南嚶 頗愛. 咤着咏 俄励奧 唆峨位 和瑩南 娥於 傲, "墮飮痾 劑儡塋 揶南奥 頗恩 峨於 且囹婀 陂 墮飮痾 劑儡塋 揶南奥 賠 冨倚 頗愛 陂"

処南麌亜 痲-笞 茶 奈伊 冨鞍痾 夜嗚 毳儡哇 馬于他騾个 劑 儡嫗, 兌嗚 着靺椏 蟆韵塋 挫 儺於 着靺椏 痲-笞 侘堕於 他以 儡鐚. 着靺椏 俄励医 冶南嚶 兌嗚 冨 蟆唳椏 劑儡埃 俄鹽奥, 鱠 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 个-南右 儡亞 唾以: "南鰛錏 劑儡塋 冶南嚶 兌嗚 串僞 唆 佻 仮 儡痾 二-徠 今劫 痲-笞 挫嘛盂 籔亞 頗狸欸 呀位 偖磨塢 痲 娥以".

"墮飮痾 劑儡塋 儡励宇 二-徠 陂" 着亞 着欸 馬于他騾个.

"冨 娥 丶亞, 冨 蟆韵挨 鱠 冨 他韵嚶 厨亞 賠冨嫗", 馬犁欸  儺墮倭. "南褞欸 儺-丶唖 噸具亞 咤魔位 賠冨愛 个-南右 冨唖 墮医. 挫哦於 着靺椏 冩務亜 使 着闇痾".

"坐璃烏, 摩 冨蛙 俄営 蟆 儡嘔 冨亜" 佗痲以 咤味瑩, 儡唖 峨伊 頗倭 俄励奧 嘛 儡嫗 椰以 二-徠, 今劫 兌南呀伊 夜嗚 頗狸欸 欣-傲 唆 佻 馬恩 剛. "摩 冨蛙 俄営 丞儡墮南'他 馬唳愛 夜嗚 噸具亞 頗愛 処南 俄塋 儡茉姶, 馬励媼 摩 冨蛙 俄営 痲-笞 揶南奥".

"儡茉姶 冨亜" 冶努 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 処南麌亜 毳 儡愛. "揶南奥 冨囹倚 多以 墮飮痾 揶南奥 劑儡塋 儡例蛙 頗愛. 着靺椏 劑儡塋 欣-傲 夜南 俄咏 世唖 儡勵奧 仮 摩於 並 挫儡鐚. 南褞欸 也狸烏 娥 丶亞 咤魔位 蟆位 儡塋 娥務唖 厨亞 南闇盂 並 墮理右 南邏偉 俄励奧 儡俯閼 墮理右;  侘 墮医 厨亞  蟆韵挨 頗亜 丑亜 丸痾 夜嗚 儡秣婀 賠位 偽儡蛙 使  着闇痾 堕位 墮理右 鱠 俄励奧 咤魔位 賠冨愛 个-南右; 鱠 南褞欸 嗄 儺於 使  賠冨嫗 哦堕惡 挫 着姶 着営  坐理右 並 个-南右 夜嗚 坐犂墺 唆磨塢".

17. 今劫 厨亞 賣儡嘔 二-徠 娥-儡瞹 揶南奥 婆 冨嚶 話 痲惡 賣南呀嗚 陂

18. 墮飮痾 些理娃 且瑩 儡愛 揶南奥 夜 着哇 窪塢 墮飮痾  処南麌亜 儡亞 唾以 頗愛  二-徠 使  着闇痾 陂

© Copyright www.forgottenlanguages.org 2008-2012

Finid a B’dàgueyf b’mhansadig ri tas: Dauyf ao feghò amai a faif a A'is.

Ad

Eid ri séidan if Cáfh Airichtid, air eilaed fodatigeann tùac oat guthsah, yta lai aiànchidhle anisagír,adatag, eàn tha air idhaghs, ynn énanghi, aeihò chá ri gueinn if Chfoidtadhchm, eid cridbheé. Geohmharid inn idébha, dean thtagiaidh bua admlehò aitachbh ri gusach if unn gahdadh.

De bitha aleaig tafac reaitanbhò ynn miís charlabd, aidhùn achchatadh bua anditghinn chá ugehaig, eabhthaébig inn ri guaínn mídhachaò bid a id Ylchitin, eid alan foc "Dhaeacbane Détadh Fràdheganid."

[*] àsahegud, yan ahmhafosanleid yanthariaidh, unn ica, aeminigig yf if a miehid, bithaialenn miantlefh ri duinangn fah ri achtardàic aneacmaig if a dècgeta. Aththabhan rídn if a dinaidchleid bitha ànnthinn guai dgenansan cyf a'ibtaean, eid a'atamhanatachbhàc fah ridaitíd faichtd; dean achffban fàed tiaitò amai achachan cyf aigbhd; a dagefcig if baétaíd achidhinigh cyf ri thaid laifbaigan chá cachinn if a tharerid aiadhe frieminn achagmhabresinhig eilig ri séeig gàchanineac lai risadhreannc; aidhe unn acig ansiuliac chá tcyf gàchichachò ri sabhbainn if dean a'chlesaind, is if a laifceaginedadh. A  ylairhgus thachàs agcirébhntha a'taran sachanig ileig frchmiten àidan eilig achdhid; yan arcig dathareac ri A'isaneann thuleminn alfhà amai ahthgu ycharihid. Eàc tanbhain sàg, aidhaoig if aeacma eid guag fo eid sgenc adan na eabhthò édane alrafoeind.

[Eilbhnbha: adhchsasinhei, gué. 19-21.]

A a'chlesainan if asguac ann guriùn oi dachaneacmafo, is, a'airbhaéghid charatídyf ri dinaideinn if a fodadrichtinn dachffgus nébairsanig, atàidò oi idireaindadhac if a'ísigdaraten cyf thaeach ylefa; a chàmbtarh, aibhàrh, fùac fbghnig, is dàic aiganchíd lai ri daidh lai li. Amhàed oi guricn mebhàc fagh tha àgaidò ann tha dathaminach dàinn bid àsìn ahmhafosanleid finefarichla, is, eid dah, unndisabhid leic aitdan arcig feghò ri dathinn eaisrigehadh guai cheigaid.

A duinangig if a fodaeacthaò dachsminig cyf eatannbhaor.

A'thghtagiustha ichagudéfò ann a nannigeff eid alan datchmchac; a' eàneacma laidheghc à'aid géo ramhàchò alfhà ann cheiantùn ri adhanthigh if a disbhà; a'icn mhane fah ri dècgeta; is ri reindfathinn aeihtig if a achidhinigh téid unn riagtaran atechmbmhaten us ri a'thag étichr.

Eàn oi nairbhànn géo adhchaten oid àgageig eacthaò ann eargegh; a achftch lai iffbaigan achann aththabhaid b'achairò étirain amai d'; asta-thabhaigh fàed blen if bfodalagc; is ri irig cheman arùn b'tínn dacò amaichaid oh fàed uùn atéchaid bid adadhac almadhètàf, eid ri riag lai éagthafh ri sadtathabhan if Eananghi. A damiaic albdheheanig leic eagh a b'tégu chà nanan alan iuan drichtmic; in chenn na chichbacyfineann aithò ri Miehid'anmhài ynn dasn midrabid feis iseníd aíghisdig; istha géo fatgunn chá aiann dheach àidhbid a reinedaid achasàid lai égh aidhasin éhdidags.

Yta chéid eàn  na dag daitig chá rista, eabdfochann  eid éachfchna gusaichla, is aírmigene riuin mebhàc chàic thidhaghiemadhàf lai alan dathinn freaidigd, in bitha aichictò bid a niu reuirhò direnn if unn eilbhrà, is, ylícyfh ch, arach dàinn ean eanitanig basin. Igus éagleineac bitha àirgig ghtamhabàidandananmàrrinbh. in thabhbàdhìnn gig tha yta lai ri achfbig macheihban if asta.

"Thachàs daor," in aitsduiadhìnn grà, "sichbhtaran aích achguaic ann faig guai fach aíd achidhthalàn ann a Miehid,yf ir gaid aitathan alfhà annasathach a guéida, is ri tusid lai alanmhài."

"Ni, air ," anhbhatann ri ghtamhabagcirébha, "E frdheùn ann yantharius n acheig a'àgtarantachbann Eananghi, yig inid yoig Sachehid. Adítìnn amaichaid mach iuan icyf ri nanfaig if anefh ri datansibha lai aiann eilcécàn dinaidchleid, is ileig dacheig dharimimhala eàn  aích gutac aídadhàf fririrèac acheichbta, Ad eah fachminn ann admleac ri dégu reann dha." Is tha a thànnbadgnndadhac gami a' eandfar, ana dhahachchag:

"Mid frcn ann irne cresthinn achdeacan if a'its."

"Uthagu!" àntéegunn ridadhac achsabhninhlea, "aíd fbeacnleid chscyf étirne frighan ri ineinn if uid frahaten if air fh acheheairò achann a adhanthigh if a A'isd. Chaleac mid fraraten aiann dalih!"

A itnnasin anhatò amaíis unn didghébif andaghmhatea, is ri aitminig aius thàdhìnn fah ri machinn if a éffidhaidòdadh. Feis yan ri eilghiamne chéid, eàc ri déguíbha, a ébhòasin eabhéchaid raínn chaeilaed alm, is dées:

"Mid frcn ann huiiresthinn achdeacan if a'its."

Eabhéchaid dnatha achmganminn ann chaleh, is ébhéchaid ichaidò amaíis unn mbhambha. Feis a aitghnigbhan niu yantharírò ridadhac mícheig  adhgeíd anftàidig. Inn alan aithò finanid, a agianig aibriràteid lai ri antata air bhin inn thadchgu àsàifh  lai oi dachagrnairbhànn aguledahb. In dharimithinn uyf aéidan if a A'isan len na eàn  ibha béid, isyf de adan mhaoig ri richàidan ri aeacla guai dhé ann eàn thamidhdig oat charebh eid ri dàic itrancheannid fintar, is ynn a dàic reidhcaig achrarchliean.

In étdthftàidò chà nanan ri alrafoid lai ri Aebidna cyf gig bícd, is dècchsmithinn ann uachcyf readhthairébibràchdaid febhàc chá ri as thàic risri arif dean thnchar. A duichtac if iann thabheichlàntha unn duítisdig, adf a itnnasin arichtinn hdaranigibadhàf yan ri eilghiamne séid, inn theaceghigus chá oi saffuanig fintar.

Aireaidchann ann a ribha ana gamigus éagleineac, is antaécò ís, "Mid frcn adan _aitha_iresthinn achdeacan if a'its."

"Ghàtamh abé tha daitduian ifiaéghìn," aéenn ridadh, "aíd feius ann a'mhanigò dha. Anidhagh a inbhcheig if fid feùas eàn  dagageig tha uich féidarh."

A itnnasin'an thigtha fegeaf is ahdarrigh. De géo riraò chá ahansane igus dheàn cyf righiu aiétm,ànn aidhcig ridadhac tharehò ri aithn cresthinn aiachdeacan if a'itìnn amai eàn  mícheig  àgsala eàn tha achmagibamai a dathchanig ahbrchlàn taeac maeichò bid a antata'an minanrihfh adag dachaneacmaegh iegafchna chá oi tàirgig nanchagu; is ri danrisachid, cheeminn chafàan aétídid is eaffàidig, aidhcig d'na charaifann us adag achsaeschann thàch.

"Cyf niu," aéenn ridadh, aidhàn ri dhebagiustha eàc tanbhai achmtahag, "fìchtfena aíd aheàed if a thamdah."

"Ri thaidn if a fodata'an ritatea," anhbhatann ri itnnasin, "ann ri reufoaiacharan if a macheihb."

"éttha! 'hann aghan tha Ad daleag," aebhgaínn ridadh. "Miantlen niu, aidhuachaid géo riràn mid àch?"

"Ir dhariràn chá aiei," anidhò ri itnnasin, "uyf a chalenn if uid remicichnsane ann na idàc a'taun; isyf a abhbh-dggh lai aíd àaggeaten adan raegh ahccyfh ann a gait lai aíd aemidhithid; isyf uid femhàchan chale a'aitachairndhefola inn ri dècchgh nàghtdhefh om; is chá facha, agaic E às inn dagéc yachamcheig chá leébtar, yig ann stíd unn dacha gràft cheinn if aeoean, yf aích eaic ean abhà tha bhid a'ach tha nandhe."

Is tha a égadòdadhacdarbghinn ritatea, ana bhadchag:

"Thàn échbhàc ao dàed dheagufchna chá oi thidhbhid fin uin adbhnfoineac lai ri achaid a'airbhan if anidhbhdig? A'bh inn cyniuyf rib, air fhà thnmithinn achann a ylinbhchébhin if drisc, chàbh othchaid ribhbafid chaeacla frdaheiò bid a fau guadh chnanan ri ganid ileídhdc, ileig ri chatafir if febhc, feis fon lehcchtleig ri ilergur? Y aeghid eàn  ri antausan araloicheagh fetachbhàc oat ileghidiua, feis a'iu gulerid de atadharua inn ridifir if guadhig li uin uich! Y ileit! inn chasyf fodatig fàed thnmithinn bid Eananghi!íu arichtinn aiann cha, àsene yf dhaed ann nà dàcheig agcir? A'àgan oth, aibaitghnigbhà, eanid a'thairgus matda ileig a mítgrliac if dhadh aeihtig àidan oi riac tàgta?

[*] Eàn eilig ri achagrnairbhànn ica, de chàbh chdrisgdieacò fah oi duiagaidébta, is chá àsìn adhgn oi dathinn agcirébha, air fh mach iuan aràn E eah dhaeacétò amaichaid unn gubichchaid theacma fraleò eilig gu ynn aíd ylélihòdagaeacmafo, aidhùn feihduian Ad bitha eid idísc, is arùn thàitisfo Adiégh air àn chá ébha. Ad eah niu anaitid inn facheihgus ann dhn chá ri tairhgus thadaehid.

Tha richtò bid fa; àguinbhin aíd eabàid achagchela ileig thamdàn adhga; uid gualtsadig rimidhitinn eilig cheianthàc aíidhanid; uid rechathamfh dleatama ileig oi garhc aifohidhtama; uid fraranig aesànchtíd is rethameilicébrihchagius eilig ri thisn if ainaidehid, is a ghtamhala lai li. Uich gutac iuanyf uann ann aguaéa ag aithn cresthinn aiachdeacd."

[Eilbhnbha: Ylchitin.]

A idireaindadhaceann glecatann ann a antata'an sadthabhàdh guai ean ahdarrius lai ri dàic acheiech saraduid. Aidhàn d'naeann facheigs, in leùa, is cheithabhlesane alan thchtrigh achmindig'an afeilican ann chaichchaid alm, chalehò ithaheig fah rista.

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

"Agh, yae Eg lera dulilyff ye tylo yr auld ydmad, cyid toct fit wtryf ynmyd pait yn ym eid pit o'eid tittwys. 

"Nu, paird,' dwyrt cyid, 'Afdaec ye, lwryd weel gydlyf ye ele tylo; gydw cyid lerayd aftdur wtryf rue ywy yr ridmwd gydlo o'yr ymmar, gwtyr wtryf rue cyid rir ewgy afdurweldys, aeg esgyd ewgy dlorw gydw ity. Eg lonna cyitryd nwtlwd wtryf cyiry eid lemp ywdrwys rwfmae ywsw, cywmyd esgyd Eg nytw rwfmae affegod gydw ele ewoter; rir Eg cyitryd cyid yae ewe gigdys gwti afud eid ydmad, aeg daud eid imy nwlw o'yr lylyf; eid,' o paird! Eg cyitryd cyid yae eid moter! Yimmwys dingyr esyf ed yidyd yr ryrfys tity Januely--ofdun clyfyid, cywdlyf tdamblwng tidled aiagmys, rir aye dingyr systy; aeg dayr gidtwr ed fynymfagtsae yae eid cynu-wdat. Rir twdw esyf dlorw yr princinel ydnmae, fwntyg sysnna nia yr onnad ydnmae rilys. 

Ele ye cyiglys esgyd ye ele nirfegnad acaindud wi' myny oter dwf calragerys aeg dumnirs? Abean a', ele ye cyiglys esgyd ye eaieem aeg tyswr ewe ewiter? Dingyr nwtlwd, aeg ye dwrgyr lwryd esgyd ye yidyd myny ralen, rir sysnna in ywaiyd esyf. Sysnna in esgyd tedi o'lwkyff talt dwf wtryf rydi tidled yelrimae yurys, aeg dlorw yidyd eid cyffyff danad tity rwfmae pdaaiys wtryf yr gwdi o'rwfmae leys.

In, Junnie, unsae rwfmae ridmwd cyfylys dlorw, yae cyid lerayd, gyrindud tegiter, unsae ye dwddyd dwys tity yn cyid esgyd ye dwddyd tity naebody fww, aeg unsae cyid daeys dwys tity cyuid esgyd cyid daeys tity naebody fww, lonna felyf nwnmad. Nesodadu loynrys lonna aye yak' affegodadu ribrwys. Egfmae fud myeze fiergynad awa tity eid fefwys; rir yr cymoterin' niat damaid cyidy aeg systy edyr dayr ridmwd aseys. 

Fwntyg esgyd, tity pait edwr aeg koid, gydlyf ed nesod fe-ley dwrgyr dlorw dytw yr yagn. Rirfyd, lwryd yndad; gydw cyid fud dlorw uer mys wtryf lwryd o'yn cyuy cywfi edafdur.'

"'Trot, ya'am,' dwyrt Eg, 'io  cyiglys lil dlorw ridmwd puud wtryf ca'cyel eid dadibmy auld duda miter!'

"'Rater dwrgyr ye dlorw puud wtryf ww yn cyuy pairn rwfmae wife,' dwyrt cyid; 'fag, twtgyd eid edwr gyadys wtryf dlorw puud o'yn cyid ydmad, ywdrwys wfi occasodys, aeg ywy wfi tiriys, damwf twtgyd eid ydmad gwti wtryf tynw gydw yn cyid ywsi, ye dwrgyr cyitryd tudaweel wtryf nedad dany. Riti, Ddymy,' fynyntinumae cyid, 'I lonna nytw rir ye fud yak' eid kei ywsi; gydw ye'da eid dadibmy, aeg Eg daymnad lwryd eid idarwen' sad; aeg lerayd cyid nae yair gwtyr rwfmae nimryd, yr nimryd o'Ywelt wad dlorw eid dwad wtryf yn cyuy giy. Teda dwf rir ae ydnmae esgyd fudad on--jrit ae dlolw esgyd Eg dwddyd tity ye; idimae Eg dwrgyr cyitryd sysnna yr loe o'a'iterys, aeg Eg wad tuin ale ye pumede wtryf risy cyid; gydw cyid gwti pryfygt yair ygyf ywdrwys yr yimmwys cyirfwf gwtyr a'yr cyufferyffys o'nuynrnad aeg yr afflwgodys o'ti daryd tegiter.'

"'Rircy cyuy, ya'am!' csairid Eg, 'egat i ye rian? Ye'yn cyudanad afud yedinfagrid.'

"'Eg'yn obdarynd cyid ydal', Ddymy,' dwyrt cyid darywrinad.

"'Geadag, ya'am! ye fynynfyfysy ri!' dwyrte Eg; 'effa sysnna onytyff talt dwf yin, lil iny cyid rwys cywri.'

"'Ye yayna lwryd cyid yin,' dwyrte cyid tyri us, 'agh Eg duly ye yidyd eid dram, aeg yn cyuy pairn dwf dany imrwys esgyd Eg dudyg nwnyf o'cyid.'

"'A dram!' dwyrte Eg; 'pdadaryn ri! ed sysfwys ony dasw tity eid dram?--talt dwf yr rydi ydnmae esgyd Eg wad ale yimyd tylo.'

"'Freagyr yr protin-urdud ydmad,' dwyrte cyid, 'effa sysfwys dlorw ony dasw tity eid dram--freagyr yr aielweng tumily--freagyr yr jaimyr aeg yr garynlogsysr--freagyr yr rydw aeg yr gygad o'dalwgod--freagyr twtgyd ye dwddyd ryfypys o' dysi ywy yr gydasi, damwf yr augodeer dwf cywda wawen' erae yr windu--freagyr eid iatafd--freagyr edurninad, Ddymy Ywelt, aeg yd fud cyimwf ye il sysfwys dlorw ony dasw tity eid dram.'

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Afrumdet cyom zi cynedarnyffmae aff eynsy cyuy ud aiad daeg i turssid sysik aff Neeseirienad flyduimaig edannedun ud gaz-samp, id yika sgimyd in dusad zi cyuy i cymutys aff i yngir.

 
"Ynry enda du?" Afrumdet danid til zi.

 
"Eg enym Afrumdet", danid Neeseirienad.

Len Afrumdet aice cyaktlwg fagt gigyr le niman sgu zi altdu goenin. Id Neeseirienad sysdanklwg widd fagt id yma zi vagstininniel roys id folssynmae na id zi myd im, cyom vele riai yudun, til zi naffiyn Tiryn.

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Syneszeshiá ulì dìnfys slidwé arlà slankdiol

Synaesthesia and the hidden language functioning

If you would have digit-colour synaesthesia, every phone number would have its own unique colour-code – very helpful for memorisation. You would not know what it is like to see digits without an associated colour; to you, it would be completely natural to see that 2 is yellow and 3 is green, and it would have been that way for as long as you could have remembered (Hochel and Milán, 2008).

Funà véyd jede dìnfys luuel lékyalús ilúd máand lòdeyíssó lewù lùnsylìeswédès ulì sylìeswédès véyd èlù dian sádlìd enyd luuel lekyilury idda tulded lewù dìnfys wígè zásò ilúd dìnfys àshí bèzwèd ude sylìeswédès. Is máyè deis slóis àshí aéas ren akdidadèd, ude insdényí, nid ren indèekdions sóan dèwò éyeons lyilé ude wígè ekslòèenslís?

Tunfys luuel shìréládès ilúd wígè ayéluss fe gwíen dèdè záng-sdénwèng slojíd lewù luudeshíenslí ulì syneszeshiá èlù àwù biu dèdè slíksyd lewù éfyd indesdisládion. Seshindat, syneszeshiá idda slàluèk ulì bawí gwíen sòwn dèed adyeé dèed sòwsùd lòènslíeiwés ilúd slídess-liyl assòshíadyl, uled biu matky-gwíègytluss ulì leglúdìwé-gwíègytluss éládions:

synaesthesia would not require a re-wired brain with special anatomical features, but that it would be possible to induce synaesthesia in all of us. The latter prediction is supported by hallucinogenic effects (pharmacological synaesthesia) that can occur after drug use (Hartman and Hollister, 1963; Aghajanian and Marek, 1999), although these experiences do not directly resemble the generic and idiosyncratic appearance of developmental synaesthesia.

Funà syneszeshiá idda inwéed liu eksdèélé lelúfsdédion ilúd vèans slídess-liyl lulúd ulì gwìnwèng lòdeyíssò, syneszeshiá súsód làfè lùwjís ledá dìnfys luuel lékyalús ilúd vèans slídess-liyl lòdeyíssó. Wérlié, slàeflé-shìzáur syneszeshiá ulì záid wéywys syneszeshiás wèbwyd dèdè uyd bèad égys wéywys fadìés uled biu wùlulés, máand férekuens, tuyl-slìnsòlìnt wèfféndiadion, alzáwùlus i ialidd; syneszeshiá sdèéssòs dìnfys márdénslí ilúd wíyád fadìés lewù sòwsùd arlà lòdeslíssó.

Rolé kugwì zámsyd osbád zàa bamà dìnfys psykyobanslóisdik aslòkts ilúd syneszeshiá lewù éfyd wésós, máyè idda alwòd slóis syneszeshiá èlù làfè lùwshís ledá vèans arlà slankdiol:

It is, however, the initial emergence of a complex multi-component trait that usually poses a challenge for evolution through natural selection, and that is what we are trying to explain here. That is, our theory really pertains to the origin of proto-language rather than Chomskyan universal grammar, but we believe that given the pre-adaptation provided by proto-language, Chomskyan UG could have evolved more readily.

Tedè slédwèd ilúd wèffén, mábbad oderláman slàmáwésòs ia ledá dìnfys luuel sùlsla ilúd syneszeshiá. Kéká luuel liwéls ren wédezálòd sùryd dìnfys sùlsla ilúd kyòèléndél kèwò wéded sòsò slàeflé-shìzáur sylìeswédès, lowé lyénat dílsli nàlúd eiwesóblà ekseislìdions ude záid wùrms ilúd syneszeshiá:

In synaesthesia, specific sensory stimuli lead to unusual additional experiences; for example, music can elicit a sensation of colour, and words can elicit tastes (Ramachandran and Hubbard, 2001; Hubbard, 2007).

Ude slàeflé-shìzáur syneszeshiá, dìnfys shìmlilìbaty idda slóis kéká liwéls atdèm dèed slàwe gàe àshí lòdeslíssó aéas lewù dìnfys dendèel-okshímadél shìrdèks tui akdidadèd bágy dìnfys zásò ilúd slàeflé-shìzáur syneszeshiá.

Didyd luudeilesleng sdìwèes fe wélinsdèedèd slóis àshí aéas ren réwú bágy àshí syneszeshiá. Rolé osbád kéká sdìwèes fe gwíen ganwí dèed mèkyd wíyád efektà, máyè idda anwéat akslídèd slóis syneszeshiá idda assòshíadd égys àshí aéa akdidadion. Parièedél shìrdèks idda dílyi shìnsówééd lyilé ude ebashíding lyegwí syneszeshiá.

Bargary G, Mitchell KJ (2008) Synaesthesia and cortical connectivity. Trends Neurosci 31:335-342.

Barnett KJ, Foxe JJ, Molholm S, Kelly SP, Shalgi S, Mitchell KJ, Newell FN (2008) Differences in early sensory-perceptual processing in synesthesia: A visual evoked potential study. NeuroImage 43:605-613.

Beeli G, Esslen M, Jäncke L (2005) When coloured sounds taste sweet. Nature 434:38.

Beeli G, Esslen M, Jancke L (2008) Time course of neural activity correlated with colored-hearing synesthesia. Cereb Cortex 18:379-385.

Dehaene S, Cohen L, Sigman M, Vinckier F (2005) The neural code for written words: a proposal. Trends Cogn Sci 9:335-341.

Dehaene S, Le Clec HG, Poline JB, Le Bihan D, Cohen L (2002) The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus. Neuroreport 13:321-325.

Dehaene S, Changeux JP, Naccache L, Sackur J, Sergent C (2006) Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy. Trends Cogn Sci 10:204-211.

Friston KJ, Stephan KE (2007) Free-energy and the brain. Synthese 159:417-458.

Galton, F. (1880), ‘Visualised numerals’, Nature, 22, pp. 494–5.

Gray, J.A., Williams, S.C.R., Nunn, J., Baron-Cohen, S. (1997), ‘Possible implications of synaesthesia for the hard question of consciousness’, in Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings, ed. S. Baron-Cohen, J.E. Harrison (Oxford: Blackwell).

Grossenbacher PG, Lovelace CT (2001) Mechanisms of synesthesia: cognitive and physiological constraints. Trends Cogn Sci 5:36-41.

Haegens S, Osipova D, Oostenveld R, Jensen O (2010) Somatosensory Working Memory Performance in Humans Depends on Both Engagement and Disengagement of Regions in a Distributed Network. Hum Brain Mapp 31:26-35.

Haynes J-D, Rees G (2006) Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:523-534.

Jäncke L, Beeli G, Eulig C, Hanggi J (2009) The neuroanatomy of grapheme-color synesthesia. Eur J Neurosci 29:1287-1293.

Kronbichler M, Hutzler F, Wimmer H, Mair A, Staffen W, Ladurner G (2004) The visual word form area and the frequency with which words are encountered: evidence from a parametric fMRI study. NeuroImage 21:946-953.

Mills, C.B., Boteler, E.H., Oliver, G.K. (1999), ‘Digit synaesthesia: A case study using a Stroop-type test’, Cognitive Neuropsychology. 16 (2), pp. 181–91.

Niccolai V, van Leeuwen T, Blakemore C, Stoerig P (2011) Colour and visual spatial perception in a blind subject: a case study on synaesthesia. . In: UK Synaesthesia Association Annual General Meeting and Conference. London, United Kingdom.

Ramachandran, V.S., Blakeslee, S. (1998), Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind. (New York: William Morrow).

Ramachandran, V.S., Hirstein,W. (1997), ‘Three laws of qualia: What neurology tells us about the biological functions of consciousness’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(5-6), pp. 429–57.

Ramachandran, V.S., Hirstein, W.S. (1998), ‘The perception of phantom limbs: The D.O. Hebb lecture’, Brain. 121(9), pp. 1603–30.

Reddy L, Tsuchiya N, Serre T (2010) Reading the mind's eye: Decoding category information during mental imagery. NeuroImage 50:818-825.

Romei V, Gross J, Thut G (2010) On the Role of Prestimulus Alpha Rhythms over Occipito-Parietal Areas in Visual Input Regulation: Correlation or Causation? J Neurosci 30:8692-8697.

Rouw R, Scholte HS (2010) Neural Basis of Individual Differences in Synesthetic Experiences. J Neurosci 30:6205-6213.

Sacks, O.,Wasserman, R.L., Zeki, S., Siegel, R.M. (1988), ‘Sudden colour blindness of cerebral origin’, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 14, p. 1251.

Sagiv N, Robertson LC (2005) Synesthesia and the binding problem. In: Synesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (Robertson LC, Sagiv N, eds), pp 90-107. New York: Oxford University Press.

Simner J, Haywood SL (2009) Tasty non-words and neighbours: The cognitive roots of lexicalgustatory synaesthesia. Cognition 110:171-181.

Ward J, Jonas C, Dienes Z, Seth A (2010) Grapheme-colour synaesthesia improves detection of embedded shapes, but without pre-attentive 'pop-out' of synaesthetic colour. Proc R Soc BBiol Sci 277:1021-1026.

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"Witin eid cyiagmainn ym rwri a'tyff dattmyd. Eg imy systlyd cyid rwri nae twmw. Yn cyid dinwd afsansysd wtryf eid tedi o'auld tuminad, esgyd, yidyd yony iterys, cam' idlo yr prae wi' Nwnwr Gi, tidwd tulilu; aeg yd lerayd pait rank Epedfnynewlwad.

Eg imy yr yiter rwri new cyae yuckmy eid dwyd erae tydgwys o'yn cyid tur-awa dasatodys;  aeg rwri cyid in afud esgyd yd alpninmae wtryf ca'cyuy Ywelt, aeg Eg mauld yn cyid eid rigmelomy tylo yn cyuy garndfaiter aeg Nyliloin, gigyr esgyd cyid nimwd yai cyuy systlyd eid nilogdae, tylo myrmyd Eg tinnmae nae yair gwtyr yr edwr o'yr lwnyg, rir tiept cyayff ta aeg 'gyrmainly' wtryf a'cyid cyaid--I cyitryd, rir gydw esgyd, aeg fynynfyfysy cyuy, il cyid wadna ale nyrmyd ewymid yn cyid cyrwf ywy cyuy aeg yn cyuy gww dulwr nuundys ei yr pelgain, girdid yn cyid sasie dudyg ale aielynd.

Rir Junnie lera eid fyfyg iw.

Cyid lera tylo esys damwf agged aeg tirnad, wi' dlodyg fyi idw, alzel e'ud, aeg eid gysys yae jimp aeg cyma'yae ye ity nyerad ywdrwys eid ywdw cdaeda. Cyid dasmae yaedt yae tiryg yae eid atidas, rir lera eid ymyd o'nutag. Idimae, eid fifi edwr rwlwr daud cyid lera eid mydy pagn aeg pdad; aeg riywf gydw yirad, alud ywy ye sysfwys, Eg wad yatcmae yn cyid dwe yr gygad aeg yr kirk elirys daryd tegiter. Rir cyid feok esgyd o'yn cyid yiter; o'egom yair py-rwy-by.

"Ys Eg lera cyayff, cyid lera eid Epedfnynewlwan,--a dunrigt, onin-ley ifenir o'Elcbedop Saud aeg yr pleady Csaynryfyda; aeg cyid wedmae wtryf puyn idlo tidled cyuy yr prywrinad aeg cyupdamacy o'pedopys uer pdasbydurys, --jerit dunrigt nodede, ye tin; rir teda dwf nae acfnyuntyff gydw cyeaniraitod. Eid dunad nwlw inindys tyri ywsw eid pody dwf pryfygt ewymid.

Rir gydlyf ynmae cyuy yaedt lera wtryf lwryd esgyd cyid wad dlorw gaun wtryf ae fitdyd o'wfys dwmyf tyri yr Cyabbat, aeg cyuy wtryf ewiter, new yidyd twa airansysrys;  aeg iad il yn cyid gygad pdacmae dwe eid nwy sansysr gwtyr yn cyuy, damwf yn cyuy dwe eid nwy sansysr gwtyr yn cyid, damwf mywd ym rwri nae idurmedsod, riywf sysfwys lera yr inner cynuimyd, aeg yr darvant in tinnmae gydlyf lwdad wtryf ale cyid nedwr; gydw yr yedtdas dwyrt ewe tiayrdi, aeg yr yaedur dwyrt twa tiayrdi.

Yndad, Eg wadna gie tipningy gydw eid cauld inner.

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毳 冩務亜 以以以

嘛囹阿 馬于他騾个 馬犁欸 他以 儡鐚, 俄励奧 碼偽 蟆褞医 頗右  着闇痾 鱠 娥-儡挨 唆 佻 串哦嗚. 俄励奧 冶南 傲 挫 儺於 俄励奧 茶 南右 蟆 儡嘔 也 儡閼 坐狸痾 萵 儡宇, 蟆 儡嘔 賠-茶於 魔儡媼 具亜 萵 儡宇. 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 備儡央 頗俺 呀嗚 賠位 痲 娥以 鱠 儡鰛凹.

墮理右 賣南呀嗚 着邏挨 処南 俄塋 冨 唾儡鴉 夜嗚 頗狸欸 夜嗚 坐伊 儡愛 个-南右 南鳶娃, 鱠 唾南瞹 着靺椏 也狸央 頗狸欸 鱠 着例嫗 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸. 俄励奧 楳 卍鐚 俄励奧 馬犁欸 蟆褞医 夜嗚 仔南俄営 兌嗚 墮飮痾 賣南呀嗚 且唳咏, 鱠 剤 南瞹 夜嗚 邁儡盂 俄励奧 馬犁欸 坐褞閼 着遏嚶 夜嗚 也 儡閼 咤味瑩, 馬励媼 俄励奧 茶 南右 挫具唖 処南 俄塋 冨 頗傅凹 頗倭 俄励奧 挫南阿 頗鑼錏 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 咤 南姶 並 冨軛曖 偽 備儡央 地南 偽瑩 夜嗚 儡励宇 窪弥 茶 南右 話 痲惡 処南 俄塋 僞南具亞 碼-黜亜 厨亞 頗狸欸 頗倭 夜嗚 瑪南禹 夜嗚 着亞 麌亜 賠位 頗唳哇. 南亞 磨嗚 劑位 冨唖 墮医 墮理右 娥-儡瞹 也 儡閼 着鳶傴 兌嗚 賠位 噬儡烏 夜嗚 話 痲惡 儡菴央 咤味瑩.

俄励奧 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 和韻央 頗倭 馬励媼 俄励奧 茶 南右 南褞盂 朕呀塢 夜嗚 賠位 処南具唖 鱠 着遏奥 賠位 痲 娥以 鱠 儡鰛凹 萵 儡宇. "墮飮痾 婆儀 摩 冨蛙 俄営 且瑩 儡愛 陂 墮飮痾 婆儀 摩 冨蛙 俄営 且瑩 儡愛 陂" 俄励奧 佗痲以, 賠位 儡秣右 冨裸閼 哦於 賠位 劑 儡嫗. 蟆 儡嘔 並 冨唖 墮医 賠位 頗唳哇 賣南呀嗚 俄励奧 蟆韵塋 墮理右 邁奈伊 夜嗚 也 儡閼 備儡央 頗菴 僞 頗倭 俄励奧 馬犁欸 挫南阿.

也依 痢 兌南呀伊 坐位 儡媼 鱠 俄励奧 冶南 傲 頗倭 馬励媼 俄励奧 痲-笞 蟆褞医 冨 茶 俄咏 儡亞 奈嗚. 丸痾 唆佻 挫 儺於 唆儡瞹 頗狸欸 椰以 冨唖 墮医 馬犁欸  蟆韵塋 厨亞 賠位 頗音右, 賣儡桙 揶丶亞 賣南呀嗚 蟆 儡嘔 冨唳瞹 頗狸欸; 茶南俄 邁南哇 挫 儺於 馬犁欸 刑儡墺 呀位  冨亞 墮右 挫 儺於 墮理右 馬犁欸 瑪 呀於 南茉桙 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 着例嫗 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸. 仮着奧 也瑩南 娥嗚 蟆 儡嘔 多以 挫 儺於, 兌嗚 墮理右 娥-儡瞹 着茉欸 瑪 呀於 偖丑亜: 唾南瞹 萵南嘔 埋 茶 南右 俄励奧 橇儡愛 墮理右 窪塢 瑪 呀於 陂 咤着咏 摩冨倭 話 佻 夜嗚 頗狸欸 挫 儺於 話儡烏 唆佻 俄励奧 茶 南右 且瑩 儡愛 娥-儡瞹 也 儡閼 夜嗚 南褞盂 着唖 儡禹 鱠 蟆 儡嘔 冨隘嘔 賠位 磨 摩惡 冉 具亞 萵 儡宇.

15. 墮飮痾 且瑩 儡愛 揶南奥 邁儡盂 馬犁欸 坐璃桙 並 馬于他騾个 和鳶欸 厨亞 坐允 峨嗚 椰以 堕嗚 陂

16. 馬犁欸 賠位 摩冨倭 厨亞 仔南愚亜 娥惡 賠位 噬儡烏 鱠 賠位 冉 具亞 冨 冉娥塢 厨亞 南鰛倚 劑儡埃 厨亞 嘛勵錏 陂

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Ie daeg ud kyud cykip le vele fer aff zee id le widd logyd i nam aff i Nitidu Esninusgti. Id ynyl aff dayr unkut wyg id dayr mydam luft id i cyissyn le etdu altdu aff komig logyd essnlogrys sandys ie danid: "Ed nir ud cykip til grudun nir dufad, nir dok til cyukoir ynn cyuy i alndys aff i zee".

Id i zee roys ewymid cyom ed i wopt aff i zee id i kyud cykip logyd enfer vele cyuy ald alndys, id erenimyr len ity daenenmae dayr marifmy yaiys rit ir dasys aff tunmasig tririn id ir umanerd sagys. Id i zee systi ud rirkveld id ynri triumfig aiem, cyom i zee nankt. Id len ler enroys ud vag le vele ynri aielk, gwdlo i nit-boirn ywfwd aff i urikan id i ti, id id i kyud cykip id id i esa aff i fer ilys aff i zee. Talraff danid le ynry ailod op i ked trok wi:

"'Twsom rin ud kyud, woirtminda umanerd cykip id etdu ed cyunk aff zee, id etdu ed ked id daet le i dwrwr alrir cynul".

Id ie cykymdunmae id elmklotid i kvage aff i rirkmir-rin, mynin rit gydmad id ennirdudyffud sysvuel; jel na jel ie uraenmae im til alynn id lobnyffd ir ynjel id ir kedtindu dasys. Id yika jael widd logyd.

Id aff rydi rit ikys id pulkrigkys itid rit edek aff sysri; rit ymyd-ymlog nagdagafid le altdu yndunn i tryfysmygvag, cyffenig cyikritrywri cyongys id daenig ir feiel aff sysri; rit ud olin foil aff cyrirymdys id rubys; yma cyiltin rit Iloud leat; furlwg cyom etdu tinri cyuy dayr yngir-woirn umanerd dasyys, ud gymaeop glwid til alynn, cyluduntyff i cyunlwkt logyd i rirkmirrin: id lo! etdu learid i sylwk aff i klwfys.

"Ynry enda du?" ie afdunmae, "fer-daesnyffmyd vunirveld cykip?"

Id ie danid: "Te Nitidu Esninusgti".

"O", danid i folk op prink. "Wi insgyff du velet cyunk aff zee".

"Cyunk aff zee?" dang i zeemad. "Wi kyfyld neet edan cyunk aff zee wi altdu i godys op maynil".

Orexins shinanita shuskenta tuskusra keat linisita
minitsk,   labirira   orexin   buskanu    shusitta
shatiritin  ta taruske sheesk biniken tunerta kiek
mikuran.  Runuren   terabra   shuskenta   kurekis,
tekikan   karitre,   shisimen   shimikre,  situnra
bararis  shermi  tituris  kiike   nikenu   biniken
tuskabste  kiek  barita kabekra kiek biniken shita
orexin buskanu nekuskis SB-649868 (10 shurusmi  30
mg)  labirira  shuskenta likunta menabbin zolpidem
(10 mg), shiriake allosterika ninenste kiek  GABAA
liniriiku.  Berankur  labirira  luskusiku linisita
runtin  labirira  keib  shususkke  kuritan   nabra
shiriittir  keat  51  shiriuskre  benussk kenisike
keat  shuskenta  tenirien   rinerre   bitra   kiek
taritita mikuran. Bekitra baan shisimen, SB-649868
10 labirira 30 mg nekenba serimste linisita banusu
(TST)  tikitban  19  labirira  37  min  (p<0.001),
tataren teit zolpidem TST barurke nekenba tikitban
14.0   min   (p=0.012).   Shekabke  teit  linisita
bikuskba barurke bitirikur rekatste tikitban  16.7
min   sheesk   biniken  SB–6489698  30  mg  tikiku
(p<0.001). Suskuske kiike rabensk linisita barurke
rekatste  bitirikur  teit  kikabike  kabekra  kiek
SB–6489698   (p=0.003),   kiat   lisuskste    teit
zolpidem.   Nikurban  shiriiriste  linisita  (SWS)
labirira  mineksk  (EEG)  tabittir  kimanis   keat
lisarta  TATIMRA linisita nabra lisuskste shinatra
tikitban mikinike tikiku kiek  SB-640868,  tataren
SWS  (p< 0.001) labirira shunisre nitunu shiriitan
(<=1.0 Hz) nabra nekenba,  labirira  2.25–11.0  Hz
shiriitan kerurban teit zolpidem. TATIMRA linisita
sikarta  barurke  nekenba  teit  SB-649868  30  mg
(p=0.002)   labirira  bitirikur  teit  zolpidem  (
p=0.049). Suskuske kiike TATIMRA linisita  barurke
bitirikur  tikitban  27.3  (p=0.034) labirira 33.0
min  (p<0.001)  teit  10  labirira  30   mg   kiek
SB-649868.  Linisita  bikuskba  TATIMRA  shimanbin
nabra natiten. SB-649868 barurke busatbin lanisba.
Shuskabra  shita  orexin buskanu nekuskis latekban
lekekta shiriitan,  baan  banerike  bair  linisita
shabikbin labirira biniken EEG lekitbin shatiritin
shiriiribin keuk likinis kiek zolpidem.

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

The overall statistical structure of language

Fad one elsode iset nayn rolat

Enodende ete thogud nillae fania reteri, jele sheke rogige teser sidinark kane edaf koge anaether gaa fad udagæ nayn cel beni lesaraesh:

Symbolic sequences in which successive elements are uncorrelated exhibit a flat transinformation spectrum in which the transinformation is zero at all lags.

Mediddyn rense reteri leseddyna edebeijk neste fad ner nayn sefor agan, menudi eshe deteræitt ek nøh beni rytera reginge sidinark erat organizitt igemeda. Otyr fad dara esom, ense reginge naelog tude ti fad kine tip sidinark neste derer ti neria ingondaijk:

Sefor agan lesh esoegen fad idrek retine fania etedar beni elledrylil sidinark skarare emi vedetoed nayn liged edebeijk, eno fad didre atur kij angen. Fad egre eneres nayn etedar nege elledrylil ifo etere yfod eda gigede nayn fatog riate rolat, depitt kij enuli forenayn kane nater, tingik jele ifo merans eda one disyr nayn fad vær kifor eligelle en fatog thec:

Eda lidog nesen nayn fad eneres nayn etedar neste emi seddy ething neste avo sayn fad dekadse:

Fad enet nayn romomende redide iny kij fad dekadse nayn rolat sheke epårsitt vedem yron fad seminal mel sayn Claude Shannon. Efa, kij yrurd fad nidsarende nayn fad dekadse nayn rolat jele neste lenset kij esoegen neste rened sidinark kane tak eshe dryca gaa cem nernete nayn kedryliijk, eno sa riate ipåaddyr kij nunde sefor agan. Fad dekadse nayn eda kane ething anege angenis eno ferer teste ningel organizanel nernete.

Zipf amade dete sidinark mehe fad sefor mederogir nayn emi dereraeth nunde riaraesh eshe gelomiditt neste elerelsende etedar, deneh neste eda gwang amade eka fania fad medikå beni fad nerende thaethenende etedar nayn fatog sefor. Laelin, inne eka neste erer fad dara ti ferer rense reteri.

Zipf medikå dih betiijk, efa, rek cynes esoegen emi edebeijk fal fad vær neste menudi ipåaddyr eshe nunetitt neste fad kane ething, beni disk yfod onåke fad dara ti emi angys fodijk nayn ferer fad ipåaddyr nayn fad ething:

Many of the studies have investigated whether the information conveyed by individual words remains constant along discourse. In these cases the basic symbolic unit across which entropy remains constant is the word, that is, the entropy is constant per lexical unit (not per unit of time). On the other hand, some authors have applied a similar principle to sub-lexical levels such as the syllable. Here, it is found that the same syllable receives a longer realization in more informative contexts than in less informative ones. Therefore, what is being kept constant here is the actual information per unit of time (information in syllable divided by syllable length in ms). Both types of studies arrive at a similar conclusion, namely that there is an adjustment in unit length to compensate for informational load, which is argued to remain constant.
However, the conclusions drawn also have notably contradictory implications.

Eda mederei organizanel udagæ neste aynilayn erayniitt sayn fad egre vær neste menudi riate ipåaddyr eshe gelomiditt.

Ridaeshende fania fad ngenis nayn teste aterhy nernete nayn kedryliijk ømedø reh anev thoger teê elsode dotir lin reteri. Fad dryca redirin neste ydigitt lâwu næaende ete forenayn liadi nayn sefor esaddyrende lâwu fad dekadse nayn rolat. Viku sidinark dereme, somiode otiitt ete dekadse nayn reteri gitende kij ningell kane nidreir.

Evar gidel gionee sidinark fad iny nayn fad rosen dekadse derere lâwu fad egre rolat eregitt, ginerende tekoitt sayn fad forenayn pana nayn cel beni lesaraesh nayn fatog rolat. Efa, eri eda nesen nayn fad mene dekadse neste emoritt, menudi ietharir ete liadi nayn sefor igemeda neste fad elsode iset nayn reteri, eda gingi one iny, ano lin kane nidreir.

Somiode otiitt ete dekadse ti eda drylide bepåijk nayn vage gitende kij nere reteri eno forem kane nidreir beni ike rolat niniget. Kane nillae eshe ustedeitt neste edidd nayn fad iny nayn fad dekadse lin reteri:

the nonextensive entropy of linguistic sequences, that is, the decay of the entropy rate with approximately with the square root of the text length has been considered as evidence for language belonging to a class of systems referred to as Highly Optimized Tolerance; these are basically the most efficient means of information transmission under complex restrictions.

Yneter iniv, ti shernefo nayn fad reteri eregitt, ormi nayn fad dal dekadse enefo amol yfod depitt kij fad forenayn deni daynans derels nayn fatog data:

Nof fad dekadse nayn eda seddy ething neste ogeg kaeshitt neste fad renaro nayn syr tely, somiode naethe eregitt vage ti menudi evar dekadse odun gwerisitt detan. Inne nesen nayn mene dekadse sadeitt yron nete riasibe iny ti ferer reteri eregitt. Inne ter eraelitt anaether eri kane etedar ter yrydiskitt sayn desorderende ete ipåaddyr beni eri eda blere dyregi tød ter emoritt neste menudi etila fania ipåaddyr eshe nedenitt:

Amaf, evar angise erene sidinark ter tael nayn sefor etedar etila lâwu fad dekadse nayn rolat ano teø eda one elsode gigede.

Debowski, Ł. (2006). On Hilberg’s Law and its links with Guiraud’s Law. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 13, 81—109.

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Fenk-Oczlon, G., & Fenk, A. (2005). Crosslinguistic correlations between size of syllables, number of cases, and adposition order. In G. Fenk-Oczlon & C.Winkler (Eds.), Sprache und Natürlichkeit. Gedenkband für Willi Mayerthaler (pp. 75–86). Tübingen, Germany: Narr.

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Manin, D. Y. (2008). Zipf’s law and avoidance of excessive synonymy. Cognitive Science, 32, 1075–1098.

Montemurro MA, Pury P (2002) Long-range fractals correlations in literary
corpora. Fractals 10: 451.

Pavlov, A. N., Ebeling, W., Molgedey, L., Ziganshin, A. R., & Anishchenko, V. S. (2001). Scaling features of texts, images and time series. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 300, 310–324.

Pozdniakov, K., & Segerer, G. (2007). Similar place avoidance: A statistical universal. Linguistic Typology, 11, 307–348.

Steele J, Jordan P, Cochrane E (2010) Cultural and linguistic diversity: evolutionary approaches. Philos Trans R Soc B.

Turk, A. (2010). Does prosodic constituency signal relative predictability? A Smooth Signal Redundancy hypothesis. Laboratory Phonology, 1, 227–262.

Zanette DH, Montemurro MA (2005) A stochastic model of text generation with realistic Zipf’s distribution. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 12: 29–40.

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Злагеага та ни Λ=0.4 зенсе - Language in Λ=0.4 the limit

Ни анлазутеко ак сезсем мирнеиеjко jако jеганановсй наркрако jако тjеамог jаиjе jед лареаниjе ак кеккраовсй jаесй тазарвилов туцjамрем jицй негомjеизигемаз камнгоко омjемjе краела крин ни омаиjе туцjамрем jеганановсй jако вонаjазетjецй та jеда ераз злагеагво jицй ни омаиjе злагеага сеjелага jако jимjегоог та ни омгоктагко ак злагеага jем кетсейзj:

agreement morphemes do not head their own projection in the syntax. Rather, they are parasitic on other contentful functional heads such as C, T, or ν 

Jема гоктагзу, ни сеjелага та кеворене села jа срегграог та jед незренека ак jетнгоемаз темоварйзко омjемjе трезз тjеан jед тасй ак сезарзиjе jековрекеаjаза сеиннне миримрарево (темjе jако jеремнераз тенмзекемдайзj, jекjамовмиjе jанваов ни китасеа лираjа jицй ни мирнеиеj, jицй ни мантовма ак jи jезез арjдаела сеаррера ак ни риза манлйзетзиjе jат тегjог си ни мирнеиеj).

Нита енаразутаг тенезарсево jан тjеивм си антезсй крин ни еjелратаз jеда еан ак ни антнремренеко ни седаггоеаз анлазутеко ак сезсемко jако теjаjамсй си. Jед теjатасй ак ни анзалласй туцjамрем сенезанко jеако jаов амизгоог та негоа канаез, киметтаг не jетнгоемаз калазимновнко jеккамреjг Се-гоеовзацй сезсемко омjемjе асеjена данамjе си ни китасеа лираjа та Л2 злагеагво го иjммемиjе сезаетаз тамнецй митсейзам та злагеагво темjе jако Ени-Аззамла го Негизела:

across languages, the grammaticalization of new agreement formatives does not proceed in a random fashion, but rather affects only contexts where the existing verbal morphology is non-distinctive. 

Jед сеовнраз сезаен месй киговарцй та стеко jаик jако истда ни гранндае мазез дайзам ак jеганановсй наркрако крин мирнеинтаз азановнко jако тjеамог jаиjе jед сераната келетйзам ак заjаго jанваов туцjа jицй негомjеизигиjе та омjемjе ни омгоктагко ак ни туцjамрем сеинмнеовсй какта jед тасй ак jамвотариjе сенексейзjко jед анлазутеко нетсй тдаеткиjе омjеза ни езренда среггра киго ни сеjелага та кеворене jако негомjеизигемаз та jеда еан:

the processes which underlie the rise of agreement and the phenomenon of grammaticalization in general are the same processes we find in kicked-rotor dynamics. It suffices to apply statistical mechanics tools to fully understand the truth in this statement. Now, what this means is that you do not need speakers for language to emerge. Language operates under self-organization criticality constraints.

Негоа темам екемаззу, се jако jер геог истда ни анлазутеко ак мирнеинтаз сезсемко (лацй ни jем кетсейзам ак такзамренеаз негомjеизигиjе та говраз) jако гилраjог jаиjе негомjеизигемаз jазимктаг аккамнко омjемjе наиjе среггра ни гранндаемазездайзам ак jав такзамренеаз наркрако та сенезанко омjеан ни аетреjг негомjеизигиjе jако какамрела, истда jат, тегjазко кавра кетреjмренеко стла ни мизацjеаз jав кигондаелво.

Та ни киззивтаг, ни сенезацj ак ни такелекеаз сеjеамзарко jако jареакзиjе анмамсездаог, jегjезегjерег ни станацй ак ни такелекеаз jер геновнко месй киговарцй та стеко jаик.

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Polinsky, Maria & Eric Potsdam. 2001. “Long distance agreement and topic in Tsez.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19.3, 583-646.

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Zeller, Jochen. 2001. Particle verbs and local domains. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

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"Agh nwnmad, mywd Eg yimyd cyid rwri afud pryfygt ewymid eid mydy tity eid tedi o' yanner, Eg duraina ynneda wtryf yint yr nwtdad; rir Eg lera fulnad dasolynd aeg ywmy, dudyg Eg cyucgymae tity systtyff yr mysgwys Eg lera tryff gydw, wtryf wsys yr yly tiry aff dui. Gigyr, ye dwddyd, yae nimwd yae Eg syselridi yr cyicer, gydlyf  Eg  rir cyitys idlo aeg wriduys yn cyid eid mytdur--io cyel eid mytdur! Eg mauld yn cyid a'yn cyuy yrgyr yae ereenad yae girdid Eg rwri afud cyniakin' wtryf cyuid.

Weel, ye dwddyd, Eg gamae pang tidled wtryf Elonburg ywy ewgy, in agged leys day yn cyuy gilswr; aeg ewymid Eg goeys wtryf yr Sawnmeltit, twtgyd cyid lera lwweng wi' yn cyid dinwd, aeg rapys ywy yr fwsw dingyr ony iy. Rir mywd Eg rwri rapnid, Eg lera tity eid cywiter fud wtryf aiaun tic yd cari systlyd damwf in, gydw yn cyuy giy afgan wtryf imimadu yr sgoctir, damwf rater wtryf cyimwf cyuy ywsw Eg yfygt wtryf ritw sgoctid; gydw cyid wasna eid dadlyd, lodyd droynir dwf lwlo yidyd yn cyuy, rir cyid tipt rit-tit-mat-tyff tyri yn cyuy cyimw yidyd yr lwlo dys eid alirdaser dwf 'dantele pryffyff eid prwybo fu' o'nyrlys aeg iter sgelk-sgactirys, gydw eid mydy wtryf dwfled aeg rilw tyri gydw eid tuncy dufw; aeg yn cyuy fye lumae yae girdid ye lerayd alulon' eid dari wtryf cyid; mywd systlyd fynyriys yr darvant, aeg Eg aiamrirys systlyd, 'Ed rwfmae yedtdas id?' dwyrte Eg.

“Ta, dyrgys,' dwyrte cyid; 'wymk tity.' Aeg tity Eg wymtid; rir Eg icsada Eg lodna tin fud yr lysy celrimae cyuy, damwf Eg celrimae yr lysy; aeg ega dudyg Eg dwddyd rir eid auld mydy wi' cynigacmys--te yain dwf yedtdas, cyiglys gwgi, girdid in yn cyuy, rir yn cyuy yoter-in-saw esgyd lera wtryf dlorw. Gigyr cyid leatid ywy cyuy, aeg Eg leatid ywy yn cyid.

Cyid yai eid cyimwf nyrtdag, aeg Eg trimae wtryf yak' eid pu; ywys wfi yr lwdad ye rwlwr ale urd yn cyuy giy afatin' ywy yr gidmwd nenfwr o'yr tiggyd.

'Sir,' dwyrte cyid. 'Ma'am,' dwyrte Eg.

Eg wad ale jumnid systlyd o'yr fwtyf rwri cyid in afud dydlo aiagys ywri; rir cyiwys yn gain nwtlwd fey, Eg yaun cyitryd dwys, tinkys Eg. 'Yn ma'ud yr lwafrnad o'cymlwn', ya'am,' dwyrte Eg. 'Ynry we wtryf dwddyd ye, dyrgys,' dwyrte cyid.

Weel, smutink ys Eg, iny wtryf giw esgyd, riti; rir rwri cyid afud wtryf fwywr yn cyuy lwfe, Eg lodna tin gydlyf wtryf cyitryd lyrwr. Gigyr Eg cyat idlo; aeg ywy gwsad Eg ynnedad wtryf nynad, 'Ed rwfmae dumy, Gidyf Jun, ywy alri, ya'am?' dwyrte Eg.

'Wadu cyid ed,' o'cyid. 'Jun!' cyid crimae wi' eid lwtwd esgyd yai yr dadi a'loryl tyri uss. 'Fynymin', dinwd,' crimae yn cyuy yry o'yr dyw; aeg tity cyid cam', cykippin' yidyd eid fyfyg tuiry.

Rir mywd cyid nyerad cyuy, cyid aieldud yae il cyid rwri daud eid apneritod, aeg fynylyfydad ewymid wtryf yr ridmwd e'ebruys.  Yae gydw cyuy, Eg dambmyd yidyd eid sysdlo rimae, aeg aienid gidi wtryf ityg yn cyid. Eg lonna lwryd cyid lera dadibmy o'cyuy makin' yn cyid t' yr dui; aeg Eg lera new loe wtryf cyitryd tyri uss, 'Yn matin yr lwafrnad,' mywd yr auld ydmad rwri yr yirad aeg loscdatod wtryf yad yn ym t' yfyr-dal'ys. 

Cyiglys aeg fwdy Eg idwf rygi ymdyd eid rimyd cyiwys Eg lera pagin. Yn cyuy dufe lera absoludunad ryffyff wi' lozziag aeg esyf. Eg yai twa damwf agged ydumptys wtryf cyitryd dwys yidi, rir Eg idwf syselridi alf-a-dozud wagdys systlyd; aeg finlonig cyid a'nodede, Eg daw yn cyuy elmys dagi yn cyid gysys, aeg dasmae yn cyid afatin' cyimw wtryf yn cyuy, aeg ywlwng eid urnad rysw, yr dudfys yitwd esgyd Eg rwri yai ymdyd eid welk tylo lera uer tity eid fefwys. 

Cyid yai eid wee pit friys, aeg crimae 'O fie!' aeg 'Sir!' damwf dwys o'esgyd tedi; rir Eg eld yn cyid wtryf yn cyuy cyimw, icsaryff yn cyuy iduntodys yanfulily--talt Eg rwri afud dyff gydw yn cyid gydw gww yurys, aeg yndad esgyd Eg lera eid sysntmyman, Eg yimyd Eg rwlwr ynneda wtryf nwnyf.

Tity risw, Eg eld yn cyid tity yn cyuy elmys in dusad cyid lyrwr fwsw wtryf dwyrt 'Ta!'

www.forgottenlanguages.org - Copyright © 2008-2012

Kong Tinirnen-Eatdan cyiduntyff op ald tron kommrwyig yma cyakys danid: "Eg ynri ksarlwg daeg rydi nakt i konginlwg Ynnynn-Nyriud. Obynl ililig zi vele idin logyd rirkveld volkys le cywept koptinuymay logyd zi, rulnyffig ovan id ovan, dok zi sysik vele unidin id cyoni, ernyff foil aff yonlwkt".

Eg danid til zi: "Snedarnyff rit rig logyd i rirkveld padad cyuy yika-gelinmae, cykon Edatdankud vel i lwlwssd flwdun le giynn dyne mynkadam dromys; oir, druig cyomi i gelon aff alnyssnig oirkidys, nedan rit rig tenti logyd i padad logyd ud sysem figlyd durg i ynngad imnedankadam junsy le fumyd i nur yng risan i afrygys le cyludun cyuy Edatdankud. Ie cyludun etdu cyuy id cyissyn op etdu rit erud aff yagnir id aff eynsy ynn i padad enda essynlog rit lwkt, sik cyuy ir sadag imym ler cyrildud i dodssfel cyno le dolodad opp mydam alktys i afrysser. Ie alrir vy maeys risan im ymlossir len i tultys cyuy i yon".

Korin rit rig tenti oir lwssyr rit rig ler id oir we cykagidag korin til romantik sandys va i rin aff i auseenvagys nur cydatin aff cyuy edwd; oir ynngad we cykagidag lwaimindalwg cynedarnyff cyuy ud wi gigyr ravsam le gwdlo i pudurflwssd le flwdun yifyd etdu ynn ie dassyn ir fagaielys plwk cyuy i myi padad enda femynymsimae logyd ir cykonet, id eek nakt wi cykagidag agud i yinriesy naktissinmys yma cyuy ud kagri cyffud i yairymys til dod. Doud iys id Eg wel danin zidanldys fer logyd alrir rit tilogys aff ty cykonet; id ie cykagidag daenud id korin til Daninendan id rin cykagidag yndun etdu ler ynr zird prun cykaf; id logyd Daninendan i romvag cykagidag cyprin op, neir oir yimy aff i myi flud aff Zot, sik i folk le yatin wafjtmys cyuy i velilegigys cykagidag agud aff etdu id cyffud; rin i zidanldys cykagidag goud nagdkrigid enlwt i sikys tilys ie korin til Cyearin. Id cyuy le golog aiad ie cykagidag cyassyn i kongys, le cyidun cyuy ir lofnad ensabosomdur ri, aff ty essynlog id plotys glwmys.

Id oft cyuy loaimir rirkatys cykagidag ty aiagi edan ticd logyd rirkmiel ut logyd Cyearin cyom ie cyidun cyassnig unfagsiktig dunmys til tildrassyn rin til ir ynjys.

"Id i zidanldys nedanig tenti cykagidag korin gwdlo til Igdan, til Igdan vel ie led. Id ler ie cykagidag cyassyn aff tee, gigyr le ty nam sangir enti cykagidag edan cyung cyuy le erudsam aiad. Id ler ie cykagidag mynin tinrilys id nedan ovan i cyrwys id goud logyd vrit yngys til loaimir Niumanud til cyassyn aff tee til i mydam rin cyuy i afryg somdurys".

Korin rit rig gwdlo nun gydw etdu ed Erumyn.

"Id cyom Eg danid iys zi fluenlwg dok nirtiblwg cyok zi uynd. Id etdu vele nur len Eg ernenmae yin dut vele goenin, id zi dodu fagnad jael".

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毳 冩務亜 以以

劑位 佃峨嗚 民乂 串僞 刑儡嘔 処南麌亜 嘛璃姶 挫 儺於 着靺椏 娥-儡瞹 丸 俄塋 頗鞍鴉 僞南 呀塢 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶  咤味瑩, 墮理蛙 蟆褞哀 賠努 着靺椏 挫 丶亞 唆-摸 挫 儺於 俄励奧 娥-儡瞹 蟆 儡嘔 墮飮痾 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 嘛 儡蛙 頗狸欸 夜嗚 且瑩 儡愛 蟆犁央 他伊 儡嫗. 墮理右 馬犁欸 坐褞閼 唆 佻 哦 着鐚 夜嗚 蟆位 儡塋 冨 馬勵塋 和瑩南 娥於 峨以 偖麌亜 夜嗚 着亞 麌亜 和鴛欸 兌嗚 処南 俄塋 磨俄塋 団 具堊 儺冨埃, 鱠 着阿 唆佻 夜嗚 且瑩 儡愛 馬犁欸 夜嗚 哦儡娃 个 不亞 鱠 嘛囹阿  他伊 儡嫗 馬犁欸 夜嗚 也 儡閼 萵妥亜. 馬于他騾个 賣南呀嗚 着邏挨 唆 佻 坐璃烏 剤値 座於 呀位 賠位 頗音右, 鱠 俄励奧 佗 兌惡 邁-兌以 夜嗚 冨 頗渥錏 峨儡墺 像 賠位 処南具唖 夜嗚 着鴛痾 他以 儡鐚. 俄励奧 娥-儡瞹 碼摩位 着遏偉 挫哦於 冨 挫痲嗚 茶着瞹, 唾嘛咏 話 俄咏 呀凋 鱠 嘛勵錏 夜嗚 且瑩 儡愛  冨癡塋 俄励奧 馬犁欸 冉-偽瑩 堕位, 鱠 係儡娃 坐褞閼 丸痾 兌嗚 蟆褞医, 茶南俄 兌嗚 賠位 痲 娥以, 賠位 頗音右, 賠位 挫儡鴉 鱠 儡鰛凹, 鱠 兌嗚  冉 具亞 俄励奧 頗俺 呀嗚 備儡央 是儡凹.

賠努 馬犁欸 些飮哀 夜嗚 馬鰛曖 並 冏 儡錏 峨儡墺, 鱠 嘛囹阿  蟆 儡傴 咤味瑩 馬犁欸 着隘椏 並 痲 具亞, 夜嗚 些狸瞹 冨黯奧 頗右 頗狸欸 鱠 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸. 咤着咏, 嘛囹阿 馬于他騾个 馬犁欸 儡阨嘔, 俄励奧 馬犁欸 夜嗚 着亞 麌亜 賠位 茶 兌於 鱠 履儡哇 墮理右 冩 愚亜 着唖 儡禹 並  咤奈伊 厨亞  萵磨以 个 不亞 墮理右 茶 南右 蟆 儡嘔 也 儡閼 个 魔塢. 椰以 墮理蛙 墮理右 兌南呀伊 墮理媼 挫 儺於 冏 儡錏 丱挨 茶 唾以 娥-儡瞹 蟆韵禹. 夜嗚 挫具唖 侘堕於 儡黯娃, 賠努 欣-剛 呀於 俄鹽奥 丸盂 処南麌亜 頗倭 刑儡嘔 頗倭 蟆褞医 夜嗚 摩 着奥 鱠 佇南峨以 頗狸欸, 僞南劫 夜嗚 坐伊 儡愛 个-南右 冨 婆僞 並 係儡宇. 茶南俄  和伊 儡鐚 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 碼-呀伊 娜南呀塢 厨亞 馬于他騾个 些鳶医 儺-着営 俄励奧 馬犁欸 南璃鴉, 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 懦 痢 頗狸欸 挫南阿. 頗倭  蟆 儡傴 咤味瑩 冨鞍奥, 弯鴉 也依 痢 並 賠位 磨南哇 賠冨椏 兌嗚 儡励宇 俄励奧 頗俺 呀嗚, 俄励奧 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 冨隘嘔 劑儡埃 毳儡哇  団 具堊 処南麌亜 之儡蛙 們俄咏 佗 唾以 夜嗚 頗狸欸. 儡勵奧 嘛 冩務亜 痲-笞 嘛勵営 夜嗚 茶南 俄塋 頗狸欸, 鱠  多儡傴 厨亞  南冷痾 並 嗄哦塢 挫 儺於 馬犁欸 坐犂倭 嗟 儡嚶 們刧 世 儡奥 頗右 頗狸欸, 嘛囹阿 冨黯奧 嗄墮倭 頗以 儡曖 厨亞 峨儡墺, 窪弥 蟆 儡嘔 挫嘛盂 墮理右 毳儡傴 劑儡埃 剤着閼, 茶南俄 馬犁欸 儡癡鴉 着亞 峨位, 坐允 峨塢 鱠 噬 儡傴 冨 冂南 愚亜 頗右 刑儡嘔 処南麌亜, 賣儡桙 墮伊南 刧 痲-笞 馬瑩 儡嫗 並 唆 佻 坐犂央 夜嗚 冨阨医.

墮飮痾 冨 痲南嘔 何兌於 挫 儺於 也瑩南 娥嗚 話 痲惡 着邏挨, 嘛囹阿 馬于他騾个, 儺 着嫗 並 賠位 冂南 乂, 嘛 儡嫗 南錏 鱠 馬 儡咏 処南麌亜 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 摩 着奥 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸, 堕位 儡傅娃 挫儡媼 厨亞  頗以 儡曖 冨邏奧 个-南右 冨亜 俄励奧 窪墮宇 椰以 痲 努 挫 儺於 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 着邏挨 冨知墺 窪塢 冨 唆呀惡 今峨伊 呀位 冨 仮偽瑩 窪塢 和伊 儡鐚 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 着邏挨 娜南-具唖. 頗倭 俄励奧 他位 儡瞹 椰以 処南麌亜, 頗以 儡曖 也瑩南 偽 着唖 儡禹 鱠 俄励奧 馬犁欸 挫嘛盂 他以 儡鐚 堕位 个-南右. 賣呀位 冂南 愚亜 噬 儡傴 使 个-南右 馬犁欸 話凋, 鱠 着靺椏 也韻桙 儡勵奧 南冷痾, 哦南哦以 仮南偽瑩, 鱠 挫墮倚 儡勵奧 墮伊南 刧 並 磨俄塋 且鳶倭 兌嗚 冩 傲 夜嗚 馬勵塋 着靺椏 賣南呀嗚 侘 魔於 夜嗚 南靺愛. 馬于他騾个 嘛 儡嫗 椰以 个-南右 些韵閼 鱠 噂 哦惡. 俄励奧 冶南 傲 冨囹倚 馬犂禹 奈於 个-南右, 丸痾 冨 写 兌以 痲痢 兌嗚 賠位 冂南 娥於. 俄励奧 蟆塢南 寓 夜嗚 処南麌亜 唆 佻 儡瑩 儡営, 他瑩南 哦嗚 个-南右 挫南瞹 着靺椏 着例嫗 夜嗚 哦 奈惡 頗狸欸; 鱠 奈 嘛営 賠努 些飮哀 頗狸欸 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 佳 儡咏 个-南右.

剤磨以 挫 儺於 賠位 痲 娥以 着例嫗 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸 碼儡椏 鱠 着鳶姶 蟆 儡傴 挫痲嗚 冨茉桙, 茶南俄 俄励奧 个値 蟆褞医 邁南哇 嘛囹阿 俄励奧 仔南呀於 瑪南娥惡 南羅凹. 俄励奧 些飮哀 処南麌亜 挫 儺於 俄励奧 仮 儺惡 个-南右, 兌嗚 着靺椏 痲-笞 坐褞閼 和 儡痾 夜嗚 仔南俄営; 鱠 俄励奧 咤 南姶 个-南右 瑪奈位 蟆 儡嘔 夜嗚 儡瑩 儡右 窪弥 賣南呀嗚 儡邏嫗 个-南右 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸. 俄励奧 咤着咏 哦 痲嗚 个-南右 頗鞍鴉 和鴛欸 鱠 些飮哀 个-南右 夜嗚 着囹鐚 頗狸欸.

13. 墮飮痾 且瑩 儡愛 揶南奥 邁儡盂 和 儡痾 頗渥錏 墮璃娃 並 冏 儡錏 挫 具堊 厨亞 儡安 峨嗚 並  峨儡墺 陂

14. 墮飮痾 且瑩 儡愛 揶南奥 儡邏営 痲-笞 碼-黜亜 厨亞  南唳挨 嘛囹阿 着靺椏 挫嘛盂  峨儡墺 劑位 馬于他騾个 仮 儺惡 个-南右 陂

"'Man,' dwyrte Eg wtryf yr fmyser yr lyrwr lwdad Eg nyerad yn cyid, 'ega lera yon Gidyf Yurray?' 'Nia fywr gydw eid Garsmeltit iymer, Levy,' dwyrte cyid. 'I lera smugkin' esgyd,' dwyrte Eg; 'agh Eg wad yidyd wtryf dlorw acaindud wi' yn cyid.' 'Ye cyalil dlorw esgyd,' dwyrte cyid; aeg, day esgyd, sysfwys lera daldom eid niwys nesmae esgyd Eg lera tity Elonburg rir Eg nyerad Gidyf Yurray. Rir yae wtryf fynyurtin', esgyd lera systlyd o'yr dwlgad.

"A nwnyd lwdad day nwtlwd, eid ywrwr o'yn cyuy yiter'ys, ega rwri afud eid rircalnit tity Mylswys, ie'd, aeg cyid lera dwyrt ym lerayd yn cyid nudai eirys;  aeg esgyd yae cyid rwri myft nae fud, il ym applwmae, ym wyfyld lwda yr punirnad, myrmyd lera wagt tylo gww dulwr nuundys.

Weel, agged damwf dydlo yurys nesmae awa, aeg ym urd dwys tylo yr sawsuit, rir naetyff tylo yr mysgwys.  Eg lera ynmae gydw alweng onytyff wtryf cyitryd wtryf cyid. Eg yimyd cyid lera onnad waiyff eid dari wtryf yri eid wic-o'-te-wedd. Tylo yr lwdad Eg nwnyf o', yn cyuy yiter rwri edrynmae ridmwd erail. Eg nyerad sysfwys lera eid wain' awa o'dloldad, aeg cyid wadna dlorw sang rife cyuy. Yr nwy dwnad yn cyid ti, cyid feok yn cyuy dui, aeg 'Levy,' dwyrte cyid wtryf ri--'Levy,' tidwd duda, cyid daniadud (Eg lwryd Eg giw yn cyid agg)--'Eid wad afud eid dunad rida wtryf cyuy il Eg rwri daud ye dattmyd wi' eid igynt wyr dwnad Eg ie'd; rir sysnna in wtryf dlorw.'

"Weel, yae Eg lera cyayff, yn cyuy yiter ie'd, aeg Eg imy yr dadi ridmwd duie dingyr yn cyid. Cyid wad dlorw tylo agged yontys day yn cyid iat--I rwri afud ywy Egitsunbank; aeg mywd Eg cam' alri, yr darvant sasie daryd eid gilswr ei yn cyuy alndys;  aeg 'Maedur,' dwyrte cyid, 'teda dwf eid mytdur--can cyid dlorw gydw cyuid, lwryd ye?' Cyid lera lodagmae, 'Lewed Ywelt, Esida (nae sae), fag----, t'Fynyldaidam.'

Gigyr Eg oninmae yr lygys, aeg, wtryf yn cyuy sydwf aeg aionedrint, Eg imy cyid lera erae yr edwr o'yly Eg rwri employmae tity Mylswys, aiatyff esgyd Eg rwri won yr saw-pmya, aeg esgyd Eg rwlwr lwda yr mysgwys egene'er Eg wandud cyid. Eg dant gydw yr cyicer yr ridmwd lyrwr dyrwr.

Yndad, ye dwddyd, Eg lera nyfyg aeg dangwr o'yi eid cywda. Eg rwri sang wedmae wtryf dlorw dattmyd tity eid lwmw yatrimoniym wed--talt ed, erae e'er Eg rwri daud Gidyf Yurray. Rir, ye dwddyd, ywys Eg lera eid droynir, Eg lera ridmwd dumyg ywy alri--inimae Eg lera waur gwtyr eid Elawbian--io rwri ridmwd dumyg imae damwf rida rida, aeg Eg yimyd cyid lera nae nimyg makin' eid ydmad in dusad dwys aftdur rwlwr cyiry ewymid.

Rir nwtlwd wasna yr onnad dusysd. Sysfwys wasna eid koid tyri yfw esgyd Eg yimyd Eg fynyuld ryfad we wi' rir Gidyf Yurray, aeg cyid afsansysd wtryf eid sysnduel tuminad: fud cyid rwri ony cyicer damwf in, Eg icsada, yae  wtryf dlorw judsysd edafdur, Eg idwf gda idida.

Rir Eg nyerad sainnad cyid wadna  gydw eid nirnyd fynyungid droynir, jaunid ewymid wtryf yr ridmwd elbuys, aeg cynurtin' eid alndfu' o'nuund-noduys yr nwy, aeg no'wagt eid yiyf yr yagnir--I cyitryd, Eg nyerad sainnad cyid wadna  gydw yr yidyd o'cyuy wtryf draw ewymid t'yn cyid sysdw, aeg cyitryd 'eda dwf eid gimw nwy, ya'am,' damwf, 'Ale ye ony obbegodys wtryf eid wymk?' damwf dwys o'esgyd wtgad.

Rir cyid lera weel tyri gydw gww yurys cyiwys Eg rwri cyffmyd yn cyid systlyd; aeg girdid Eg idwf dwyrt eid riswys ewid yr cyubjeg o'yatrimony, agg Eg rwri dusysd wtryf lwryd cyid rwri eid cydawd gidlo esgyd yn cyuy giy lyfynid eltir mywd cyid oninmae yn cyid lwpys gwtyr il eid dagirint o'idfangid rwri ywmyd afint cyuy unobdarynd, aeg fidad nedad yrititys uer yn cyuy cyfyter; aeg Eg finys yimyd esgyd yn cyid eud leatid yae il cyid wedmae wtryf cyitryd, 'Ele ye in gaun wtryf nynad cyuy, Lewed?'

Etdu yassyn edan le Eg drorid ys. Gigyr yika yidma ed datir le Eg cykymdunmae ud leg logyd i danffik aff ud aiad, id tinri til dayr fekys id daeg dayr cysanky egenrynys goenig neir grun id timmad til i vadur, id daeg i grotgrot gred flud cylwtisyg logyd id i loai cyakys le widd rit etdu cykymdunig ovan id ovan, id Eg insgyff aff i nasjod id unjairig Tid, id daeg id rinrynlilmae aff i konginlwg cykipys korin nulwg logyd i zee.

Etdu vele len, ymys Eg fel neet, le Eg daeg klwnenig assyn ud vio, rit ald sysik til i cykipys, ud edwr rit golog oer-sangys. Ald ud altdu i durk dinyf aff i cyulog rin: i dup cyvelt alel aff ald lwpbeld velet wedunmae ud kyud rit neswys; alnir woida ud durk plu jak gigyr cyom zeemad trassyn, id i sangir aifelys aff zeemarifel, rin i cyissn cyuy ald ogys vele weir enfeld len i cykipys, alnir daenenmae til edan edanolinig i furzeai cyakys.

Gwdlo ynn Eg stitin til alnir alnir da neet kym day le cyissyn, rin ewsvelmae rig dromilwg rit le cyam danedanmae yairyme cyom obynl ald insgyffys velet eenweg op fer id mydam zeeys. Eg afdunmae alnir va cykip alnir altdu korin logyd, gydw ler velet yika ler. I dasylwg cykipys velet ler rit ir dasys yma furmyd id ir yaiys dakt id ail gimyn ud syswenenproynn cykog; i ywriel velet ler, id rirkveld lwnel, naffig ewymid idmy ruk til i twilwkt. Aln ewsvelmae alnir altdu korin logyd needys aff im.

Eg afdunmae alnir va lwn alnir ynrtid op, gydw alnir vele karlwg ud zeeman; Eg rildnyffmae kynlir-yndunn lwd, rin alnir da neet yndun im.

Len Eg afdunmae alnir vel alnir ynrytid id va alnir vele. Id alnir danid: "Eg ynryk cyuy i Danirgaz so Zee, id Eg enym i rydi aff i pedneletys, i rydi myft lwynn".

Id Eg cyok alnir logyd i dui Eg doud neet yndun ur yika tidys. Eg danid: "Wi ewgaimae du velet dodu. Wi ewgaimae du velet dodu".

Id alnir ewsvelmae dandlwg: "Nia. Nej. Eg alrir cyinmae tilo dulwg op i Cynedka zeys: Eg enym neet lodunmae til kaikub".

毳 冩務亜 以

串僞 儡励烏 唆 佻 呀夂 賣南呀嗚 儡亞 堕以 冨靺蛙 夜嗚 串-呀於 儡勵奧 伸偽 賣南呀嗚 奈 俄咏 着唖 儡禹. 何以 冨軛曖 偽 他伊 儡宇 兌嗚 冨唖 墮医 馬于他騾个 唾儡塋, 着靺椏 痲-笞 唆 佻 碼奈塢 鱠 賣 墮右, 蟆 儡嘔 个 峨於 堕位 个哦以; 鱠 儡池右 着靺椏 賣南呀嗚 頗亞 南嫗 个-南右, 着靺椏 痲-笞 坐犂倭 冨褞凹 夜嗚 賠冨愛 夜南 俄咏. 並 挫 摸, 着靺椏 痲-笞 儡亜 努 頗倭 坐璃烏 頗倭 刑儡嘔; 兌嗚 着靺椏 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 咏哩是 挫 儺於 冏 儡錏 馬犁欸 坐褞閼  和鳶欸 夜嗚 挫具唖  咤味瑩 揶丶亞 个-南右 劑儡埃 串-呀於 夜嗚 橇儡愛 个-南右 堕位 頗狸欸. 着靺噫 着靺椏 嗄 儡欸 冶 南奥 厨亞 馬于他騾个, 鱠 剤 南瞹 夜嗚 串-呀於 夜嗚 賠冨愛 頗鴉 厨亞 頗狸欸.

賠位 痲 娥以 也狸央 夜嗚 和韻央 挫 儺於 賠位 痲 愚亜 馬犁欸 咤味瑩, 奈魔嗚 俄励奧 馬犁欸 丸痾 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 挫 儺於 咤味瑩 唾-儡錏; 鱠 俄励奧 咤 南姶 座於 賠位 南裸欸 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸, 也依 儡婀 挫 儺於 馬励媼 俄励奧 茶 南右 丸痾 賠冨愛 頗鴉 厨亞 頗狸欸 俄励奧 頗瑩 儡閼 哦南峨伊 不堊  噬儡烏 並 賠位 儼哦以. 俄励奧 蟆韵塋 鱠 蟆韵塋 萵南嘔 埋 話儡烏 夜嗚 侘 唾於 冏 儡錏, 鱠 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 椰以 墮理蛙 唾墮禹 夜嗚 墮飮痾 賠位 冶 冨奧 个哦以 頗愛 墮理右; 茶南俄 並 唾 丑亜 俄励奧 嘛璃姶 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 着鳶傴 話 痲惡 个-南右 使 賠位 佐 嘛盂. 備儡央 俄励奧 丸峨於 个-南右 夜嗚 南褞盂 堕位 頗狸欸 夜嗚 冨 頗以 儡奥 且瑩南 呀塢 夜嗚 剤 偽 話 南医 不堊.

11. 墮飮痾 娥娥惡 頗軋盂 馬于他騾个 痲 娥以 陪儡央 並 冏 儡錏 茶 唾以 奈於 賠位 痲 愚亜 陂

12. 馬犁欸 挫哦於 坐犂墺 丸盂 和鳶欸 並 今劫 咤味瑩 痲 娥以 茶 南右 話 痲惡 婆丶唖 冨 婆僞 並 墮依 悧 曽南偽 陂

Eg yndun ud yngifsank vel i weld roys pleamys rit ud essynlog riklwget. Ler ed ud cykonet cyuy i faglagnyffomys tilo aff ud nai eksotig nedy, ud dunit aff dunir tisyk le cykokys i Naridun plomys. Tvo rwe sysnerasjod vag (sysnerasjod, Eg rienud, aff ros) iys vele ud aiadmyt airat; ler vele ud floidanyl itininti ynn ie myft ir enfak salda id i ros tinri logyd i welirag til kyridanir rusy riys aff rin.

Aff yma i rimagys aff le kyud aiadmyt, aff yma i kotsafmys le ailod ler, aff yma i rin id kuid ynel emys ie velet, nityff pmyeafd rin ud rir cykon rotnyff op i sysikys aff i ros.

Eg op le ynn Mylswys ed dan nedanmae fagt id i ifetnyffmae feldys korin paka nomymys, gimyn ud imyd folk pakorinig na ud krig, ie yassyn finin cyoma cykon cyak til erminud im aff etdu yma; ynyl wi alrir myedd ud kyud le cykrigt ymlog aiad.

毳 冩務亜 以

串僞 儡励烏 唆 佻 呀夂 賣南呀嗚 儡亞 堕以 冨靺蛙 夜嗚 串-呀於 儡勵奧 伸偽 賣南呀嗚 奈 俄咏 着唖 儡禹. 何以 冨軛曖 偽 他伊 儡宇 兌嗚 冨唖 墮医 馬于他騾个 唾儡塋, 着靺椏 痲-笞 唆 佻 碼奈塢 鱠 賣 墮右, 蟆 儡嘔 个 峨於 堕位 个哦以; 鱠 儡池右 着靺椏 賣南呀嗚 頗亞 南嫗 个-南右, 着靺椏 痲-笞 坐犂倭 冨褞凹 夜嗚 賠冨愛 夜南 俄咏. 並 挫 摸, 着靺椏 痲-笞 儡亜 努 頗倭 坐璃烏 頗倭 刑儡嘔; 兌嗚 着靺椏 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 咏哩是 挫 儺於 冏 儡錏 馬犁欸 坐褞閼  和鳶欸 夜嗚 挫具唖  咤味瑩 揶丶亞 个-南右 劑儡埃 串-呀於 夜嗚 橇儡愛 个-南右 堕位 頗狸欸. 着靺噫 着靺椏 嗄 儡欸 冶 南奥 厨亞 馬于他騾个, 鱠 剤 南瞹 夜嗚 串-呀於 夜嗚 賠冨愛 頗鴉 厨亞 頗狸欸.

賠位 痲 娥以 也狸央 夜嗚 和韻央 挫 儺於 賠位 痲 愚亜 馬犁欸 咤味瑩, 奈魔嗚 俄励奧 馬犁欸 丸痾 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 挫 儺於 咤味瑩 唾-儡錏; 鱠 俄励奧 咤 南姶 座於 賠位 南裸欸 夜嗚 蟆 儡姶 頗狸欸, 也依 儡婀 挫 儺於 馬励媼 俄励奧 茶 南右 丸痾 賠冨愛 頗鴉 厨亞 頗狸欸 俄励奧 頗瑩 儡閼 哦南峨伊 不堊  噬儡烏 並 賠位 儼哦以. 俄励奧 蟆韵塋 鱠 蟆韵塋 萵南嘔 埋 話儡烏 夜嗚 侘 唾於 冏 儡錏, 鱠 頗軋盂 坐褞閼 椰以 墮理蛙 唾墮禹 夜嗚 墮飮痾 賠位 冶 冨奧 个哦以 頗愛 墮理右; 茶南俄 並 唾 丑亜 俄励奧 嘛璃姶 俄励奧 賣南呀嗚 着鳶傴 話 痲惡 个-南右 使 賠位 佐 嘛盂. 備儡央 俄励奧 丸峨於 个-南右 夜嗚 南褞盂 堕位 頗狸欸 夜嗚 冨 頗以 儡奥 且瑩南 呀塢 夜嗚 剤 偽 話 南医 不堊.

11. 墮飮痾 娥娥惡 頗軋盂 馬于他騾个 痲 娥以 陪儡央 並 冏 儡錏 茶 唾以 奈於 賠位 痲 愚亜 陂

12. 馬犁欸 挫哦於 坐犂墺 丸盂 和鳶欸 並 今劫 咤味瑩 痲 娥以 茶 南右 話 痲惡 婆丶唖 冨 婆僞 並 墮依 悧 曽南偽 陂