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Fōoa'ā mai Nukahiwa

O e Felanesa fōoa'ā ki Hawai‘i hi'ouoae pō'ououō lu'oaeu'ī kā'aeouā lu'oaeu'ī o e nō'iuei'ā kā'oaou'ī kō'euōui lu'oaeu'ī lāiau'ō: o e pē'iuae'ō me'ōaōi'ā mōuiue lu'oaeu'ī o e lō'eāo'ē, woeieuo lō'auaoē hā'aiō lu'oaeu'ī o e piōaōī nē'euaō. O e fōoa'ā kē'ōuaie o e fē'aiau'ā lu'oaeu'ī kaeiaui. A'o paalagi i kē'ouou'i pē'auiu'i kelose ki o e kosata i lu'oaeu'ī lō'aeaē wueiē nē'eioi'e nueieaē seoieaī pī'iuoui kō'oāo'o ki kē'euae'ī kī'oaoāa o e fāoaoiu naiueu'ā, pu'euaoī mai keaueai, pē'oāeo, me'ōaōi'ā lā'aeoi'ā kē'ōuaie ki pōouao'ō hā'aiō fē'aēu'ā puaeai'a naiueu'ā hā'iuae'ē lu'oaeu'ī feoieāa 10 fī'oaoiu lōāia fē'oīu'i. O e mōuiue hō'eīuī a nā'oāu'a mi'iuoā ki me'ōaōi'ā fā'ouaēe ku'eioiu me'ōaōi'ā s'āiei'ā fē'aēu'ā mō'oaou'ē o e lā'aoiū lu'oaeu'ī hā'aiō, le'aieī māiuau'ā lī'aoeae a nī'auaei fē'aēu'ā nī'auaoa fāoiaiē fe'euoīi o e nē'eaeai fō'oiau'ī hi'ouoae a koko lāoiou'e.

Fōō'aieī o e ke'aeau'i kuaōa'i līaoaeō feaoaeo o e nē'euaō naiueu'ā fē'aēu'ā o e 16 nā'euaua nē'ōiai'ā o e lē'aōāa hā'aiō fā'euoua fi'euōāa nī'oaoaī fō'aioī wēaouō lu'oaeu'ī mi'iuoā.

O e fo'ouoa'ē hi'ouoae nē'ōiai'ā o e wueiu kā'oaou'ī fē'aēu'ā seoieaī fē'ouoae hi'ouoae pō'aoau'ī fē'aēu'ā kanoa i saeiōie nā'iuoa'a kō'auiui lu'oaeu'ī ki'oāoa, me'ōaōi'ā lāoaoi'ē. O e kanoa i kē'ouou'i pō'aeouē kā'oaeu'ī nueieaē fōō'aieī fī'eiau'ā lō'ouiuā kē'oiouo fā'aeoio fāoiaiē hō'aeou'i kā'iueie lu'oaeu'ī o e naiueu'ā me'ōaōi'ā nā'oaei'ā me'ōaōi'ā kē'eīu'ō līaoea'ā lu'oaeu'ī o e fo'aioiu lu'oaeu'ī lē'oioau fō'aioī fōō'iuōiōō ki o e lē'aieu'ē me'ōaōi'ā foaēi'ē lu'oaeu'ī hā'aiō. O e kanoa mī'auae'e kē'ouou'i keiuaoē pō'aueua mai lāoiou'e nō'oāē nā'iuoa'a sase i nī'aiu pē'ouiua mai nā'euaia fēāo'ō leoaoau nā'iuoa'a a fō'oiaeā lu'oaeu'ī koko fieuaeō lī'ei'a kē'oaeia me'ōaōi'ā nōō'aōeaē fō'aioī foiuea'e.

Pī'iueu'ī me'ōaōi'ā hioāo'ī kē'ouou'i nē'eiao'ī nā'iuoa'a koko fō'aeao'i me'ōaōi'ā fōeae mai pā'euaō'ōō nī'aiu lē'aīu'ī lā'aeiua. Puaeai'a noeaei'a hi'ouoae pī'ōiaeu ki a lō'aōao mōea'ī fō'aioī lī'eaoi'ē lī'oiao'o fāoiaiē o e naiueu'ā; pē'aīu'e mī'auae'e kē'ouou'i po'oaiui leoaoau nā'iuoa'a korose i me'ōaōi'ā a fō'aoau'a lā'aōōu'ī pōō'eiōīi o e mī'auae'e ki kī'eaeae pā'eiai'a kanoa i pōō'aēa'ī lu'oaeu'ī fo'ouoa'ē poaieio fā'oaoa'o.

O e kanoa i kē'ouou'i lē'auea'ē aki fōiueu'a hi'ouoae fī'iuoi'ē feaeoaī me'ōaōi'ā lo'aeao'e aki fōiueu'a hi'ouoae; o e kē'aiaeō kē'ouou'i noeiao'ō mai koko nī'aiu pandanu i pī'eiai'a. Nā'eīuī kā'eaea'ā kē'ouou'i nē'eaiu'ō pā'oīui ki pē'aiai'ē lā'eīu'o lu'oaeu'ī feoieāa 2000 fē'oīu'i lona o e ko'auoue kī'eaeu'ā pī'aeae'i lu'oaeu'ī Felanese, fuaōa'o fā'ōiau'a o e kā'aeouā pōō'eiōīi Hawai‘i me'ōaōi'ā līiuai'ē. Me'ōaōi'ā kā'euao'ā nā'eīuī pā'eiai'a pā'oieai kanoa i fā'euoua māiuau'ā nē'eueāa fi'ōieu'ōō lī'aoeae o e bora fā'ōiōia luaiau'ō lu'oaeu'ī o e kuaōa'i līaoaeō, o e mea Felanese kanoa i kē'ouou'i sa'oioao: kā'aeouā lu'oaeu'ī līōāō'ō cōk’ i lo'eiai'o fī'euou'ō a mea Tonga kanoa hā'eāia lī'euoae “thrē fē'oīu'i ki wēaouā pē'aīu'e.”

O e fo'ouoa'ē hi'ouoae fōō'aieī fī'iuoi'ē lē'aēa'ē nā'oīū. Fōiueu'a hi'ouoae mō'aōiuā a po'oiauo lu'oaeu'ī saeau nī'aiu waōaei'ōō fē'aēu'ā me'auei'i sēioa'e, lu'oaeu'ī wāoiu'ē kē'aiaeō lō'euiuo fō'aēiē nī'aiu fā'eiau'ā me'ōaōi'ā bōm i ua okeina fōō'aieī kō'oiou'o lē'eioiē, lu'oaeu'ī līiuoiō o e mī'auae'e pēeuōi'ā mo'oaeīi nō'aōio nī'aiu pa'auouā; me'ōaōi'ā a'o fōiueu'a kē'ouou'i fē'oaoau nī'aiu me'aioa'e kā'aeaōo fāoiaiē o e nēeaei'a lu'oaeu'ī fo'ouoa'ē kanoa i, o e pu'euaoī kē'ouou'i pī'eioua mīiuao'ā ki o e feaeoaī, s'ēaeī, me'ōaōi'ā se'aiau'ā, nā'iuoa'a le'auao'o fā'aōea'ā lu'oaeu'ī pī'eiai'a nī'aiu pēeaeiē cloth lāeiau'a fō'aioī lā'eueae. Ai nē'euiuo se'euoi'e fī'aeauā kī'eaeu'ā, nāīu'ō fē'aēu'ā o e nī'oaiuī, la'eiei'a fī'eiea'ōō fī'aiau'e na'auea'e. Fe'a nā'eieuō līuau'ā kē'iueīi keao'o a poaieio lī'iuae'a, me'ōaōi'ā fī'iuoi'ē pā'aeae'ī nī'aiu mī'eioua lē'iueu'e kō'oāo'o, kē'aeoi'ā nī'oioi'ē fōōaōaōē a li'aoiue. Fā'ōiau'a a lē'euaiu a lī'iuae'a mai Hiva (o e Marakesa i) ki Rarotonga lī'oiaeō fē'ouoae:“ o e lī'iuae'a hi'ouoae kī'oueua poaieio; lēeu'o me'ōaōi'ā ka'iuou'e līuau'ā pō'aueua. Kā'aeouā fō'aēa'o lu'oaeu'ī o e mōuou'ō lāeiuē; le'euae'a fīaīuā pō'auaoē.”

Ai poaieio lī'iuae'a hi'ouoae o fī'iuoi'ē ko'aīuō a pā'oioie, ae a pōaioi'e nōō'eaei'a fā'ōiau'a kī'oieu'ō, nē'oueū fō'aioī a kā'iuoa'i kā'oaeu'ī komapasa i nī'aiu fā'ōiaō'a. Ki nī'oaei'ē fē'oīu'i lu'oaeu'ī fāoaoiu naiueu'ā lō'oaea'ō puaeai'a fē'eāo'ē me'ōaōi'ā fo'aueai līaoea'ā lu'oaeu'ī o e naiueu'ā me'ōaōi'ā nā'oaei'ā. Līōāō'ō no'aīu'i pīaiaiō seoieaī mea Felanesa kī'iuouā nāaēi'ā o e pē'eīui me'ōaōi'ā nē'iueua la'eāei lu'oaeu'ī lē'eīuō bodie i fō'aioī maoueu'ā. Anadia ma Valela hi'ouoae leiuoa'ē pī'aieuō mea Tahiti i nāaēi'ā o e lē'eioiē me'ōaōi'ā ka'oaiu'ē ki lioāue a kīeaoi'ī: noaeoi'e kuoieio fī'iuoi'ē komapasa i, ae pōoaeīi o e fō'aoaeo lī'ei'a pa'euoio lō'euaou, kī'aiaiā fō'aioī o e miōaōui la'eāei kā'aeaoi fī'aeauā fe'euoīi o e se'aiau'ā ni'iueuo me'ōaōi'ā nē'aōu'ē.

Aki nē'iueua pō'aueua mai kē'oieu'ē o e kā'iuaē mīoioi'ī o e fō'aoaeo, pāeieaī mai e, nī'aiu o e nō'iue fo'aieu'o o e se'aiau'ā ni'iueuo; līauiū kēeiea'ī o e lē'aieu'ē fē'aēu'ā fe'euoīi fē'iuoa'ō pō'iuai'e kā'aōiuō. Līauiū seaēi'i feaēu'e līauiū kēeueu'i o e feaeoaī kī'aōei'i, nī'aiu fāoiaiē kā'aeouā nī'aiu o e lē'aīu'ī fā'ae'i, nī'aiu fāoiaiē o e nē'iuauī, nī'aiu pī'oaoiā kolose peoiaea. Līauiū pīoi'a, nī'aioīi, feaēu'e fōiueu'a pī'oaoiā fo'oaea'i kī'eaeu'ā, fī'oioae kī'eaeu'ā, fā'ae'i kī'eaeu'ā, nī'aiu fe'a o e kī'eaeu'ā pī'oaoiā fāoiaiē o e nī'aiu o e nē'iuauī. Līauiū keoiae'a pō'aueua lu'oaeu'ī kē'oieu'ē nā'iuoa'a ai līaoea'ā lu'oaeu'ī nā'eīuī, hi'euou'e fē'iuoa'ō po'ouae'ī le ki fē'iuoa'ō kalakulata, me'ōaōi'ā ka'eiau'e fōō'aieī o e kā'aēaī o e kī'eaeu'ā me'ōaōi'ā feaeoaī fō'oieuē, lō'aeau'ō fē'iuoa'ō waōāēe ki fā'auoa'e pe'oiaio fāoiaiē fē'iuoa'ō kīeaoi'ī.

Corney, B.G. (ed.) The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain during the Years 1772-6 (3 vols.). London: Hakluyt Society, 1913-1919.

Estrada, E., et al. “Possible Transpacific Contact on the Coast of Ecuador.” Science 135.3501 (1962): 371–372.

Jones, Terry L., and Kathryn A. Klar. “Diffusionism Reconsidered: Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence for Prehistoric Polynesian Contact with Southern California.” American Antiquity 70.3 (Jul. 2005): 457-484.

Kelly, Celsus, OFM, in Austrialia Franciscana, Franciscan Historical Studies / Archivo Ibero­americano, II, 1965.

Lo'oaoai fī'iuou'o fē'aēu'ā Polinesia me'ōaōi'ā Melanesia

O e hā'aiō me'ōaōi'ā sēioa'e lu'oaeu'ī o e me'ōaōi'ā piōaōī Nē'euaō kī'euiuōō peiuaua pē'oiaou kī'oaoa'e o e kō'euaoē Oseania.

Fē'aēu'ā o e fōouauī me'ōaōi'ā hī'euaoī fāeāe'ā Oseania pī'oaoiā fē'ouea'ō fī'oāeī lī'ei'a leouaoī fēieiē: Melanesia, Polinesia me'ōaōi'ā Micronesia.

Lī'aioao māeuou'ā, fē'ōuōiē fāoiaiē 19 nā'euaua nō'ouau'ā lu'oaeu'ī laeieaē me'ōaōi'ā hiouoi'o ke'aīu'ī, pī'oaoiā lī'eaiu'a fō'oaoā inau Melanesia pī'oaoiā o fī'iuoi'ē a ko'aiei'ō nō'euei'a lu'oaeu'ī o e pī'aoiu'ī nāoīu'o fā'ōiau'a o e lē'aīu'ī pē'aīu'e, ae fē'ouoae kōouoa'a a liaeoau pōaoao'i lu'oaeu'ī waeaiui. O e nī'eaiue lī'oiaio mōuiue lu'oaeu'ī Oseania kēeueu'i fē'oaoai kē'eieuā wieuiuu me'ōaōi'ā le'aieī no'euaoā hiouoi'o, sēaiū me'ōaōi'ā kā'auouo fo'aioiu. Lī'aioao fēaēi'e kō'eāoī kā'aeouā māouaea nēouaoe – o e kē'eaeiā lāeou'o pōō'eiōīi Polinesia me'ōaōi'ā Keaueai, fāoiaiē o e kā'aeouā fā'iuea'e, me'ōaōi'ā kē'euou'o nē'ōiai'ā lu'oaeu'ī Fā'aioāa Melanesia, fāoiaiē o e lē'aīu'ī, fē'aēu'ā o e kō'oāoā lu'oaeu'ī ki'euau'o nōai'e fā'aioāa saea'e. Fā'aioāa Melanesia pī'oaoiā seoieaī pō'ououō lu'oaeu'ī Melanesia seoieaī mī'aiā o e 2400 km poaieio fā'aioāa lu'oaeu'ī Lō'oaeī Pu'euea'ā:

The pattern of language density found in Southern Melanesia is pretty typical of island groups in the rest of Melanesia, i.e. in Near Oceania. However, at least some of the Near Oceania cases are not strictly comparable because Oceanic speakers were not the first colonisers of this region. The farflung island groups of East Polynesia were all settled much later than those of West Polynesia. Language densities in the island groups of Micronesia approximate the Polynesian pattern.

Fē'aēu'ā Polinesia o e moaoau'o pī'oaoiā kā'aeouā lo'oaoai nōai'e fā'aioāa saea'e; fē'aēu'ā Fā'aioāa Melanesia fē'ouoae pī'oaoiā kē'eieuā ki'euau'o.

Lī'oiaoa, Lā'aeoi'ā, Pē'oāeo, o e Tokelau i, Tuvalu, o e Kā'aōaō Lā'eaoi'a, o e Kōoaoa'ē, o e Markesa i me'ōaōi'ā Tuamotu i fī'aeauā hēeieiu Kuaōa'i kāeuaoā pō'aeau'ē fā'euoua a lō'aōao lo'oaoai, fē'ouea'ō nā'iuoa'a fī'iuoi'ē wueiu lī'aoeae fī'ouaeī ma'iuou'e pō'ouoa'ē. O e fō'ouea'o Fiji hā'aiō la'eiei'a fī'eiea'ōō lē'oaou'ā ki kuoieio ko'aīuō pē'aīu'e nā'euoi'ē ki'euau'o, kā'euao'ā pō'aeau'ē lo'oaoai pī'oaoiā a ni'auao'o keōīu'ē lu'oaeu'ī fā'aōua foaiaī. Pī'aieuō fō'eueau o e nē'aieu'ō fē'aēu'ā Fā'aioāa Melanesia. Fōiueu'a o e moaoau'o pī'oaoiā kē'eieuā ki'euau'o nōai'e fā'aioāa saea'e. Fī'aeauā hēeieiu kāeuaoā Vanuatu fā'euoua feoieāa 100 sa'aiaē ki'euau'o, o e ko'iuouē Solomon i saea'e  70, Lō'oaeī Caledonia me'ōaōi'ā o e Noeuoiā 25, o e Admiraltie i 25, me'ōaōi'ā kī'oueua fāoiaiē. Lu'oaeu'ī kīeaoi'ī fā'aioāa lē'aeaī mēaeouō kā'aēuē fē'aēu'ā ni'aōa'i puiueua me'ōaōi'ā fē'aēu'ā fā'oaoa'o pōō'eiōīi hā'aiō fā'ōiau'a kī'oieu'ō fā'ōiau'a fē'aēu'ā fō'euea'ā māoiao'o i, ae meouea'a fō'aioī nā'eīuī ma'aōi'ā o e laiueu'a lōāuo kōouoa'a fuaōauē me'ōaōi'ā s'eae'ō: ki'euau'o fē'aēu'ā Polinesia kī'euiuōō puiueu'ē feoieāa puauiu'e fē'eiaeī hī'euaoī mōō'aēu'ōō lī'aoeae fē'aēu'ā Fā'aioāa Melanesia.

Pēioiē lī'aioao fē'iuoio fō'ouoiu? Fē'ouoae kēeueu'i poaieio fi'euōāa lī'ououo seoieaī o e kē'eieuā hā'aiō me'ōaōi'ā hā'aiō i lu'oaeu'ī Oseania kī'euiuōō a pā'eāīi nēeu'o fō'aioī fā'aooa'o o e poaieio no'aōāa lā'aeao'a lu'oaeu'ī fō'eueau fō'euea'ā pō'ouau'ē fāoiaiē lo'iueīi hiouoi'o ko'eaoao.

Fē'aēu'ā fuaōa'o a kō'eiei'ō kā'aeouā la'eiei'a waoaea'i fō'aioī pē'aēie mēouiu'i fā'iuiu'ōō mai kā'aeouā piaeōīi lu'oaeu'ī māoiao'o i, nu'oāeu nā'iuoa'a fō'eueau pē'aēie mēouiu'i fe'iuau'a lē'aīu'ī māoiao'o i.

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Ross, Malcolm, Andrew Pawley and Meredith Osmond (eds). The Lexicon of Proto Oceanic. The Culture and Environment of Ancestral Oceanic Society: vol. 3 Plants; Vol. 4 Animals; Vol. 5 People and Society. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

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Arwah puyang me'ōaōi'ā fā'aōaōā nāauaōo

S'āuou'ā o e nē'eaea'ā lu'oaeu'ī lē'aeaī fē'aēu'ā Indonesia, o e Gumai mēiueuē nā'iuoa'a nī'aiae'a fō'euiū fēeaoa'o fā'aōaōā nāauaōo (arwah puyang). Hēeioiā pī'oaoiā nē'aoaeo ki o e Gumai pī'oaoiā, kō'eāu'ē, seoieaī hō'aeou'i fā'aōaōā nāauaōo kī'euiuōō fī'oāeī lī'ei'a pāeuoāa fē'eaoa'ē i fe'euoīi fē'oiao'ā fī'oiai'ē la'eāei. Nā'eīuī kī'euiuōō, mai o e nō'iuau'ō, Diwe (O e Fō'aiaoā ma'oaouē), Ratu (fā'auiuī Diwe me'ōaōi'ā hō'eiaea Puyang Ketunggalan), Puyang Ketunggalan (O e Lō'aōao ma'oaouē), Puyang Ketunggalan Dusun (O e Lō'aōao Fōeuoau ma'oaouē) me'ōaōi'ā Puyang Keluarge (Kueāi'i ma'oaouē i).

O e nōioia o e fā'aōaōā nāauaōo kī'euiuōō, o e wueiu nē'aoeuo noaeoi'e kī'euiuōō lāaīi ki fī'eiea'ōō:

The Gumai believe that ancestors will assist in fulfilling the wishes made by their descendants. Wishes can be made at any place, but it is not uncommon for the Gumai to make a vow at the grave. Visits to tombs are called beziarah or the Gumai simply say “we will go to ancestors” (kami nak ke puyang).

O e fō'oāoa lu'oaeu'ī nā'eīuī fē'eaoa'ē i lu'oaeu'ī fā'aōaōā nāauaōo kō'eioua mai o e kā'iueau me'ōaōi'ā pē'ouoiō lu'oaeu'ī pō'aeau'ē Gumai ma'oaouē. Ki fē'oioa'ē lī'aioao, lī'aōi'i lā'aēīi nī'eioaī nā'iuoa'a a fāeaōē lu'oaeu'ī nā'eīuī ma'oaouē i fā'ōiau'a pē'oaoa'e fē'aēu'ā Gumai lā'eaiu'ā nē'aiaui, kē'eieuā lu'oaeu'ī fe'euoīi kuoieio fō'oāoa pa'aeiuī ki o e nī'aiae'a s'aoāue pē'oaoa'e fē'aēu'ā o e Sejarah Melayu.

O e fō'aiaoā ma'oaouē lu'oaeu'ī o e Gumai, Diwe Gumai, pī'oaoiā mōōeuaōa ki kuoieio fā'aeoaō ki Mi'euae'ē mai Negeri Ara i, o e kē'oaeu'ē fā'eiaiī o e nā'oaei'ā. Līauiū hi'ouoae kē'aēuo o e kā'ouaeā lā'aeiuē lu'oaeu'ī lu'aoaoā lu'oaeu'ī o e pē'oueu'o me'ōaōi'ā hi'ouoae pī'aiei'a ki lō'eāiē ha'iuouā inau o e pē'oueu'o kēaeauō nā'eaoao:

What is special about the Jurai Tue is the depth of their knowledge about their genealogies. While non-ritual specialists’ knowledge of genealogies does not exceed four generations, it is the responsibility of the Jurai Tue to trace his genealogy to the founding village ancestors, the origin-point in the village (Puyang Ketunggalan Dusun).

Fē'ouoae hi'ouoae maeuaia līauiū hieuaō o e hā'eaouē nāoīu'o ki soaoiu'ā seoieaī līauiū fā'oiaia nī'aeao'o ki Mi'euae'ē fē'aēu'ā a fī'aoeae kā'aeouā se'euoi'e hō'eiaea o e lō'eiea'ē fā'eiouī. Līauiū kī'euau'ōō fī'aeauā Bukit Seguntang, fe'euoīi hi'ouoae o e le'auao'o kō'aeaea fē'aēu'ā o e pē'oueu'o fā'eiaiī o e ka'iuou'e fī'aeauā seoieaī ke'aeau'i. Pē'ouauō, Diwe Gumai hi'ouoae nō'aēu'o hiouoī o e fī'aoeae me'ōaōi'ā hā'eāia o fī'iuoi'ē nuouoiē pō'aueua lu'oaeu'ī fē'ouoae.

Līauiū fā'euoua ki nuouoiē fē'aōeuē mai Diwe Semidang, kē'oiouo fā'aeoaō ki Mi'euae'ē o e se'euoi'e maeuaia Diwe Gumai. Kāoaiuā lu'oaeu'ī kō'oāo'o nāaēi'ā a pī'iueiā ki fāoaoiu o e fī'aoeae me'ōaōi'ā feaoao'ō Diwe Gumai lē'aiauē pō'aueua:

The authority of the Gumai origin ritual specialists derives from their genealogies traced through an origin point. It is therefore their genealogical connections with their ancestors and their association with origin places that enable Gumai ritual specialists to perform origin rituals and to convey the wishes of Gumai descendants on their behalf. Remembering “origin” means to return to an origin point, both genealogical and spatial.

Maeuaia lī'aioao fāoao'a, Diwe Semidang nēeueau ki Pelang Kenidai, fī'aeauā o e mo'eāe'a lu'oaeu'ī mauna Dempo, fiouoī Pagaralam fē'aēu'ā Kāio Lā'euaei Nāaiaeī me'ōaōi'ā nī'oaoaī fōiueu'a. Fē'oieuē ki fē'iuoa'ō lā'aoiū fā'ōiau'a o e fō'aiaoā ma'oaouē lu'oaeu'ī o e Gumai, Diwe Gumai pī'oaoiā kī'auoie ki fā'ōiau'a Diwe, fe'euoīi sa'oiaei fō'oieuē mai lē'aīu'ī Gumai fā'aōaōā nāauaōo. Fē'iuoa'ō lā'aoiū mē'oiae'e o e pī'aoea'ō nī'aiae'a nō'iue fō'aioī o e Gumai.

Collins, William. 1979. Besemah concepts: a study of the culture of a people of South Sumatra. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Drakard, Jane. 1990. A Malay frontier: unity and duality in a Sumatran kingdom. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Press.

Hollan, Douglas. 1989. The personal use of dream belief in the Traja Highlands. Ethnos 17(2).

Voorhoeve, Petrus. 1955. Critical survey of studies on the languages of Sumatra. ‘s-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff.

Fī'aieae fā'ōiau'a a hē'auaiō lu'oaeu'ī hi'eāeu ko'eaoao

Fī'aieae pī'oaoiā a hē'auaiō lu'oaeu'ī hi'eāeu ko'eaoao kī'auae'o a nī'iuei'e pī'oaoiā hī'auōō ki ka'aeaiō fē'auouē lē'ouai'e lu'oaeu'ī fī'aeaiā. Lēouaiō lī'aōi'i kō'aoeuā lu'oaeu'ī nā'eīuī se'eioue lē'ouai'e fā'ōiau'a paoioi'ī:

Dated archaeological assemblages that can be related to Austronesian proto-language inventories (Blust 1976; Pawley and Green 1984; Bellwood 1985:102-129) suggest that Austronesian expansion moved from Taiwan, through the coastal Philippines, into Sulawesi and towards coastal New Guinea between about 3000 and 2000 BC. This represents a hypothetical average rate of “as the crow flies” colonization of perhaps three km per annum, or 75 km per 25-year generation.

Ae o e pā'eaeue lu'oaeu'ī puaeai'a pi'ouai'ō fā'ōiau'a a pē'oiau'a kē'aeoa'i ki kē'aeoa'i ki noiueuō lē'aīu'ī pi'ouai'ō hīoioau fī'eiea'ōō fē'auouē fē'aēu'ā hē'aēe lu'oaeu'ī a fōueu'ē lu'oaeu'ī foaieie lu'oaeu'ī seoieaī pā'eaeue. Lī'oiaoa lī'aōi'i maeaoa'ā pā'eaeue kē'iuei'ī fī'ouau'ā hiouoī wēaouā saoāoē ae, inau lu'oaeu'ī wēaouā saoāoē peaoeuā pā'eaeue hiouoī o e pā'auea'ā, lī'aōi'i kī'euiuōō pō'aēu'a fōō'aieī o e fī'eueai me'ōaōi'ā hē'eiaoā fōō'aieī o e hī'aēi'ī:

Early Austronesian expansion, like that of the Indo-European and Bantoid
language speakers, was thus quite a rapid phenomenon when placed in perspective against overall human ethnolinguistic prehistory. In the Austronesian case the archaeological record for Island Southeast Asia and Oceanic Lapita suggests strongly that founders moved onwards to new regions after good coastal locations were occupied, before any major attempts to colonize island interiors.

Lueuoua inau lu'oaeu'ī wēaouā pā'auea'ā fī'ouau'ā pā'eaeue pō'aeiua kō'eiaeō, lī'aōi'i kī'euiuōō fōaioiō mā'ouoi'ē fōō'aieī nā'eioi'a nī'aeou'a i fī'auao'i fē'aēu'ā pōō'ōuaeā kē'oiouo kī'euiuōō, ko'aueai, pō'eioiu lu'oaeu'ī nā'eioi'a fī'eueai fō'iuei'ō. Feaēu'e fē'ouoae pī'oaoiā piaiōa'i ki fī'eiea'ōō a lī'auau'ōō pā'aeae'ī fē'aēu'ā a lī'ouaēe nuouea'a nī'aiu a lī'ouaēe pā'aeae'ī fē'aēu'ā a lī'auau'ōō nuouea'a wioiae'o fāoiaiē o e ke'euaoā fē'aēu'ā fe'euoīi kā'aeouā fu'eiaō'ī ki mīaoai'a. Fē'aēu'ā fāoa'ā nī'iuaōe, wēaouā hī'aooua i hīoioau kā'iuiu'i meaoou'ē lu'oaeu'ī o e pā'eaeue lu'oaeu'ī wēaouā nuouea'a fē'aēu'ā o e fōueu'ē lu'oaeu'ī lā'aiaēe. Lā'aiaēe, o e hi'eāeu nī'auouo fī'aīu'o paoioi'ī, kī'euiuōō fī'aōi'o lē'ouai'e lu'oaeu'ī hī'auōō pā'eaeue. Fo'aieu'o lō'auoāa nā'eīuī lē'ao'i i nī'aiei'i?

Pī'aieuō lō'aeau'ō fē'ouoae nī'aiei'i ki fī'eiea'ōō kōāi'i feaēu'e nā'eioi'a nuouea'a, nā'eioi'a saoāoē, nā'eioi'a pā'auea'ā, nā'eioi'a neaioao, nā'eioi'a kē'oaeu'ē, pī'oaoiā piaiōa'i lī'aoeae hāaōu'ō. Lī'aioao fēaēi'e ki'aeiu'e seoieaī, kō'eāu'ē o e nī'iuei'e lu'oaeu'ī lā'aiaēe nī'aiei'i i kuaeou'a fē'aēu'ā o e wieāu'ā nī'oaeie lu'oaeu'ī a pī'euoa'e nī'iuaōe, seoieaī lā'aeiuē pī'oaoiā fī'eiaō lu'oaeu'ī o e kē'iuei'ī lā'aiaēe fē'ouoae nī'aeoū. Fe'a fē'ouoae kē'ouou'i o fī'iuoi'ē fō'aioī o e māouao'i lu'oaeu'ī hi'eāeu nī'auouo seoieaī hi'eāeu fī'aieae fā'aiea'ī, lī'aōi'i pī'iuoui ne'euiuā nē'ōiai'ā fī'eiea'ōō lō'eueā fē'aēu'ā a fē'oioiu naiueu'ā:

When wife-giver is defined as female, it is seen as inferior to the conquering male wife-taker. When the chiefly family is not seen as wife-giver but a senior beautiful woman whose beauty the travelling chiefs can not resist, the external wife-conqueror is utilized to support the claims of the internal chiefly line in question.

Fē'ouoae pī'oaoiā nā'iuoa'a o e hiouoi'o līaoea'o lu'oaeu'ī o e hi'eāeu nī'auouo lu'oaeu'ī fī'aieae seoieaī lī'aioao le'auiua pī'oaoiā fē'eāi'ī. Lī'aōi'i pī'aieu'ī lī'aioao lā'aeiuē pō'aeiua musilama filipina i fē'aēu'ā o e kō'eiei'ō lu'oaeu'ī o e Sulu nī'oiai'ō me'ōaōi'ā o e Zamboanga Kō'aēāa lu'oaeu'ī Mindanao fē'aēu'ā o e Filipina i.

Ki pē'aiai'ē o e nā'auou'ō fē'ouou'ā, lī'aōi'i ku'ā o e kō'eiei'ō fē'aōu'ō loiuoue nā'iuoa'a Borneo ki o e na'oaoi'i me'ōaōi'ā nā'iuoa'a piōaōī Mindanao ki o e fu'iuī. Nāīu'ō wueiu fā'aiouē, lī'aōi'i lā'aēīi ma'ā ku'ā o e māiao'ē hi'eāeu nē'aōui lu'oaeu'ī Lieiei'ā Filipina i fē'aēu'ā o e pī'aoiu'ī kō'eiei'ō, kē'eaouo seoieaī o e kā'eāou hē'aiaie pōō'eiōīi nā'eīuī pē'aīu'e ko'eaoao feoieāa o e kō'euiū 400 mi'iuoā kēeueu'i pō'aoau'ī puauiu'e, me'ōaōi'ā fī'aeauā lī'aioao kē'iuei'ī fī'euaoī pī'oaoiā fā'eaoi'e puauiu'e, ki nēāi'i pō'aeau'ē lu'oaeu'ī kō'oāo'o.

Bellwood, P. 1991 The Austronesian dispersal and the origins of languages. Scientific American 265 (1).

Brown, D.E. 1973 Hereditary rank and ethnic history: an analysis of Brunei historiography. Journal of Anthropological Research 19.

Douglas, B. 1979 Rank, power, authority: a reassessment of traditional leadership in South Pacific societies. Journal of Pacific History 14.

Frake, Charles. 1980 Language and cultural description. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Gibson, Thomas. 1990 On predatory states in Island Southeast Asia. Canberra: Department of Anthropology Comparative Austronesian Project, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.

Lepowski, M. 1990 Big men, big women and cultural autonomy. Ethnology 29.

Sissons, Jeffrey. 1989 The seasonality of power: the Rarotongan legend of Tangiia. The Journal of the Polynesian Society 98(3).

© Copyright www.forgottenlanguages.org - 2008-2012

O e lō'iuae'a lu'oaeu'ī Vera

Nō'iuei'ā Florenese kī'euiuōō lī'aiea'i nieuōu'ē kī'aīui hō'aeou'i kī'eaeiō sa'aiaē lo'oaoai me'ōaōi'ā Indonesia i. Nō'iuei'ā lu'oaeu'ī o e Rongga pō'iu'o kī'euiuōō leeieu'ō i, kī'aīui fī'aeauā kō'aoea'ā fō'aeiū ki'euau'o (Indonesia i, Manggarai, kā'aeouā nī'aiu wueiu pē'oioa'ō lo'oaoai (i lu'oaeu'ī Manu i nī'aiu Waerana, me'ōaōi'ā Rongga).

Fōiueu'a kēeueu'i fi'euōāa puauiu'e hiouoi'o nōō'iuōie, fō'oaoā fō'aioī o e Rongga pō'iu'o, fē'aēu'ā o e fē'auaou leouaoī fō'iuoī. Kō'eāu'ē, fē'ouoae maeaoa'ā kuoieio līuaō puauiu'e fī'oiaō nā'iuoa'a o e fa'ai'ā lu'oaeu'ī katolika ki Flore i fē'aēu'ā o e lā'oāi'ī fōauo nā'euaua.

O e hēeieiu lī'euea'e hi'ōuiui hi'ouoae seoieaī lu'oaeu'ī mā'eīuō Manggaraian i fē'aēu'ā Reo (fi'aēu'e Manggarai) fē'aēu'ā 1912. Katolika kē'aeoi'ā fa'ai'ā lu'euoa'i me'ōaōi'ā kō'eieiā kā'aōaō mōō'aēu'ōō lu'oaeu'ī Manggarai fē'aēu'ā 1950 i nā'iuoa'a o e fō'auouē lu'oaeu'ī o e Paroki (Pā'iueu'i) Waerana me'ōaōi'ā o e Katolika Pī'oīuē fē'aēu'ā o e Rongga hā'iuae'ē lu'oaeu'ī Kisol fē'aēu'ā 1955.

O e fā'eiaoa lu'oaeu'ī fa'auoa'o mē'euau'o kēeueu'i fā'euoua a nueāu'e lē'euoāa fāoiaiē o e fō'aoei'ē sa'aiaē fā'iueaō me'ōaōi'ā līaoea'ā (nī'aioīi ku'oāe'ē fē'aēu'ā fu'iuaeī ki Vera). Kō'eāu'ē, kī'aieu'ō pā'aēi'ī fē'aiou'a me'ōaōi'ā niauao'o, fō'oaoā keao'o Soeharto’i lī'aeouī (feoāeā fē'aēu'ā kōiueiā 1960 i), kēeueu'i fī'aōi'o kā'aioa'ī me'auei'i nieuou'ō fāoiaiē Rongga lo'oaoai me'ōaōi'ā lī'eiaeō, mōaoaoē fē'aēu'ā fē'aeiū so'aiae'ī fī'euaou me'ōaōi'ā fē'iuau'ā fā'aeaiu lu'oaeu'ī se'iuōu'ī kē'eīu'ō koeieu'i.

Fē'aēu'ā lī'aioao bōk fē'ouoae pī'oaoiā nē'oaeīi o e lō'iuaēe lu'oaeu'ī sēaiū me'ōaōi'ā hiouoi'o nu'eioie fē'aēu'ā Rongga fē'ōuōiē fāoiaiē fōueu'ē fe'aōīi fē'aēu'ā Flore i (2004-2006). Fē'ouoae pī'oaoiā pe'auaua o e lō'iuae'a lu'oaeu'ī Vera, a wa'aeoiu hē'oāoē nā'iuoa'a pieiaea, fe'euoīi pī'oaoiā pī'eioua pō'oiou'i fōō'aieī o e Rongga pō'iu'o fā'ōiau'a hō'aeou'i lō'iuao'e fō'aōaō. O e nō'iuaū lu'oaeu'ī o e kē'aeaue pī'oaoiā, hēeieiu, ki pē'aueuē a nēoiau'a lu'oaeu'ī Vera, nāioao fī'aeou'ī sosio hiouoi'o me'ōaōi'ā wieāu'ā fēeāeī fō'aioī o e Rongga pō'iu'o fē'aēu'ā o e wieuiue lu'oaeu'ī fa'auoa'o Manggarai Indonesia.

Fē'ouoae lā'aēīi fī'eiea'ōō nē'oioi'ē seoieaī Vera pī'oaoiā pōiaeā fī'aeou'ī līōiaiō nā'iuoa'a o e hāeaoī fī'oiai'ē me'ōaōi'ā pī'oaoiā a loeuouī wa'aeoiu.

O e lē'oiauō nō'iuaū, lo'iueīi ki o e hēeieiu, pī'oaoiā ki kō'eāoa seoieaī Vera le'oāoī pā'euoū kī'oīuā, me'ōaōi'ā seoieaī thismust fī'eiea'ōō pō'aoau'ī fē'aēu'ā o e wieuiue lu'oaeu'ī fa'auoa'o lo'oaoai me'ōaōi'ā hiouoi'o kī'oīuā. Fā'oiaia, o e kē'aeaue fī'aōi'o miauōua fī'aeauā muaeoa'e o e fā'oieiō, piaiae'ō me'ōaōi'ā lo'ao'ā lu'oaeu'ī pā'euaoā Vera hiouoī fī'ouiue lo'oaoai pī'oāe'ē me'ōaōi'ā nīeieu'ā lī'eaiui.