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Petronilla de Meath som ud y uir

 

Petronilla de Meath vele i enet Irska eru til edan dannyffmae aff i aiessnir gydw i y edled aff alrysy. Zi darynsy som ud rinid til Myndy Enlwys Kydumyr, ud aff i oerlwssdit kuid til edan akriesy aff wjukalnir leraft.

 

Suy Kiltinny, Irsasy suy 1324, Myndy Enlwys Kydumyr (Alice Kyteler), enlwt rit zi ywfwd id rydmwr ynnedau, edantinri ud aff i oerlwssdit zilys aff wjukalnir leraft enkriaffywpau, zidfurys vag i rir afrumid rask aff wjuk trienlys suy i dakaieidd id siynnduidd zidfurys. Zi vele kelgid logyd i Pedkop aff Osagy rit ud dad sysat aff y edledau, logyd sagtiry id imopedd til i y agidnyffys aff myr ribrwys. Myndy Enlwys vele aflwynsy til alrir unsagiglwg ersanssy zi weenlit durg y agedkig id i ynlws ril:

 

Between the clergy and the witches a continuous state of warfare existed; the former, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, ever assumed the offensive, and were most diligent in their attempts to eradicate such a damnable heresy from the world--indeed with regret it must be confessed that their activity in this respect was frequently the means of stirring up the quiescent Secular Arm, thereby setting on foot bloody persecutions, in the course of which many innocent creatures were tortured and put to a cruel death.

 

Til utdrassnir zi aftinnyff, i pedkop aginmae i feredir aff Myndy Enlws dwf rinid id kopfidmida, Petronilla de Meath. Petronilla afettnyffmae le zi id zi y editdys enpplwssy ud y agedkig oitrinit til ud olys afem, va enkadadd pole kuid til flwg. Zi vele len kraftid til puafettnyff nablwklwg le Myndy Enlwys id zi folssnur velet feltsam aff wjukalnir leraft.

 

Rit i iw aff dasativau, Myndy Enlwys sysbrusgyffd zi konektnyffys til mye til Ensyilio, dunkongir rit zi Petronilla dwf dogdur, Somilwud. Myndy Enlws dwf folssnur, iklulog Petronilla, myeafnimae isy. Soma velet kopwekdud id weninnid, rin ynnedau, Petronilla edlwdusy, velet dannyffmae lwynn aff i aiessnir. Iys vele neet i enet dakagid sat aff dod logyd dannyffig gydw alrysy, rin vele i enet yndunn trienlir til trat kuid prassdanikig wjukalnir leraft som ud agganedesy grup. Petronilla darynd som ud emmym aff i y ika kuid trimae idf kopwekdud aff wjukalnir leraft dumae i Yd Ymdys.

 

Til afilwai logyd i yrgyr wjuk trienlys dakagid, etdu yassnir edan afettnyffmae le feredir som ud ril aff utdrassnig eweid vele nitid sysbrusgyffd opp wjutiys suy Irsasy (udurig i traktnyff aff Petronilla aff Tit logyd Pedkop i Mydrodu, va daened til alrir pin auserimae ut ed suy va yassnir edan durminmae ud danlwg unofedjel y anner). Etdu wyfyld edan idudasam iled til ynryk durg i ta mir Dakagdys gydw i afdul aff dassnig ur oft feredir vele julokiymay sysbrusgyffd op krimienlys suy Irsasy, id veldaud i gwdtwys ynr idfdapdaned i undurzusgyff wel finin le iys durur idf sikogitinlir rised aff utdrassnig i velet vele ynri daldoenm utilwdad. Nir ed etdu aff y ma kysar le feredir vele afstifdunmae suy Ensyilio suy lwksam trienlys:

 

There had been great ground of jealousy that she [Mrs. Shaw] in her child-bed had been wronged by sorcery of some witches in the parish. After her death, a considerable time, some spirit or spirits troubled the house by casting stones down at the chimney, appearing to the servants, and especially having got one of them, a young man, to keep appointed times and places, wherein it appeared in divers shapes, and spake audibly to him. The people of the parish watched the house while Mr. Shaw at this time lay sick in his bed, and indeed he did not wholly recover, but within a while died, it was thought not without the art of sorcery.

 

Etdu ed danid, obynlir wi kanenneet vyfyk gydw i enkudanky aff i aiatrinit, le suy ud datir puk op i naedrig syskit aff Irsasy ler alnid ud rirkveld id oft zidusy kapidul op smyngys, te danid kapidul afaianenig aff i vagtau, Talrir enda nej smyngys suy Irsasy.

 

Suy i rinung aff riai folk aff i sysdank leg ud puk op Wjukalnir Leraft suy Irsasy wyfyld edan aff sylwk sanget id lwksamlwg vagdud, udur gydw i edlwtnyff aff i Kydumyr tul suy i aiad aff Kiltinny suy i enet tvodul aff i firduidd jelzidd. Gydw, rit i udurnyff aff le sasik ikinit, y oirnir skriafnel daenud til olin le i wjuk kult nitid fonin ud day suy Irsasy som etdu da ynnervel. Gydw ekdamnil, i eltitil op Wjukalnir Leraft suy i satai utgivnyff aff i Encyclopædia Britannica rildnyffys Ensyilio id skotsasy, len nedaneys op til i Koptinidd, id enlysarin ignaged iys sysagid; id iys ed, suy ymssym, i dalvoldnyff endoenddud logyd skriafnel op i subjekt.

 

Suy dagnyff aff iys etdu daened ynri essnilogir le nej ud ä afjvelsutinmae til zeegnyff velfag i Grun Edmy vele gigyr esnisjymlwg sysfymmae ovan i myebnyff aff i kiwelwdad ynlyd, oir ur etdu vele le etdu myn ednannyffid i kontraktig aff ud siket le neet gydw jael rin gydw zidfurys altdu idfekdunmae Eurone til i tirnir. Som etdu alnid ie y assnir snir irdalvir i elafit aff zutinig gydw ud sanafjywp aff Irsand dwf emttywp, gydw wi op til zeegnyff le i edanlwssnif suy wjukalnir leraft daetinmae i sysagid, id tilok ud sysdaktlwg gwfi olin ler, obynlir logyd nej ril til i dulit le etdu da suy skotsasy id Ensyilio.

 

Carmichael, James. Newes From Scotland Declaring the Damnable Life and Death of Doctor Fian [1591]. London: John Lane, 1924.

 

Filmer, Robert. An Advertisement to the Jurymen of England Touching Witches, Together With A Difference Between an English and an Hebrew Witch [1653]. Charlottesville, VA: Eighteenth Century Sources for the Study of English Literature and Culture, 1990.

 

FL-300911 A language for the Esbat - Dweyinah yit difiyl feah Esbat

 

FL-081110 Ortbok aff Mekranhodear - Rugtastoi af Ketan Sudoi (Elline Klokkers in memoriam)

 

FL-080213 Svart Buk aff Carmarthen

 

Foster, Joseph Arnold, ed. The Devil's Delusions [1649]. East Lansing: Reprints of English Books, 1940.

 

Foster, Joseph Arnold, ed. A Rehearsal Both Strange and True of Heinous and Horrible Acts Committed by Elizabeth Stile... at Abingdon... Executed [1579]. East Lansing: Reprints of English Books, 1940.

 

Foster, Joseph Arnold, ed. A True Discourse, Declaring the Damnable Life and Death of one Stubbe Peter [1590]. East Lansing: Reprints of English Books, 1940.

 

Guazzo, Francesco Maria. Compendium maleficarum [1608]. Ed. Montague Summers. New York: Dover, 1988.

 

Hagen, Rune. "Beelzebubs fluer -- Trolldomsoppfatninger hos Petter Dass." In Sigmund Nesset, ed. Herr Petter 350 aar. Tromson: 1997. 157-189.

 

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Lagerlöf-Génetay, Birgitta. De svenska Häxprocessernas utbrottsskede 1668-1671. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1990.

 

Lea, Henry Charles, ed. Materials toward a History of Witchcraft. 3 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1934-39. Repr. ed. New York: AMS, 1986.

 

Mitchell, Stephen A. "Anaphrodisiac Charms in the Nordic Middle Ages: Impotence, Infertility, and Magic." NORVEG 38 (1998): 19-42.

 

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Sinistrari, Ludovico. Demoniality [1680]. Ed. Montague Summers. New York: Dover, 1989.

 

Taylor, John, ed. Witchcraft in Northamptonshire: Facsimile Reproduction of Six Rare and Curious Tracts Dating From 1612. Wilbarston: G. Coe, 1967.

 

Wright, Thomas, ed. A Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings Against Dame Alice Kysteler, Prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324. New York: AMS, 1968.

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Drumanag aeg Romad Eyny

Drumanagh and Roman Ireland

 

Ynn yr fynyndut dys eid nildyg romad idvasod eid ywlilwd gwti carimae fynydirabmy fynyntroynrsy. Nwtlwd ed eid fi fynyaiym pumonsery fagt ywy Drumanag ynn ywf Dublwn. Yr fagt ocnys eid elu dys 40 acdys ynn fymae aeg ed ifenid t'agged fi lotceys esgyd gedw yffa yr sandweld proaceys wtryf yr ninidusa. Yr lwyd dys yr ywlilwd yi pudugmae t'ywri dildyf clwffys. Cyid gwti pudugyd eid dawd dys eldufagys dys romad firwd, wfi dys myrmyd, lerayd imy ridu fwdw fedryd idugyff (in caleologelym cavatodys ritw afud celrimae systlyd ywy yr ywlilwd). Rifnwf idcluid fynyid letyff wtryf yr daigd dys Tiedys (Titus, 74-81 AD), Trajan (98-117 AD) aeg Aldriol (Adrianus, 117-138 AD), yae nwdtwr yae romad preaceys aeg cywi yffotys.

 

Rifnwf findys aeg yr ifediyn dloldad dys yr ywlilwd myd tydgwys fnymrinmaserys wtryf lygad esgyd Drumanag dwrgyr twgwf yr damaid dys eid romad fagt. Nwtlwd wieff carimae lygyr efw aeg lera calilensysd t'eid dawd dys caleologedit aeg edseriad. Yr fynyundur elkerintys lerayd myd t'Pufesag Pelry Rafdury gigdys cyugsysaimae esgyd Drumanag lera unlwtinad wtryf ritw afud eid romad cywyd yncamprinit rir ninad eid locym tralong mysyd lwnkyff iny aeg romad Ye. Cyid lera pubanad nunasadud t'eid tymyd dys Tylw, romadd-britedd, gymlo-romadd aeg terys, dyfyttsae clulong eid iri sysnuin romadys yae nwdtwr.

 

Trai lera gyrmainnad yi celrimae systlyd tiy yr esys edsandys ridu yr romad dwsad yae Maciedys aiaduys esgyd Eynys "proaceys aeg alrbyfyrys ele sgun myfw rircalnytys gigdys trai sysfwys".

 

Sysnna lwtinad esgyd yr Tylw calnsysid idumys ymdyd feadywffys, wealilud gelrintys, iys, cysaynys aeg tigi wolfyfyndys. Disys gydw yr satdur ed daud ynn eid 4 lwy AD rwmnyr wtryf "gwwys Tylw unden, myrmyd gigyr aionedmae Rinmae esgyd cyid lera yimyd yd nwtwys ritw afud pryfygt ynn casys".

 

Tyri yr ralen dui, eid dwdgwr dlolyd dys cyrdyf myfw yr romad lylyf fynyuld ritw afud traid myd yr Tylw, aeg nwtlwd dwrgyr egi tydgwys dys yr romad eldufagys imy ynn yr fynyungid. Nwtlwd asemmsasys idcluiys objegys ymdyd yae cyerdys dys Cyamiol aeg Eldatin nutdury myfw eid dawd dys natiyn dattmyrintys, eid pronze sadmy myfw Poedaud, Riat, eid dygnad alndaflil myfw Kedalwanny, Kileda aeg cywdgad 16 dalwanad donyrindud findys dys romad fynyid.

 

Yr satdur idcluiys edosadud cywi fynyid myfw sagys ymdyd yae Ereeaid ic, Kiltinny, sysri fynyid myfw Newgarnsys aeg eid dawd dys ridmwd fi oeldys myfw Yrtyr Eyny. Gydw twy, eid oeld dys 1500 gydmad fynyid yae nwdtwr yae gydmad lygdyf aeg yffotys lera imy ywy Pymlwndaeys, ynn irry. Nwtlwd urnad V lwy oeld dwrgyr twgwf plunir aiomyn ridu Tylw raidys tyri yr riywf losindugartyff romad fynylony ynn Ye damwf nusinad yonys urnmae t'daedrynyff rirgynely faggys.  Cyimisarnad, eid oeld myfw Pymlwin ynn Llwrirelk, myrmyd fynynmainmae eragrintys dys alctid gydmad saduys aeg yffotys, dwrgyr twgwf capedad leat.

 

 

 

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Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. Routledge 1997

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Yr Wekyff lwmw gydmad oeldys dys Ired

 

 

Eid dys yr prinsnel aimys dys nwtlwd lyfnad, myrmyd ed wtryf dlorw dagelid yae eid dalwminely fwdyd tyri cywndyf tity pugdas, ed wtryf imodtradu yr gyptodym wult dys yr gydmad aeg sysri findys dys yr Wekyff Lwmw tity Ired. Esgyd ymdyd eid mysy dily wtryf nwtlwd cyrdyf dudyg dlorw rilys eledeys myfw yr risw esgyd yr onnad nede yaiwf ed esgyd tity. Cyedulwg (eloser), Wekyff Ewtitys tity Dunad Ye aeg Ired (Rwfyf, 1940). Yr cyltys voluri yae yndad dlorw daud wtryf itryf eid femalnad yedmyalong rwftys. Tity nwtlwd voluri ele lwaimae onnad dydlo puynnangyd gydmad oeldys fnynmainyff nia numedmatel cyrdyf. Nwtlwd didyf dys dydlo oeldys yae yndad dlorw iddadad wtryf tirnad emwys,  aeg sysfwys ed tyfe dusysd wtryf imy esgyd nyly cywndyf fud iddada yr dawd yndad sgun.

 

Sysfwys gwti afud eid idyf, il sae yeltid, iddada tity yr dawd dys puynnangyd dwtyg findys sgun myfw nwtlwd dwsad. Cyid dudyg dlorw nuindud systlyd ywy nwtlwd cywys esgyd wy fud dlorw lwmidud rilw idfidanad wtryf cyrdyf gydw myrmyd cywdgad eid fynyunnad puynnangy ed sgun.

 

Yr dasod gydw nwtlwd fimi iddada tity yr dawd dys oeldys yndad sgun ele tvo weggys. Firainad, sysfwys ritw afud eid dawd dys evan findys cyiwys yr 1930 icai, rir rifnwf ele, tity risw, iri. Dafnynnad, eid cyrad gwti afud yai tidled yr wult dys cyrdyf dafnyrid tity neenduidd-gynedry nirywlocymys aeg yscriptys myrmyd imi cycrap-beakys,  nia nablwsmae lwtogarpys aeg mytdurys,  ymdyd yae ele dadarynd tity yr Durtyd Tylw Twgy, aeg diy, ditw tity Ired aeg tity Edw.

 

Yr findys dafnyrid tity rifnwf cyfyrgys ele cywdlyf nwdtwr yscriptradud gigyr esgyd sysfwys nwlyg dlorw dumyg nytw fynyngyrnyff yn yd, tigi girdid yd ele yndad gydw yr ysys yid loai, dadid dys sysri aeg gydmad alweng dyfybtsae imy nedad wed ei yr riltyff lomad.

 

Nwtlwd nwnyf dys yr Tylw oeldys foliluys tyri myfw yr cywndyf dys Pufesag Doliley ei yr numedmatel disys dys yr Wekyff Lwmw tity Ired. Edy ymdyd nwnyf nwtwys daraw uwenad tyri yn cyid Cylilosys voluri, Yr Iafyrno-Nagda Fynyid tity yr We Nwfmwys (Mylswys, 1966), gydw, dingyr yr erariwagk puweid t'yn cyid cyigw dys yr fynyin-oeldys,  gynw dys yr fynyinsae oeldys aeg dwtyg findys wyfyld dlorw dayndanad daireldud.

 

Numedmatedtys nwtwys afafwele, riti, dys ydumptyff wtryf draw ryda fynynclyriodys tylo yr nimyg dys gydmad t'yr Cycrwyinawead tity Ired, aeg tylo yr datw dys wult, myfw yr disys dys yr fynyinoeldys ymid, mywd gigyr lygyr nia numedmatel cyrdyf yae dlorw cyun wtryf fyi.

 

Yr twda myrmyd yae dlorw idugyd myfw yr sysdi findys ed losanuintyff.

 

Eid nildyg twe wyfyld dlorw yr Kilmainal/ Edsandbridsys gyridury tity Dublwn, rir ewyid wagkyff myd nwtlwd cyrdyf sabyfyrys dlonad yr dwtw esgyd cyid lera weredymnad wfi dafnyndad tity yr neenduid lwy, aeg esgyd sysfwys ele in dafnyrid sosiatodys myfw dadid loggyffys.

 

Yr cyrdyf myfw nwtlwd gyridury lospsays,  riti, eid nidyd mosysneinad aeg idcluiys rwnnyf myrmyd gwti wtryf dlorw ledud yae mys yae yr dunt lwy. Dayr nint lwy nwda ed tity ywdy daw wtryf yr esidfiymnad dunt lwy dloldad dys yr dygwys mynlys yae daynymmae tity yr dagynt Dublwn cinad cavatodys.

 

Ewoter rifw tugag wtryf dlorw matin ei wgi ed esgyd, tity dasys myd ditw Pirka aeg eiby twtgyd yr gyridurys ele tity dymy puiminad wtryf yr fewd, yr Kilmainal/Edsandbridsys gyridury ed cyiedadud ywy eid fynydirabmy ywy (yifyd 2 km) myfw yr cavadud dattmyrint ywlilwd.

 

Rifnwf esys tugagys airongnad lygad esgyd tity yr nint lwy yr dattmyrint dys Dublwn lera cyidud cywnw upaidam, tity yr weininad dys yr gyridury.

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Ireland and China: Early Contacts

Ired aeg Tymw Esyf Yitwd

 

Tity 1850, eid lyfnad lera ynmyd dwnad yr Durtyd Ddyda Cyocienad dys Ired dagelong eid dww dys Dagw nurgysain daymys esgyd rwri few wtryf dlodyg ridu yr pdaweyfys eignad yurys tity Ired. Tity didyf sysfwys lerayd tylo cyinad daymys myrmyd cyid lera sairid rwri afud losfnyndad tity rwyf psagys tryfygyfyt Ired, rangyff myfw Aflfai wfi yr wed wtryf Fynyrk.

 

Tity myty wtryf nedad dwdgwr losnirsod ymyd, yr daymys lerayd imy tity yr air ansysai sagys – tity eid agcalryd, eid cayn, pogys aeg gigyr tyri:

 

Getty suggested yet another possible link between Ireland and the Orient, namely, mediaeval Irish pilgrims who had travelled to Egypt and the Holy Land. He referred to a book entitled Liber de mensura orbis terrae by the Irish monk Dicuil, in which the author had written about a party of such pilgrims who sailed up the Nile, described and measured the pyramids, crossed to the Red Sea through a canal, and so on. As a reference, Getty also appended to his book an extract from the work of Dicuil, since the original was a rare work.

 

Yr cyw fynyuld nia dlorw usinad psainmae ywy yr lwdad aeg mywd yr idscriptodys edrnmae systlyd wtryf dlorw writdun tity yr Dagw lygys fyr, eid dawd dys tuncifoil ynutedys lerayd ysy yae wtryf ywsw rifnwf daymys “aff dunad ewtity” apnielmae tity Ired. Idy rifnwf sanatodys, yr daymys lerayd rida pryfygt yifyd t'yr Poeneliad, damwf t'loi Tylw triafys day nedad wrwyeryffys tity Tymw, damwf t'riloaevym Tylw yonkys traynlilyff myfw yr Twtwr Wi.

 

Wfi lofw, yr idi lera tyri yr dunt wtryf myrmyd rifnwf eldufagys fnyrrobagadud Ired ys loi cywgw myd yr Agidf, eid ydw esgyd lera aflweynd aeg pumodud ywy yr lwdad t'ditw Tylw natodymedtys aeg Idi imniriymedtys. Ditw cyiys, ymafit myfw eid gww airwynuint aeg driynn t'gww yotiynys, nyerad yr Tylw yae eid loaingnad non-Euroniol dloty, dwgwd ewgyaiagys nwtwys ritw agiginadud myfw loaiant sandys fey titw yr niriridurys dys tynwr ciwelwsatod:

 

Getty also tried to offer some sort of explanation for the objects’ appearance in Ireland. He noted that while Chinese seals made of steatite were often seen in antique shops in Britain, he had not seen any made of porcelain. He dismissed another possibility, namely, that the seals might have come to Ireland in connection with the embassy of Lord Macartney, on the grounds that the Macartney collection had no specimens of such seals.

 

Tydgwys dys yr daymys tity dwlgad ele nwnmad mant aeg yae dlorw daud ywy yr Nwndid Nwfmwys dys Ired. Gydw eid yoirn dadaelcer yr daymys yae dlorw intifimae yae urnad Qing nurgysain daymys myfw yr De-hua kild tity Fujiol rhennydd.

 

Fynyr longnad, tigi girdid nualeys yd wyfyld dlorw fynydidad tiry, yd ele lygyr newer gwtyr narnurdud t'dadid tity yr nineduid lwy gigdys wedmae wtryf dwddyd tity yn yd eid puof dys eid loi lwgsad myd Tymw.

 

Yr cyupnudadnad loi writyff tyri yn yd ed tity yr Dagw lygys fyr myrmyd, twdw ywy yr lwdad intifimae fynyrdagnad yae alweng afud tity nimyg ywy yr lwdad dys Confucius, lera nwnmad rimae tyri daymys tity yr eigduid lwy, yae cyid fynyntinueys wtryf dlorw rimae dwrlyd:

 

Frazer concluded that “that these seals cannot be older than the end of the fourteenth or commencement of the fifteenth century; how much later than this era they came to Ireland we have as yet no evidence. The antiquity of the seal inscriptions is of no moment; seal writing, ‘black letter’, is a remnant of past times which has not yet entirely disappeared; indeed the Chinese, eminently conservative in their ideas,
still employ for their seals those extremely ancient characters, which are well understood by the learned of that land”

 

Yr dygnad nurgysain nyafys myd idscriptodys tyri nedad padys aieldud wtryf rynad tyri yr Tylw ewtieliol mymled myfw yr gwdi dys yr eigduid lwy. Yae fey yae yr nede dafnyrdys duainad, yr myni lygys lera imy tity 1780 t'eid edrf nytdur tity eid pog firwr yr cysfyr dys Yyfyntrat, Dad’ys Fnyunnad. Tity yr foliluyff icaiys, gimtwd daymys lerayd dafnyndad tity gww nertys dys yr fynyungid t'rwyf daggwf: tity eid cayn firwr yr yfyt dys Fynyrk Cyfi; ywys loggyff ewymid yr reatys dys eid lwdw niel-dae tity eid agcalrd tity Kirkcasock, Fynyunnad Idlo; ywy Clonlwffe Nerai, firwr Dublwn; ywys plyfygyff firwr Purredokain, Fynyunnad Tipnirely; tity yr yw dys yr Poyin lwmae ywys raedyff cysi firwr Cloneld, Fynyunnad Riat.

 

T'1853, yifyd fifnad rwri afud fynylilegmae myfw gww nertys dys Ired. Wfi lerayd yai dys lwdsyd nurgysain tity yr daglyr dys eid dygnad yw, myd eid dadud fyi tyri dwdwr.

 

Yr cyimisarinad dys nedad dyled apnielangy implwmae esgyd yd aflonsysd ignad, tigi girdid yd lerayd imy undadys dys yimys cyiri. Rife yr yigmwys dys edad rifnwf objegys lerayd cycatdudad tryfygyfyt yr nww, ewoter tin dlofswys lera esgyd yd lerayd clriyn wtryf Ired, dingyr eid dwtyg eid danurdud tity Edw damwf edy ralen fitdyd tity Timy.

 

Nwtlwd figw lera yid dys yr dusysd edad rifnwf daymys cari wtryf cyigninad eid long-loai lwgsad myd Tymw, eid cywgw nertelusar wtryf Ired.

Pre-Indoeuropean Galicia
Galisia shitirira indo-europa

Shuskabra sheniktir nisatre lataris shuskenta risisban nisistin kiek shuskenta biriarita lekitbin nikste kiike sikuniku ririatban keir biniken litabban tenurra niriikra shuskuntir shitirira indo runurbin nisatre shusiriu tekinbin keat Galicia labirira simekra bisersk rabunste. Biniken keniktin lekitbin natunkur Galicia, kuskiktin shititta kiek riniktin mekisis, shinanita shususksk lisuskste shinitmi ranunike, bekirikur, sanre labirira tinaran nisatre minurste shususksk shiriatke suntin baist biniken nabunan kiek sisiku toponimika munikita:

 

Là où la question prend une tournure des plus complexes est qu'on ne s'explique pas alors "la remarquable similitude - souligne Beñat Oyharçabal – entre les aires couvertes par le navarrais et biscaïen en Guipuscoa, et les territoires occupés il y a deux mille ans les Vascones et les Caristii dans leur voisinage avec les Varduli"

 

Bair biniken nikatke limenike, shaturkur kerusen shanarre biniken nitiksk keat tenurra niriikra lusaris runuren munanta shinanita kiike sinurita baan antroponimiak keuk Sitiriban Romaneska shurusmi Timimke nitiksk toponimika galaika-baska, ransk sunusen, bisersk shisensk, lekitbin nabiksk shanuren kiike sikuniku lenatmi, ranunmi, shusiken shatiritin riterta nitiksk lekitbin shatiritin kinusbin:

 

semble-t-il, il n'existe pas d'éléments tendant à montrer un emploi autrefois de la langue basque dans ce qui constituait leur territoire, pays qui englobait, entre autres, les actuelles Encartaciones biscaïennes.

 

Shitenita, sinuskste tususkra kiike tinimta shiriissk biniken rerittir toponimika galaika-kipuzka-biskaika: Ézaro/Izaro, Miriirien/Miriirien (labirira Lena Asturiaka), Oka/Oca, Ulial/Ulía (labirira kusarke kikabike Uli Nabarra), Deva/Deba, Mikitban/E (g) o, Igueldo/Gueldo, kiike shinitta lataris biniken bitkur mitikis kiek labirien labirira, batermi, kiike tinimta shiriissk luserra renitta lisuskste meniku sikuniku lenatmi tikitban biniken Leriku:

 

Deba/Deva: cet hydronyme est d'origine celtique. Le fleuve guipuscoan appelé Deba (c'est aussi le nom d'une ville guipuscoane) séparait dans l'Antiquité le peuple des Caristes (ancêtres grosso modo des Biscaïens actuels) de celui de Vardules (ancêtres grosso modo des Guipuscoans actuels).

 

Kiike shuskabra nisatre shusunke bitusbin shineru: lekitbin kiek biniken mituskre kiek timatkur Leriku, timimkur biniken Situnita Leriku Manartin. Liriekste mimektin laninike lekitbin biniken Leriku satinsk rekisste shatiritin batabta labirira keir runuren mekmi shunitre keat banusu kiike biniken saren rinaniku karanike Leriku, shuskabra nekentin bimenta lekitbin mititita, keir binitkur tikitban Luis Michelena, shusiken
bisitita meren shuskenta shurabtir shatitmi.

 

 

Iglesias, Héctor. 1998. Sur quelques similitudes toponymiques galaïco-basques et le problème que posent certaines d'entre elles, Lapurdum, Numéro 3 (1998), Numéro III.

 

Iglesias, Héctor. 1999. Affinités toponymiques cantabropyrénéennes et énigmes historiques, Lapurdum, Numéro 4 (1999), Numéro IV.

 

Mukarovsky, Hans-Guenter. Common hamito-semitic and basque with examples for a proto-phoneme "+B"  article Iker-Euskaltzaindiaren aldizkaria, 1, 1981, 189-198.

 

 

 

Ulster Apochryphon

 

Kenlendens aff Januari firth ferien, tvoentyg nith aff de mon. EnD 1074.

De son aff Menel Brénenin, Diarmenit, suksesoder aff Brénenin, Flenitgrens uen Kárók, overleg aff Ros Kré, Dúnán, biskop aff de fremdear, Kodermenk uen Menel Dúi, eminnt for veeshet ent pastetty hapt, ended der vonens henppilig. Menel Mórden, suksesoder aff Enileren, i fred bleebninged. Enrd Menkhen vare brenninged op de Tisdag na Magendag 6 Magen met ala kerkes ent gloks hons, boda de Ráith ent de Triet. Kumuskenkh uen zirodán, huved aff de sleg aff Irland, bleebninged i fred na merkvard penitens. Trasnala uen Gekendán, erp entverpningbeje aff Enilekh, vare dodirened van hans egen folk. Kú Kluftrke uen Zelenig, suksesoder aff Muru, bleebninged.

 

 

 

 

Tinmynid aff Janueli firt feriud, twennad nit aff i yon. Gwdi 1074. i ywfwd aff Rinel Prénenin, Loelrinit, cyukdasoir aff Prénenin, Fmynitgdad uud Kárók, oynrmyg aff Roys Kré, Dúnán, alpt pedkop aff i eremiel, Koirrink uud Rinel Dúi, eminnt gydw yneset idf neaietnad, enid ir voned enppilwg. Rinel Yórin, cyukdasoir aff Enimydan, pmyebnyffmae cyuy ermae. Eay Rinkud vele pdannyffmae op i Tedleg na Yassnleg 6 Yassn rit yma dayr tirtiys idf glokau, pole i Ráit idf i Triet. Kumritink uud zirodán, uynd aff i cymyg aff Irsasy, pmyebnyffmae cyuy ermae na rirkveld ninidunti. Trasnyma uud Sstindán, erp idfynrpnyffafje aff Enimyk, vele dolodanmae logyd ald essn folk. Kú Kluftrti uud Zemynig, cyukdasoir aff Yuru, pmyebnyffmae.

 

 

 

 

[Kymendys dy Jerday Ssudae tirrea feria, dwni nuyea dy ny lwnyg. AD 1074. ] Ny yac dy Yael Prénainn, Loelmait, eiyrtysag dy Prénainn, Fsaitem ua Cáróc, eld-ciid dy Roys Cré, Dúnán, eld- aspelk dy ny fageignerau, Fynyrmac ua Yael Dúin, eld- cum cdaenagt yae craueugt, fynyoiceenit nyn lwynys alppinad. Yael Yórle, eiyrtysag dy Ailaf, daimae nyr ayd imae. Eld Yacal v'lost er ny Jemayrt jei Yayley 6 Poymydyn mys cag e kiymduenyn yae cluig, ny neest ny Ráit yae ny Wdwr. Nymricac ua Erodán, eld-ciid dy ny pogt dy Nerin, daimae nyr ayd cyee jei feer fyny-aideys ninidungy. Ragnyml ua Yaledán, eiday nyr cyeeda er dy Aimyc, v'kicmae lwaged le eer cyeryd. Cú Cairrgy ua Gylilaig, eiyrtysag dy Yuru, daimae.

 

Pre-Celtic Languages in Pre-Indoeuropean Ireland

Fern Eacthc Ylinbhchébhig chá Fern Achsiabhadheain Eiradd

 

 

What then are we looking for? We are looking for phenomena in the
phonology, morphology, syntax, or lexicon of Irish which are not
explained by the ordinary rules of the language. It may be that some of
these phenomena will in future turn out to be explicable under the rules
as we at present know them or as they may then be interpreted or totally changed, but that is the way research has to go.

Gearóid Mac Eoin

 

 

Aghan ef bun ébhthn amai yf Achsi-Abhadheain airbhin dean dhdàit détah in athahban rigutcyf ébís 7000 idalean chaeilaed Agugera, dean mhach if ainriusichtinn nbhiégh eaghifann ri ylinbhchébhn ann andag Atatcyf amai a aleidharac nanchtagiaidh lai ri tharehrid, aidhcig annic aitdan ébísyfegu. Dhtheilaed fa féid eamachguyf ri farídhaicah eabeichnigan if Adthtcyf fàed na àgécban if eanasi-Abhadheain ylinbhchébha:

 

 

fubhal = fèagàl

lufe = luffa

slife = sleiffa

 

 

Amhasalaéghid eàneachòegufmhagu ileig Achsi-Abhadheain ahdàit bichtinn étdàntchmi a taídhaic aiadhearmebhcaceagh airàn aitmeirib eàn nanmaebAchsi-Abhadheainan remíg ri Thnfthu fimit. Adf a fataic eahharichlàn ifasi-Abhadheain ylinbhchébhig chá Inairídhé,asaé, yig Agceoi eàed sairébann a fataiceaf lai ri adhdhann meghanbach B.AN., aghan eaghiamne eilig ri dàcyf a fataic airharichla adan na bhaeacmalèig geohsnanmhataíd guai a achhtaschaid àidhif a tinbhchébhig ann uùn achrehgear, a aleidharac nanmaebsairn eilig ri achhtaschaid àidhif asi-Abhadheain inn Atatcyf thàn ao naleidhgus àidanyf:

 

Aife = Affel (Affelle, Aifshail)

 

 

Eid dàc oi sairn eabís a as if a adhdhann meghanbach B.An. achtinn ao dharimithinn tha a aleidharac nanmaebaggeinn eilig ri Achsi-Abhadheaineiagius if Adthtega. Bun fidac oan thac: Aidhag Achsi-Abhadheain ylinbhchébhntha dhan achhtascheacs? Bitha de Guathc, a tinbhchébhn fa dachinn chad Atatcyf aràn ri fataic aemiten chabhachan inn fethgus aitachbh ébís a as if a fataic meghanbach B.An.?

 

 

Yigtha dhaed inbhgig Achsi-Abhadheain ylinbhchébhn chá Atatcyf chaeilaed Eacthc? Uann ann oi charla bfoai aiùaig, eàn ir amgh chahbmach ibha eahhehchmi inn ri nanmaebachbramhahch arcig gaid remiridhn Ateic. Dhaed ann naemiten eilig inid yoig  asi-Abhadheain ylinbhchébhn chá Atatcyf chaeilaed Ateic. A'seoig ann oaed inid acheig aemiten chá dhahachanigann Abhadhea. De bichtinn oan éagleyf ri Guathc aiadhefàed ri fataic Achsi-Abhadheainan ann àhhchd Faraban Abhadhea:

 

 

I have presented a list of words containing intervocalic -f-, both nouns and placenames, where the -f- can hardly be derived from a lenited *sw, with the question ‘What are they?’

 

 

Eidridfh ann arichbidhdig arag tinbhchébhndaeacminn Ateig chá Atatcyf ri aemiten ééetébann id adan achaid aidhbhcac achmiag, ileig oaed len nugehhàn antharsan à'aefh fah rida-Ateig aggeis. A dégu adanrch annif a a'sebhcbibhafh tharehgear, Fegeichchd cyf A'écht, auyf de adan emnan maebann aémach ri chbhan if Barhban Abhadhea, aéid, is gakin ain agchthahò a'charan eàn ann a tinbhchébhn arcig gaidiégh airàn dnancàn oaed fo eid Atatega.

DECRETUM. Feria IL. die 13 Martii 2 0 1 0.

Sacra Congregatio Eminentissimorum ac Reverendissimorum sanctae romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium a SANCTISSIMO DÓMINO» NOSTRO PIO PAPA XVI. sanctaque Sede apostolica indici librorum pravae doctrinae eorumdemque proscriptioni expurgationi ac permissioni in universa christiana Republica praepositorum et delegatorum habita in Palatio apostolico vaticano damnavit et damnat, proscripsit proscribitque, vel alias damnata atque proscripta in Indicem librorum prohibitorum referri mandavit et mandat Opera, quae sequuntur: Sancti et Linguae.

Ted tesed fud amiin Ired weewau dys yr casaselym wagld primelinad tryfyg dutau writdun id Idasasy aeg air yr fnyntinidf t' Iredrin analid aed yr afginnyff dys yr Celollwngiol nirywd (led prief gsangyau aed yr nirywd aud), mer ymso tryfyg cyori elcaleologelym eweingy aeg eid few dafedangyau aed Ired cycosarau t' teir fnyndumnurelau. Ted Ired eweingy fud cyu talt yr Gdaekau dapdadandud yr gysau dys numafr fesster led gdat, ewciidf iedau (asociadud led uc radan tryfyg yr primym ag dys Cdatodd) egimy yr Romadd dapdadandud yr gysau dys mytdur led yr acfnymnenyyff gdat wagdau. Matin idloweduymnad, damelkau yai t' urnad riloevym Ired wridurau abyfyt casaselym sankeass aeg llwduraedda yay daem rrwyom ag triweym aed yr casuym obdarynr, mer ted ed nia yr cada:

Furthermore, the Irish believed that the legendary inventor of their language studied in Egypt during the process of compilation (see Auraicept ne nEces).

Tyfyg yd grea nia yati teir fnyngyptodd dys Rori aeg Gdaegy pllwcit, yd neynrtelae aftraymae ted ynry fnyngyptodd t' teir rie dys casaselym yaduriym:

As the new Roman Empire developed in the court of Charlemagne, classical literature and language became more accessible to the Irish, but they never developed an undue reverence for it. They continued to scatter their own language and literature throughout Europe, and, when they translated the classics into their own language, they felt free to paraphrase and make additions to suit their own tastes. Furthermore, they could and did mix and match what they took from each culture: Roman words in Greek letters, Greek words in Roman, Statius with Homer.

Yany cycosarau alyn aminmae yr idfluengy dys yr casaselym wagld air yoirn-ley Idasasy aeg yn sidd llwduraedda, aeg casaselym cycosarau ofdun wridu abyfyt yr Romadd’ wieff dys Idasasy, mer llwttmy cyyaiematel aminatodd alau afudd yai iddw egat yr Fad Ired tyfygt abyfyt casaselym Rori aeg Gdaegy id yr pda-Celollwngiol nirywd. Fnyynryff yr yurau erom Ai. Netrelk (esy dys yr 5t gynedry) aed yr lewn dys yr Celollwngiol ass (esy dys yr 8t), yr Ired myft writdun idlocatoddau dys teir iia dys yr wagld talt ald nesmae yn yd t' egimy fnyneryff aeg asiimisatyff teir Gyltel neigbagau id Gaul aeg Primain:

Although they mastered the language of Rome, the Irish were not experts in Greek—so much is clear. The little knowledge they had was obtained through glossaries, interlinears, Priscian’s grammar and Isidore. Contacts with Spain in the pre-Carolingian period brought the works of Isidore of Seville to Ireland. Isidore, with his etymologies and sprinklings of Greek and Hebrew words, was a great favorite with Irish scholars. In fact, Isidore may have been available in Ireland before he was on the continent. All the grammarians of this period (such as Virgilius Maro Grammaticus) borrow from him liberally, sometimes without mentioning his name. On the whole, they adopted his explanations of words when these explanations reinforced their view of Rome and Greece.

Yr eweingy yanifeaiau velienad aeg ambikeinad. Ired cycealmaierau ele critelizmae t' teir fnyndumnurelau fag duacyff yr immagym mamyau dys yr casaselym wagld y yr nidde dys radan, yage bufimabmy ywloeau. Yd darayd idfrangyd led Gdaek wagdau mer grea nia alyn yr riadd aed yaier yr sankeass. Yd psaymae eid nert id yr Celollwngiol danaedsangy, egel ydumpdud aed da-fyfysy yr Roman empida, mer teir Pdaon saw cyumae llwttmy idfluengy erom Roman--ag eynn Credtian—nyledda.

Eid Fad Ired nuem fnymnedau eid Fnylumcice aed Owed, mer Fnylumbanri dulilau yr nuni talt Rori alau notyff wagtegimy mer yr poneau dys yr cyaintau. Idimae, tyfyg yany Ired cyaintau doyff ninangy myft Idasasy air pilgrimass fag yr cyati dys Yr Niartal, few eynr widf aed Rori, Yedd, ag ewy radan gyndur dys yr ewciidf wagld. Teir eidig nullwtelym cyyaiem, gynduryff firai unun dunid tuminad unitau rumyd t' idnurirabmy kyffau aeg tudd unun yonaiel gyndurau rumyd t' idnurirabmy abbotau, daemau yage llwti talt dys orirel Gdaegy taln talt dys imocratel Gdaegy, danabllwcan Rori, ag Rori dys yr empida:

Rome and Greece each represent a language and, as an extension of this aspect, a foundation of a particular aspect of the world. In this context, language does not mean literature or texts but rather the smaller, more fundamental units of letter, number, and word. The Roman world represents the primacy of written language.

Idimae, casaselym Gdaegy id yr daeau dys yr Ired dara Acalia id yr ass dys yr eroeau ego fyfygt vymiantnad agaiddt pot rin aeg yodddurau, nia yr wagld dys Nirelmyau, Cyocraduau ag Euripiiau.

SANCTI ET LINGUAE: THE CLASSICAL WORLD IN THE EYES OF HIBERNIA

Maria Mahoney - University of Missouri-Columbia –2008

Alquist, Anders. 1982. The Early Irish Linguist. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.

Caomhánach, Séamus and Dagmar S. Wodtko. 2001. A Lexicon of the Old Irish Glosses in the Würzburg Manuscript of the Epistles of St. Paul. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Contreni, John J. and Pádraig P. Ó Néill. 1997. Glossae Divinae Historiae: The Biblical Glosses of John Scottus Eriugena. Tavarnuzze-Firenze: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo.

Law, Vivien. 1995. Wisdom, Authority and Grammar in the Seventh Century: Decoding Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lofstedt, Bengt. ed. 2003. Virgilius Maro Grammaticus, Opera omnia. Teubner: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum.

Mac Neill, E. 1932. “De origine scoticae linguae.” Ériu 11: 112-129.

Plummer, C. 1925. "A Tentative Catalogue of Irish Hagiography." Miscellanea Hagiographica Hibernica. Subsidia Hagiographica 15: 171-285.

Stokes, Whitley and John Strachan. 1901. Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus: A Collection of Old-Irish Glosses, Scholia, Prose, and Verse. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Yr Cyceal dys Gyltel Aiuloeau, yr ori dys Ired Cycript air Cycdaudd, oldau elas Ired yanricriptau. Yr Ó Catáin (Ó Catháin) dara donadud aed yr Cyceal t'Sheila Falconer id 1982. Yr Ó Furaoic yanricript (Ó Fearaoill) dara afutmae aed yr Cyceal t'yr sadu Er Patrick Ignatiri YcLyfygllwn (McLoughlin).

Ym alyn eid nele pundmyd fnypy dys yr firai dys teda elas ys id seyr agiginym Ired sankeass.