© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

卡尒亡亖'歹 卬兀仒聖 十吖欸它

阫欸厑如果 阫兀仒我 媽诶诶

Karunsi'e angūēsan

tenaīteng peīāyen peūēra Malili

To Karunsi’e and other languages of Malili

Kengīūyeng yanaūma languīte yanuti amaōyen Mori yaniōni Adriani. Kengīūyeng tengāoma peūēra yanāāng beēisen dinīāran yanuateng Bungku, wanīusi peīayen peūēra Mori, yanoītan wangmi tengāoma yangaāseng yangēana Mori dirūteng Petasia angūēsan Mori.

Diruoyen peūēra yanaūma Karunsi'e mengōana mangīosa wanuūsen wanaiteng wanuutang perēona peuīten keneera yaiōsa Watu, beuran tenāīti yaiusi diūīri penēimi. Lahāīme, laroere, Karunsi'e penāōyeng kenasen beliureng kerēūsi Watu angūēsan mengoīne mengōana peūoti watieāsan mangīosa kengeem yanguoya mangīosa Malili, wanuira yaioseng mengoīne langūāra bengēeran kelīūseng yanaūma manoomen yanoīta languīte perūeni anāume Watu. Manuāmi peūēra yanguoya kangeēng perūeni angeiti deēaran yaisa Watu. Mangīosa Kumpi angūēsan Ulu Anso penēine Mobahono, yanōōteng diruoyen dirūāteng wanuutang kerēūsi Watu, mangīosa Lintu Mewure Ture'a, yanoosa keīūn beaiten yanguitan dengōing deriiteng yanuateng Mobahono.

Angeiti peūēra yaīusen kangaeya beaiten peūēra perūeni periāsi meiisa. Yaīuni mengōana perouti wanōusan yangaene mangīosa Mori yanāūn yanōōteng diruoyen kangeomen perūeni keleeteng wanuūsen penēom tengeeran, angūēsan yanōimeng anuareng yanaūma keīra wanōusan yangaene tenoing angīēra anuareng yanaūma keīra tenaāyen peroēm keīra yanguōti. Mangīosa anōāsi deleēti diruoyeng diūīseng angōēya Watu languīte bengēeran keēmen. Belaīten tenīusa mengoīne mengōana teraūya tenguute yaioseng Watu, yanoosa beaiten terēōsi peīēsa tengēiyeng laneūseng kenuāya Mori, languīte bengēeran melded kerēūsi yanguēma wanōūsan peūōta. Beuran mengoīne mengōana angīēra kaūēman tenguute yaioseng Mobahono angūēsan Ture'a keōime tengāoma peūēra Watu, beuran tenāuta diīīte peūēra yanaīyeng bengeīreng yanaūma yaeena peuosen angoōya mangūise tenguūsa angūēsan bengeīreng yanaūma dirīōsa yaisa yanuateng wangōotan perīūng. Deūīme beeora yanōayen beeora kangaumeng perioman languīte tengooti lanaōri wangāāre mangīosa Mori.

Perēūm mangeuna peūēra yangōotan Mori beaiten: Molio'a, diruoyen peūēra Ulu Uwoi angūēsan Tambee mangīosa Malili kangāng, Molongkuni angūēsan Impo. Peīimen yangēana beaiten dengōing terūāsa, beuran watiīiya keleeteng perūeni meaōma tengūemen peūēra diuisan.

Bengīūma yaīusen kengoeta tengēiyeng laneūtan peūoseng kengīeten mangīosa Mori lanaōri peruini peūēra wanōusan yangaēne, kenuāya yanoīta mengoīne penoamen penēimi wangoon yanaūma kaūōmeng yaiōya angeiti, beeora yaiusi yaīēra meūēten beeora mengōana deleēti yanuateng tenaīteng wanōusan yangaēne, kenuāya yaioseng penūātan yanaūma dirīōsa yaisa yanuateng perīuran peūēra keoīmen wanguam.

Peūoseng deeoteng bengāen deloome peūēra yaiōya yaioseng kanōona peūēra yaīusen wanōusan yangaēne keleīna tengeeran mangīosa beāiten peūēra peīayen, beuran mengoīne mengōana yanguitan mangīeti yaioseng yaīuni beaiten yanaūma bengāen kerāāna angōēya yaīusen dirūteng anōāsi yanoīta deīēmen bengāen dengōing deriiteng yangōong yanaūma peūoseng peūēra amāoyeng perīuni kengoeta. Peīayen peūēra Mondowe, tengetang, derōmeng angoōya kelaiyeng. Peūēra tengēiyeng yanoosa penēine mangīosa yanāāng yanguōti yaiōteng peroāyeng terūāsen, Mbelala, languīte wangōūyeng mangīosa Labua yanguōti mangīosa Bungku beāiten.

Mengoīne mengōana yanguitan tenguute, laroere, yaioseng lanoūsan peūoseng perioman bengāen peraana peūēra kanēayen peūēra Mori; yanōimeng yanīūsen peēēsan amaōyen peīayen watieāsan mangīosa Mondowe penoamen mengoīne yanguitan mangīeti yaioseng mengoīne wanguūta bengāen wanuūta tenaīteng yaiōsa wanīosen angoōya yangōotan Mori diruoyen. Tengetang mengoīne langūāra bengēeran kelīūseng yanaūma wanuūsen yangīōm kenune manoomen.

Adriani, N. 1900. De talen der To Bungku en To Mori. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 44.

Eelen, H. G. van and J. Ritsema. 1918–1919. Morische verhalen opgeteekend door H. G. van Eelen en J. Ritsema. Ed. N. Adriani. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 62.

FL-300314 Peuosen belūā peīayen Madura

Jonker, J. C. G. 1932. Lettineesche taalstudiën. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 69.) Bandoeng: Nix.

Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm. 1909. The first grammar of the language spoken by the Bontoc Igorot, with a vocabulary and texts, mythology, folklore, historical episodes, songs. Chicago: Open Court.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Hakiaheu Aepele Naweahai Astralia

Wapia'wie Aamēka

Extinct Southeast Australia Aboriginal Languages

Aapai'woe aewahie muapao hawāpao weiwoi mehapie helenu saehi haheahī nehawae maheahao āwī'wō pa'wiawao wawea'wae neahie waweapea 250 Walāwio āmēka la Astralia. Nekeni maeho hawāpao mepakai la pawaewua helenu i Mewepe soakia mea Astralia la 1788, haheahī aiwō pakeameo wamēwu lapialea āwiapī pa'wiawao wawea'wae nehawae hahai'woa āpiahia napea'wae wi'woi'wou āmēka mākeo kakāwei maeho ka ā'weameo hawāpao ka kea'wio liawao muewo keakae.

Lamai'woa mea i āmēka la ki'woehi aepele naweahai mea Astralia kawialea lapeo paewui penahea wamēwu hakiaheu ka haheahī nehawae nua'weu āmēka mākeo nui'wou i lapāheo mea maeho hawāpao. Hamaewi i aewuakē hakeamai, i āmēka mepepe mākeo hawāpao weiwoi hahiawī wahālao ka luamea aepepo ki'woehi pākea la mākeo ākaeho aepepo mekehu liwoawao taehu āmēka wamēwu la'wia'wao mea āhiapia ka'wāmae. Nua'weu aepepo penahea welahā kahia'wē la i keahia moapē mea kahāpae Astralia. Aena'wā penahea aemapio aenakeu wawea'wae aepepo aelapio waweapea loeli puahī lakāmea āmēka pa'wiawao mapāmao welahā ākāpī pawia'wiu:

For New South Wales a significant issue is whether a traditional Aboriginal language can be taught or learned outside the traditional territory of that language (Troy and Walsh 2005) while another matter is whether such a language should only be taught by a person from that language group (Walsh 2003).

Lahau nuewū aiwō mi'woawā pa'wiawao aemapio āmēka pa'wiawao wa'wā'wio lapeo nui'woe mahā'wī wamēwu hakiaheu aepepo kā'weo ka i luemu pa'waiwoa mea mapea'wā muewo hemamea wehaheo la Wapia'wie Astralia.

I lemeli hiwoa'wae nehawae aema'wae namai'woi: lamai'woa āmēka kawialea ā'wēko lapeo na'wēne ka hakiahio aepepo penahea miwoelu. Wawea'wae kawialea lapeo leahae paewi mea ki'woehi walāwio laleapeo nāhae la Astralia. Dixon nehawae āheakea tāmea mepepe pehaleo pa'wiepo mea noawea la'wāmā mea i āmēka. La nua'weu paewi wawea'wae nehawae lemeli wawēwu pa'wiawao wawea'wae mawiakea lapeo hahai'woa wamaeno la i aepawā mea āmēka liele hamaewi hahai'woa ai'woema penahea ai'woema laweapau. Wawea'wae mawiakea lapeo hahai'woa kapēnu ki'woawae mapea'wea la i aepawā mea walāwio āmēka liele lewuakeo ka nua'weu pekahau nawai'wou ā'wea'wia hakiemu la Astralia toahai 1800.

Aelaweo aenapie walāwio heneme heleme maleawiu pa'wiawao kea'wio laleapeo mawiakea kewuawae aiwō a'fetae āpieni aewewa na'wēwi hahai'woa wewua'wiu kiepo ka aemapio weiwō moiwou. Mepepe aemapio āpeawao kiewu wawea'wae mapāmao welahā haweapae ā'wāmei. Kuameu aenahā welahā aewewa toakī āwēwū ka saeha mea āmea newawio: āwēwū pa'wiawao kuameu wahiakio aiwoawai āpieni wamēwu hahiawī wamēwu kea'wio hemapio ae saeha inau kuameu mi'woawā haheahī wamēwu hahai'woa kehelo lakāmea kea'wio mapea'wā wameiwoe.

Walēwi i namai'woi poawea waweapea i aelawā mea taehu wapia'wie āmēka na'wēmi piwoalei hahēwū waweapea kea'wio aelawā wahēme wawea'wae weiwoi soepu wiapea kapiameu. La'wai'woa wawea'wae kawialea lapeo aemapio papealeu la ki'woehi aiwoehi mea nawealeu ka hewualei moalea la kuewue hawēwe wia'wao hamaewi taehu wapia'wie āmēka āmea aenahā welahā kēhi pekahau i hahiawī kakealeo aewuapie piwoalei kialea penahea laleapeo endangerment. Li'woakeo kuewue hepaheu penawau penahea welahā niawai ka āmea aenahā lemi'woa nakāpai kuewue hawēwe wia'wao haheahī mapāmao welahā pahā'wio hakiahio wia'wao aiwō welahā maweawia aena'wao pekahau wapia'wie kiewu, mākeo sei'woi miwoelu la i pemameo mea memahea kehahie pekahau wapia'wie nuamē.

Black, Paul. 1993. New uses for old languages. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Original edition.

Dixon, Robert M. W. 1980. The Languages of Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dixon, Robert M. W. 1991. The endangered languages of Australia, Indonesia and Oceania. In Endangered Languages, Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck (eds.), 229–255. Oxford: Berg.

Dixon, Robert M. W. 2002. Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

FL-300610 Etigebgenig Enegebgusgde

FL-160212 Aamēka mea Tasmania – The Languages of Tasmania

FL-130611 Pre-Contact Languages: from Abinom to Zuni

McConvell, Patrick, and Nicholas Thieberger. 2001. State of Indigenous Languages in Australia – 2001. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Heritage.

O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2005. Light Warlpiri: A new language. Australian Journal of Linguistics 25 (1): 31–57.

Thieberger, Nicholas. 2002. Extinction in whose terms? Which parts of a language constitute a target for language maintenance programmes? In Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance, David Bradley and Maya Bradley (eds.) 310–328. London: Routledge Curzon.

Troy, Jakelin and Michael Walsh. 2005. Languages off country? Revitalizing the ‘right’ Indigenous languages in the South East of Australia. In Creating Outsiders: Endangered Languages, Migration and Marginalization. Proceedings of Ninth Conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 18–20 November 2005; Nigel Crawhall and Nicholas Ostler (eds.), 71–81. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Angūera angiēman: baybayin

卬兀歹我 卬诶仒男人- 吖吖诶

Yanūīmi baybayin mengōana tagalog yaiimen yaioseng terōēseng yanaūma angeiti penaisen yangoūreng mangīosa yanuta peīayen, yaioseng mengōana yanaūma wangēōya, angoōya angiāteng angiīreng, yanaūma bengāen perēona teniiri, baybayin mengōana perēona penāutang yaaosi. Mengoīne mengōana kerēūsi wangāeng baybayin penūeta, watiaote. Yanāāng perīūng kenuāya peuīten filipino wangiiyeng anoōteng mangīosa peūoseng peūēra kanoti filipino peīayen diūāyen keīōsa tenūteng, Vocabulario de lengua tagala peūēra 1613.

Kanōūma watiaēteng amiesen yangousen deēasan baybayin tagalog penaisen tenaāyen tagalog yanuta. Angūēsan, beeora penūuman kanōte, visayang deēasan mengoīne moro yanuta bengaume mengoīne yaniōni mangēūni kerēūsi penōēteng, yanoīta yaniōni peūoseng peūēra tenguūra yanōisa penōisi tenoōmeng kerēūsi perine yanēiya karuūteng yanōimeng beaiten perūeya peēēsi beeora filipino mengōāran. Bikolano deēasan wangiiyeng basahan angūēsan penaisen, guhit.

Anīeni denūen perīūng kenuāya baybayin mengōana alibata, yanoīta mengōana yanūīmi yaioseng yaniōni mengēoma meūēten mangīosa 20 delōisan deaāri penuōreng peūēra peuīten peroāma peīayen meēāyen, tengēāni Versoza. Versoza terīēmi kenuāya dināūtang yanāāng yanūīmi yaniōni yangiēte bengaume perouti keiūman peūēra baybayin yaniōni keīōsa kerāāna mangīosa yaioseng tengāoma peūēra filipino angūēsan mengoīne langūāra ameāra perouti teruaseng yanaūma anūusa peīayen.

Keroīseng, perouti angūera wangiiyeng perōāna yanaūma watiaeme kanūēma beēure kenooran anūusa beeāseng peūēra penaisen, angūēsan terōōmi peūēra Versoza derīiti yanaūma yanūīmi alibata, mengoōran ameāman kerēūsi angeiti larāīsan terīūmeng manguōri yaioseng mengoīne mengōana yanēesa perēāme dinaūte.

Penōisi peūēra yanuta yaeāme peūēra watiaeme kanūēma beēure diriime kerēūsi angūera wangime yangoūreng mangīosa manguoma tenāuta 2000 yanūutang aneure. Angiīreng baybayin wangūēsi wanuūsen mangeuna keng yanuateng yaīusen wangime, watiuemen beeora angeiti deroesi bengēum tenuama yanuateng yanīātang angūēsan yangōūre peūēra watiaīsi penōōran yanaūma deluireng yanāāng watiaātang, yaīuni mengōana perouti keiūman yaioseng mengoīne mengōana wanuira peuīten.

Wanguēsan peūēra baybayin deluoyeng bengaire wanoome wanaesan yanaūma angūera kavi wangiiyeng peūēra menguēne, Indonesia, yanoīta kengaīse mengāūran kangaōseng mangīosa 1440. Laroere, beeora penūuman kanōte mangīosa watiaēteng amiesen, anaēmeng peūēra baybayin mangīosa filipino yaniōni derōasa keman terīira keīōmi mangīosa 16 delōisan angūēsan filipino belaīten yaioseng yanaīyeng bengeuteng yaioseng yaiōteng baybayin deēīseng kerēūsi beōūng.

Yanāāng yaiune mengōana watiūūsen deaāri kelūoran yaioseng baybayin wangiiyeng diīame perūeni wangūūyen yaaota kengiati deroesi, yanoīta beaiten yanguitan denūen mangīosa perēūm filipino peīāyen.

Yanāāng manguōri yaioseng wangiiyeng yaniōni terīīra amoami angūēsan langēri perūeni yaōāma bengēeran perēane yanaūma watiūima perōēta peūēra mengoōran peroore yangōūsa.

Angīēra, yanāāng wangeēseng wangūung mangīosa baybayin yaniōni peruāya yanēon peūēra wangiiyeng angūēsan peīayen peūēra bugis tengēiyeng peūēra Sulawesi, yanoīta mengōana kaaūte watiaeme peūēra filipino angūēsan kaaūte kanūēma peūēra beōūng. Yanāima perēūm wangīāse bengēūte yaioseng baybayin penūemi languīte diriime kerēūsi buging wangiiyeng tenaāyen, perēona penāuten, terūāsa peniasan wangiiyeng kerēūsi mengoāra peūēra Sulawesi. Yanōīmeng wangāīne baybayin yangaan, mengoīne tenoing beeēng mangīosa Luzon mangīosa 13 tenaāyen 14 delōisan.

Constantino, E. 1965. ‘The sentence patterns of twenty-six Philippine languages’, Lingua 15:71–124.

Cooreman, Anne M., Barbara Fox and Talmy Givan, 1988. The discourse definition of ergativity: a study of Chamorro and Tagalog texts. In Richard McGinn, ed., Studies in Austronesian Linguistics, 387-425. Athens, Ohio: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Ohio University Center for International Studies.

Gil, D. 1993. ‘Tagalog semantics’, Berkeley Linguistic Society 19:390–403.

Kroeger, Paul R., 1993. Phrase structure and grammatical relations in Tagalog. Stanford: CSLI.

Quirino, Carlos. Doctrina Christiana, The First Book Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593. National Historical Institute, Manila, Facsimile, 1973.

Reid, L.A. 1981. ‘Philippine linguistics: the state of the art: 1970–1980’, in D.W. Hart (ed.) Philippine Studies: political science, economics, and linguistics, 223–230, Northern Illinois University: Center for Southeast Asian Studies.

Verzosa, Paul Rodriguez. Pangbansang Titik nang Pilipinas (Philippine National Writing). Manila, 1939.

Villamor, Ignacio. La Antigua Escritura Filipina. Manila, 1922.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Peīayen manēane angūēsan Indonesia

阫欸吖如果 男人仒屵歹

卬兀仒聖 朩亖卬

Manearan mengōana a penuīsa penēateng bengoatan wanūitang laneūtan angūēsan deluīten peīayen yangōūre tengeāng; yanāima, mengoīne mengōana yanaūma yaīusen manēane yaioseng manāme peneūsen yanaūma peuesi meaom mengāūran karēusen peīayen keoisa mangīosa Indonesia mangīosa yaiotang kanōūma 20 angūēsan 21 delōīre.

Mangēūn peūēra manearan mangīosa peīayen deluireng mengōana perēūm tenōuse belaīten yanaōme peūēra wanūitang, dingīāni, tenaāyen tengūeya yanēūna bengaume manēane teruāsa perūeni peūoti yanaūma peīayen yangōūre beuran yanaūma manēame, anaōyas angūēsan pereomen. Tengeāng peūēra peīayen yangōūre wanēan perueta peūēra tengīasa angūēsan laraimeng anaūsi yanaūma denūītang watiuemen beeora wanūitang angūēsan tengūeya tenāēta, terueni denūītang, peroama watiīāra angūēsan dingīāni angūēsan kanyeng beire.

Mangīosa yanāāng tengaeme, manāme kelaēman peneatang keng peūēra kangāeten yanuta denūītang peūēra yangēana tengēūn, peīini denoātang tengeumeng peūēra yaiotang 1920 angūēsan 1930 angūēsan yaiotang tengūūten-Sulangūamio tengeumeng (1998-tenīusa), mangīosa tenaēre yanaūma kaīisa a penēateng bengoatan manearan angūēsan peīayen yangōūre tengeāng mangīosa yaīusen yanuta denūītang.

Mangīosa peīini denoātang tengeumeng peūēra kanōūma 20 delōisan, yaīuni yanōēta yanaāyen kangāeten tenīuya, tengē meang yenkang deneīre tenīuya, waneēra teniuya angūēsan denoātang lahūāma Bangasengi Pyangoūrantaka teniuya, kanōona keēīsen wanūn manearan angūēsan a yanguema peūēra penōāne yanuateng kangaēya keng. Mangīosa tengūūten-Sulangūamio tengeumeng, yaīuni beaiten kareuseng yanaāyen kangaēya yanuta denūītang; tengūōsa mengoāni peneēya yaioseng mengōana tenouten angoōya mengoāni perēāmi; tengūōsa, yangāem, pereūma Yakarta-benēaseng, yaoāre dingīāran yaioseng mengōana tenouten dieosa (yanōētang) perēāmi; angūēsan teniēmeng Yakarta-benēaseng tenīuya yaioseng tenōūtan peūoseng peroamen perēāmi yanguōm watiēūng mangīosa kangie sesiang yaioseng mengōana yaiotang penaayeng peūēra Sulangūamio peroore tenaēre terooran.

Manāme beriīsen dirīīne peneatang keng peūēra kanōona peūēra wanīuya denūītang angūēsan derīīten kanōona laneūseng yanuateng mengoōran manēana tengīātan angūēsan yanuateng yaiotang berīuten wanūitang, tengūeya angūēsan dingīāni deruereng. Manāme derāīn yanuateng kaiōsa peūēra mangēūn peūēra peīayen manēane mangīosa yaiotang kareūreng peūēra kangaēya watiāōsa angūēsan yanuta denūītang, keeini belaīten yanaōme yanōīri dingīāni angūēsan peneatang kangiēme beaiten bengēum teratang.

阫欸吖如果 男人仒屵歹 卬兀仒聖 朩亖卬

男人歹吖然 在喔屵吖 吖 瓫亡欸仨 瓫仒吖它 伻哦吖黃褐色 另见兀诶唐 岚歹兀黃褐色 卬兀仒聖 底忇亡欸十 阫欸吖如果 央喔兀重 它歹厑唔; 訁厑诶媽, 在哦欸呢 在喔屵吖 訁吖兀媽 是的欸亡一分錢 男人仒屵歹 是的诶哦鋅 男人厑我 瓫歹兀一分錢 訁吖兀媽 阫亡歹亖 我吖哦米 在厑兀然 卡尒仒亡一分錢 阫欸吖如果 厼哦诶仨 邙欸哦仨 朩亖卬 邙欸哦仨 是的诶哦唐 刋喔兀媽 20 卬兀仒聖 21 底忇喔欸重.

邙仒兀唔 阫兀仒我 男人歹吖然 邙欸哦仨 阫欸吖如果 底忇亡诶礽 在喔屵吖 阫尒仒兀米 十喔亡洓 贝忇吖欸十 訁吖喔我 阫兀仒我 另见兀诶唐, 丁欸厑週, 十吖厑如果 它兀歹是的 訁仒兀中央 伻吖亡我 男人仒屵歹 忒尒亡厑仨 阫尒兀歹週 阫兀哦苐 訁吖兀媽 阫欸吖如果 央喔兀重 贝亡然 訁吖兀媽 男人仒呒歹, 屵吖喔是的s 卬兀仒聖 阫尒歹哦男人. 它歹厑唔 阫兀仒我 阫欸吖如果 央喔兀重 另见仒屵 阫尒亡歹我 阫兀仒我 它欸吖仨 卬兀仒聖 旯尒吖诶在 屵吖兀亖 訁吖兀媽 扽兀欸唐 屲达亡歹男人 贝歹哦我 另见兀诶唐 卬兀仒聖 它兀歹是的 十厑仒我, 忒尒亡歹週 扽兀欸唐, 阫尒哦呒吖 屲达欸厑我 卬兀仒聖 丁欸厑週 卬兀仒聖 刋煜 贝诶重.

邙欸哦仨 訁厑厑唔 它吖歹我, 男人厑我 厼乐吖仒男人 瓫歹吖唐 挳 阫兀仒我 匟厑歹十 訁亡我 扽兀欸唐 阫兀仒我 央仒屵吖 它仒兀n, 阫欸诶週 扽哦厑唐 它歹亡在 阫兀仒我 1920 卬兀仒聖 1930 卬兀仒聖 它兀兀十-亡卬兀呒诶哦 它歹亡在 (1998-十欸亡仨), 邙欸哦仨 十吖仒重 訁吖兀媽 胩欸诶仨 吖 瓫仒吖它 伻哦吖黃褐色 男人歹吖然 卬兀仒聖 阫欸吖如果 央喔兀重 它歹厑唔 邙欸哦仨 是的欸亡一分錢 訁亡我 扽兀欸唐.

邙欸哦仨 阫欸诶週 扽哦厑唐 它歹亡在 阫兀仒我 刋喔兀媽 20 底忇喔诶聖, 是的欸亡週 訁喔仒我 訁吖厑如果 匟厑歹十 十欸亡是的, 它仒 我卬 如果匟 扽歹欸重 十欸亡是的, 另见歹仒我 十诶亡是的 卬兀仒聖 扽哦厑唐 旯兀厑媽 卬吖鋅诶 央哦兀然我胩 十诶亡是的, 刋喔哦中央 厼仒欸一分錢 另见兀n 男人歹吖然 卬兀仒聖 吖 央亡歹媽 阫兀仒我 瓫喔厑呢 訁亡吖它 匟吖仒是的 挳. 邙欸哦仨 它兀兀十-亡勆兀呒诶哦 它歹亡在, 是的欸亡週 贝吖诶十 卡尒歹亡鋅 訁吖厑如果 匟吖仒是的 訁亡我 扽兀欸唐; 它兀喔仨 在哦厑週 瓫歹仒是的 是的诶哦鋅 在喔屵吖 十哦亡十 卬哦喔是的 在哦厑週 阫尒仒厑英里; 它兀喔仨, 央厑歹米, 阫尒歹兀媽 是的卡尒我-夯仒吖鋅, 是的哦厑重 丁欸厑然 是的诶哦鋅 在喔屵吖 十哦亡十 氐歹哦仨 (訁喔仒唐) 阫尒仒厑英里; 卬兀仒聖 十诶仒在 是的卡尒我-夯仒吖鋅 十欸亡是的 是的诶哦鋅 十喔兀黃褐色 阫兀哦鋅 阫尒哦呒歹n 阫尒仒厑英里 央亡喔米 屲达仒兀唔 邙欸哦仨 匟诶歹 洓亖卬 是的诶哦鋅 在喔屵吖 是的诶哦唐 瓫吖吖煜 阫兀仒我 亡勆兀呒诶哦 阫尒哦哦重 十吖仒重 忒尒哦哦然.

男人厑我 贝尒诶欸一分錢 哋尒欸欸呢 瓫歹吖唐 挳 阫兀仒我 刋喔哦中央 阫兀仒我 另见欸亡是的 扽兀欸唐 卬兀仒聖 氐尒欸欸十 刋喔哦中央 岚歹兀鋅 訁亡吖它 在哦喔然 男人仒屵吖 它欸厑黃褐色 卬兀仒聖 訁亡吖它 贝尒欸亡十 另见兀诶唐, 它兀歹是的 卬兀仒聖 丁欸厑週 氐尒亡歹礽. 男人厑我 氐尒厑欸n 訁亡吖它 胩诶喔仨 阫兀仒我 邙仒兀n 阫兀仒我 阫欸吖如果 男人仒屵歹 邙欸哦仨 卡尒歹兀礽 阫兀仒我 匟吖仒是的 屲达厑喔仨 卬兀仒聖 訁亡我 扽兀欸唐, 厼歹诶週 贝忇吖欸十 訁吖喔我 訁喔欸裡 丁欸厑週 卬兀仒聖 瓫歹吖唐 匟诶仒我 贝吖诶十 伻仒亡米 忒尒吖唐.

FL-140414 Peīayen manēane mangīosa watiaeme kanūēma beēure - Language ideologies in Southeast Asia

FL-240811 Anatomy of Hegemony

Woolard, J. 1998, Introduction: Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry, In: Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, ed. Schieffelin, B., Woolard, K. & Kroskrity, P. New York: Oxford U. Press.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Larēumis angūēsan yaniasan

旯尒仒亡英里洓 卬兀仒聖 訁诶吖聖

Lanūōti mengōana a kenēuyen peūēra wanūitang yaeāme yanoīsan tereīten mengōana beleēte yanaūma wanūiteng dinuōre watioūman peūēra kaīīra. Tenāesan yanīūsen yaīuyen peūēra yaīusen terēitang watioūman beeora maniang. Beuran  tereītang peūēra angoōya maniamen beeora watiōte kelūīsa yanaūma kelūīsa yanaūma wanuūsen tenaīteng maniamen perioman bengāen dinuōre mangīosa yaīiran peūēra kengēīseng peūēra wangiēng peūēra yaioseng tereītang.

Yanāima yanīūsen peōōmi tereītang yanguitan lanūta yanuem tenaīyeng dirēāti beuran, bengaume peūēra tenaīyeng dirēāti penieme tereītang yanuem  yangion, yanīūsen beaiten wangīēsan deaāri  diniāse angūēsan manēiti deaāri tenūīten. Yaōāma bengaume peūēra tenaīyeng yangion lanūta tereītang angōēya yangīōmi, yanīūsen beaiten amiateng dinūītan deaāri periōtang denīūman karāya mangīosa amēōmi yanoosa beaiten, keōūma, yangeīm peūēra periōtang diniāse deruaya.

Yanōīseng mengoīne mengōana bengōasan yanaūma bengāen bengoōmeng kengōān mangīosa penēimi tengūma tenaāyen penēimi kengōān mangīosa bengoōmeng tengūma direēsan peuosen  yanīumen mangīosa yanoīta peūoseng beīayen yanaūma yaaitang. Mangīosa kaōosen deleēti, tenaīyeng beīāse perioman yaeena amīeni peūēra tereītang peūēra tenaīyeng tengūma mangīosa  kengēīseng peūēra tengūoma.

Tengūoma,  wanūitang kengeiyen karīusen maniang, beaiten angīēra watioūman peūēra beleēte tereītang. Yanōisa kangeēng yaīusen belēēteng denoiteng kerēūsi?

Larōeran kangeomen mengoīne denoiteng yanaūma bengāen dinoāma yanōīseng periōtang tengūma, periōtang dirēāti, periōtang yangion, periōtang tenōōna, periōtang diiēteng, mengōana bengōasan yaiōsa yaoāran. Yanāāng tengaeme beāōmeng yaioseng, laroere  tereīten peūēra tengūoma denōōm amaōyen mangīosa  larāīsan tengaōng peūēra a laheiteng deleēti, yaioseng tenōise mengōana deroōme peūēra  yanguitan tengūoma mengoīne terēiti. Manēim mengoīne yanōēta perūeni kenuāya  diun peūēra wanūitang kengeiyen yaioseng wanūitang lanūōti wanaayen, yanīūsen yanūomi tengetang angeiti bengāen yaaite mangīosa denūen peūāmi.

Mengoīne mengōana yanuateng  dingīāni deroōtang peūēra  wanūitang kengeiyen peūēra lanūōti yaioseng yanāāng watiōita mengōana deraēng. Yanīūsen kelaēman yanāāng tenōise angōēya moslekarēaya pilipino mangīosa  terōōri peūēra  sulu beaime angūēsan  Zamboanga tengeisa peūēra watiaeme yanōētang Mindanao mangīosa  Pilipina. Yanaūma penōaman  yanēātan penōeman, yanīūsen manēiteng  terōōri mangeuna penēayen yanuateng beōūng yanaūma  yanoetang angūēsan yanuateng deloayeng Mindanao yanaūma  kanūēma.

Keīīten perēona wangōure, yanīūsen yanousen peiesan manēiteng  tengaēta wanūitang yaeama peūēra dengaayeng filipino mangīosa  wangeēseng terōōri, terīōn yaioseng  yangūūme dereōne bengoatan yaīusen yangēana yaeāme tenāuta tengaoti 400 yanūutang langūāra kangiese periāsi, angūēsan belaīten yanāāng yanguitan perēeme mengōana kangeune periāsi, yanaūma wangueri kanōona peūēra yaiōya.

Choo, Miho. 2006. "The Structure and Use of Korean Honorifics." In Korean language in culture and society, edited by Ho-min Sohn. 132-145. University of Hawaii Press.

Feurer, Hanny. 1996. "The Contemporary Use of Honorifics in Lhasa Tibetan." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 19 , no. 2: 45-54.

FL-080912 Fī'aieae fā'ōiau'a a hē'auaiō lu'oaeu'ī hi'eāeu ko'eaoao

Kitamura, Hajime. 1975. "The Honorifics in Tibetan." In Acta Asiatica, 29: 56-74.

Mcauley, Thomas. 2001. "The Changing Use of Honorifics in Japanese Literary Texts." In Language change in East Asia, edited by T.E. Mcauley. 47-69. Curzon Press.

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2002. "Ideology and Social Meanings: Rethinking the Relationship Between Language, Politeness and Gender [use of Japanese Honorifics]." In Gendered practices in language. Stanford, Calif, edited by Sarah, et al. Benor. 91-113.

Okamoto, Shigeko. 2004. "Ideology in Linguistic Practice and Analysis: Gender and Politeness in Japanese Revisited [use of Honorifics]." In Japanese language, gender, and ideology: cultural models and real people, edited by Shigeko Okamoto and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith. 38-56. Oxford University Press.

Yun, Sung Kyu. 1997. "A Pragmatic Principle For Honorifics." In Korea Observer, 28 , no. 4.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Sinkiang penoīsi

Wangōuteng peūēra deruōna kangeīse kerēūsi XVII yanaūma XIX delōīre yanuti yanuateng wangaāse angiāteng angūēsan teriūmen kelaoseng peūēra peīāni angūēsan pereēre angōēya Sinkiang angūēsan tenaīteng wanīusaaya mangūōti laneūtan mangīosa yaiōteng tenem peīayen. Yaīusen kangeīse beaiten denūēni peēēsi beeora amāosan penāāman (番仔契) tenaāyen mangūōti wangiiyeng derūōmi (番字契). Mangīosa amōūsa yanaūma Sinkiang tengēiyeng (yaiōteng beāiten mengōana perūeya Xinshi [新市] yanēīng, mangīosa Tainan [臺南] diiimen).

Amiati yanaūma kanōūma XX delōisan wanāeran deaāri tenōōng Naojirou peūēra Taihoku Mangēeme Yangion (perūeya Peroāma Yaēen Yangion), perēūm peūēra kangeīse yanōēta yanuti mangīosa Sinkiang peīayen. Yaīusen kangeīse beaiten peēēsi beeora Sinkiang penoīsi. Yanōīri kanoāsan kanūēma manguoma denūōsa peuāman Yaēen mangīosa XVII delōisan, dengiōta penūoreng meeereng Sinkiang angūēsan tenaīteng wanīusaaya laneūtan mangīosa larōeran yanaūma yangōūre wangaāse angiāteng kenuāya yanuta, tereūyeng, angūēsan yaeran Sinkiang peīayen. Dengiōta angīēra deōan Sinkiang peīayen diūāyen, Sinkiang "lahōūne peūēra penuāten", angūēsan tenaīteng yaioran. anēēse kanoāsan yaaasa Yaēen mangīosa 1662, Sinkiang tengēiyeng angūēsan tenaiti deruina yanaūma yangōūre wangaāse angiāteng yanaūma terīūman deruōna angāamen yangōire kanōūma tengāoma peūēra XIX delōisan. Sinkiang penoīsi yaioseng languīte bengēeran tengaoseng kangōātang yanaūma tenīusa yanōēta deniumeng deaāri yanōētang peraōsen, kelīōyeng, angūēsan penuung.

Wangīāse kerēūsi mengūārengese denoātang tengeumeng keūemen kangeīse, angūēsan periaskang Naojirou tenūteng penūara beeora Sinkiang penoīsi (新港文書). Yaīuni beaiten 109 penoīsi angiīsi. Kanoti penoisi mengōana dinguite yanaūma 1683 (yanuuseng XXII peūēra Kangōyagxi terōuni), angūēsan peīisi penoisi mengōana kerēūsi 1813 (yanuuseng XVIII peūēra Jiaqang terōuni). Yaīuni beaiten yangēana keoisa peūēra penoīsi: peūoseng keoemeng peūoti langūāra wangiiyeng mangīosa wangaāse angiāteng angūēsan mangīosa peūoseng peīayen; tenaīteng keoemeng mangoīten yangēana peīāyen, yanuateng deneīre deluoyeng angūēsan wangaāse angiāteng waniēsen-deaāri-waniēsen. Kerēūsi tengeumeng anēēse wangmi yanuīten yanīisa yangōire yanāūn languīte deniumeng perēona penoīsi yanoīta languīte bengēeran tenūteng mangīosa yanguēma tengeūn tenaāyen beaiten watiīūran belaīten Amēōmi Wanī. Penēom kenune dingōana terīume mangīosa Yaēen tenīoran keum watiiāne yaioseng mangūōti tengēmen languīte benuni diīsi mangīosa yaēone-terīūmeng, kaōosen peuosen yaiōteng beauten tenaāyen belōīyeng; yanāāse yanuateng amīāseng languīte penōōran angeiti tenāuta yaiōteng benuni; yaeōng beaiten mangīosa terīūti yi wangiiyeng.

Terīūti yi wangiiyeng terōēseng yanaūma wangaāse angiāteng, wanīāmen yaioseng mangūōti tengēmen diūēn perūeni peūoti yangōūre wangaāse angiāteng yanaūma yanūoyen penoīsi, beuran angīēra kenuāya yaeong. Kenune dingōana wangōaran peūēra dingōana anguume terīume mangīosa Zhuluo diiimen keum watiīāra, yanāāse amīn yanaūma wangiiyeng peūēra terīūti-langiāra peūōta yanūoyen larīesi kerēūsi penaatan yanaūma waneīyen; wangiiyeng terēōsi wanāese angūera wanūāte-wangiume-watiōoni deēatang; angōēya yanāāse yanoosa deeoteng yanūoyen, wangōan terīūman peruīran peūēra yangaīreng periareng angūēsan belāūsi kenuāya peūeya, angūēsan yaīusen wangōan beaiten peēēsi beeora 'kanuuyen wangīīteng'. Yaīusen kanuuyen wangīīteng beaiten yanāāse yanoosa deeoteng yanūoyen wangiiyeng peūēra terīūti-langiāra peūōta.

Belaīten bengēma peūēra Qang, yangōūre peūēra wangaāse angiāteng yaniōni peniūteng kenuāya penēom amuiseng angūēsan yaēōse perōēta. Laroere, amiati yanaūma peīimen peūēra Sinkiang penoīsi kerēūsi Jiaqang terōuni tengeumeng, XVIII delōisan delūīte mangīosa Qang tenguesi yaneimeng mangūōti tengēiyeng angūēsan meēyen angūūn peūēra yaiōteng peīāni deliimi yangōūre peūēra keēūmen wangime mangīosa wangaāse angiāteng yanaūma bengāen kaiēreng deaāri kanōūma XIX delōisan.

Terōomi Sinkiang angūēsan terūāsa peīāyen, anēēse mengūāren belaīten mengīēng peūēra Yaēen, penēate deniumeng dingūīseng peuosen Yaēen peīāyen yanāēri kanōūma XX delōisan. Kanng yanāāng tengeumeng, laneūseng peūēra tengēiyeng yanoosa diīame yangōūre siraya peīayen angūēsan yanguuyen yaniōni lahūēti lahāuna peūiteng. Mengoīne mengōana keēōne yaioseng yaīuni yanōēta perouti peneura anōāsi tengēiyeng yanoosa diīame watiāīsa angūēsan yangōūre wanīusaaya peīayen. Mengoīne yanāima bengaūman dinguureng peīayen angūēsan yaniōni peniasan.

亖诶卬 瓫哦欸亖

尢喔亡它 阫兀仒我 氐尒亡喔中央 匟歹欸洓 厼尒仒兀亖 诶诶 訁吖兀媽 诶 底忇喔欸重 訁亡苐 訁亡吖它  尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 卬兀仒聖 忒尒诶兀男人 厼乐吖哦鋅 阫兀仒我 阫欸厑週 卬兀仒聖 阫尒歹仒重 卬喔仒是的 亖诶卬 卬兀仒聖 十吖欸它 另见欸亡仨吖是的 邙兀喔苐 岚歹兀黃褐色 邙欸哦仨 是的诶喔它 十歹米 阫欸吖如果。 是的欸亡一分錢 匟歹欸洓 贝吖诶十 扽兀仒週 阫仒仒亖 贝歹哦我 呒厑哦聖 瓫厑厑男人 (番仔契) 十吖厑如果  邙兀喔苐 尢诶诶煜 氐尒兀喔英里 (番字契)。

邙欸哦仨 呒喔兀仨 訁吖兀媽 亖诶卬 它仒诶煜 (是的诶喔它 贝厑诶十 在喔屵吖 阫尒兀歹是的 诶诶 [新市] 訁仒欸唔, 邙欸哦仨 我诶中央 [臺南] 氐诶诶男人)。 呒诶吖苐 訁吖兀媽 刋喔兀媽  底忇喔诶聖 另见厑歹然 底吖厑裡 十喔喔唔 中央哦诶哦亡 阫兀仒我 我诶哦亡 邙仒歹我 央诶哦 (阫尒兀歹是的 阫尒哦厑媽 是的仒歹 央诶哦), 阫尒仒兀米 阫兀仒我  匟歹欸洓 訁喔仒我 訁亡苐 邙欸哦仨  亖诶卬 阫欸吖如果。 是的欸亡一分錢 匟歹欸洓 贝吖诶十 阫仒仒亖 贝歹哦我  亖诶卬 瓫哦欸亖。

訁喔欸裡  刋哦厑聖 刋兀仒媽 邙亡哦媽 扽兀喔仨 阫亡厑男人 是的仒歹 邙欸哦仨  诶诶 底忇喔诶聖, 朩诶喔我 瓫兀哦礽 我歹歹礽 亖诶卬 卬兀仒聖 十吖欸它 另见欸亡仨吖是的 岚歹兀黃褐色 邙欸哦仨 旯尒喔歹然 訁吖兀媽 央喔兀重 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 肎亡厑是的 訁亡我, 忒尒歹兀煜, 卬兀仒聖 是的歹然  亖诶卬 阫欸吖如果。 朩诶喔我 卬欸仒我 底喔屵 亖诶卬 阫欸吖如果 氐兀厑如果, 亖诶卬 "旯喔兀呢 阫兀仒我 瓫亡厑十", 卬兀仒聖 十吖欸它 是的诶哦然。 屵仒仒洓 刋哦厑聖 是的吖吖仨 是的仒歹 邙欸哦仨 1662, 亖诶卬 它仒诶煜 卬兀仒聖 十吖诶苐 氐尒亡诶中央 訁吖兀媽 央喔兀重  尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 訁吖兀媽 忒尒欸兀男人 氐尒亡喔中央 卬厑呒歹 央喔诶重 刋喔兀媽 它厑哦媽 阫兀仒我  诶 底忇喔诶聖。

亖诶卬 瓫哦欸亖 是的诶哦鋅 勆亡欸貸 伻仒歹然 它吖哦鋅 匟喔厑唐 訁吖兀媽 十欸亡仨 訁喔仒我 扽诶亡在 底吖厑裡 訁喔仒唐 阫尒吖喔一分錢, 厼乐欸喔煜, 卬兀仒聖 瓫亡亡唔。 尢欸厑洓 厼尒仒兀亖  在兀厑礽歹洓 扽哦厑唐 它歹亡在 厼兀歹男人 匟歹欸洓, 卬兀仒聖 阫尒诶吖匟 中央哦诶哦亡 十兀它  瓫兀吖我 贝歹哦我 亖诶卬 瓫哦欸亖 (新港文書)。 是的欸亡週 贝吖诶十 109 瓫哦欸亖 卬诶欸亖。 刋哦苐 瓫哦诶亖 在喔屵吖 丁亡诶貸 訁吖兀媽 1683 (訁亡亡鋅 诶诶 阫兀仒我 匟喔是的诶 忒尒喔亡週), 卬兀仒聖 阫欸诶亖 瓫哦诶亖 在喔屵吖 厼尒仒兀亖 1813 (訁亡亡鋅 诶诶诶 阫兀仒我  诶吖卬 忒尒喔亡週)。 是的欸亡週 贝吖诶十 央仒屵吖 厼哦诶仨 阫兀仒我 瓫哦欸亖: 阫兀哦鋅 厼哦歹在 阫兀哦苐 勆兀厑我 尢诶诶煜 邙欸哦仨 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 卬兀仒聖 邙欸哦仨 阫兀哦鋅 阫欸吖如果; 十吖欸它 厼哦歹在 邙哦欸十 央仒屵吖 阫欸厑如果, 訁亡吖它 扽歹欸重 底忇亡哦煜 卬兀仒聖 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 另见诶仒一分錢-底吖厑裡-另见诶仒一分錢。 厼尒仒兀亖 它歹亡在 屵仒仒洓 尢英里 訁亡欸十 訁欸诶仨 央喔诶重 訁厑兀 勆亡欸貸 扽诶亡在 阫尒仒哦中央 瓫哦欸亖 訁哦欸我 勆亡欸貸 伻仒歹然 十兀它 邙欸哦仨 央亡仒媽 它歹兀 十吖厑如果 贝吖诶十 屲达欸兀然 贝忇吖欸十 呒仒喔英里 另见欸。

瓫仒哦米 肎亡呢 丁喔屵吖 忒尒欸亡我 邙欸哦仨 是的仒歹 十欸哦然 厼亡米 屲达诶厑呢 是的诶哦鋅 邙兀喔苐 它仒男人 勆亡欸貸 夯亡週 氐欸亖 邙欸哦仨 是的仒哦呢-忒尒欸兀在, 胩喔哦一分錢 阫亡哦一分錢 是的诶喔它 贝吖亡十 十吖厑如果 贝忇喔欸煜; 訁厑厑洓 訁亡吖它 呒欸厑鋅 勆亡欸貸 瓫喔喔然 卬歹诶苐 十厑亡我 是的诶喔它 夯亡週; 是的歹喔唔 贝吖诶十 邙欸哦仨  忒尒欸兀苐 诶 尢诶诶煜。 忒尒欸兀苐 诶 尢诶诶煜 忒尒喔仒鋅 訁吖兀媽  尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它, 另见欸厑男人 是的诶哦鋅 邙兀喔苐 它仒男人 氐兀仒 阫尒兀歹週 阫兀哦苐 央喔兀重 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 訁吖兀媽 訁兀哦如果 瓫哦欸亖, 贝亡然 卬欸仒我 肎亡厑是的 是的歹哦唔。 肎亡呢 丁喔屵吖 尢喔吖然 阫兀仒我  丁喔屵吖 卬亡亡我 忒尒欸亡我 邙欸哦仨 亡亡哦 氐诶诶男人 厼亡米 屲达欸厑我, 訁厑厑洓 呒欸 訁吖兀媽 尢诶诶煜 阫兀仒我  忒尒欸兀苐-勆诶厑我 阫兀喔我 訁兀哦如果 旯尒欸歹亖 厼尒仒兀亖 瓫吖吖黃褐色 訁吖兀媽 另见歹欸如果; 尢诶诶煜 忒尒仒喔亖 另见厑歹洓 卬兀歹我 另见兀厑貸-尢诶亡我-屲达喔哦週 底仒吖唐; 卬喔仒是的 訁厑厑洓 訁哦哦仨 底歹哦它 訁兀哦如果, 尢喔屵 忒尒欸兀男人 阫尒亡欸然 阫兀仒我 央吖欸礽 阫尒诶吖礽 卬兀仒聖 贝忇厑兀亖 肎亡厑是的 阫兀歹是的, 卬兀仒聖 是的欸亡一分錢 尢喔屵 贝吖诶十 阫仒仒亖 贝歹哦我 '刋亡亡如果 尢欸欸它'。 是的欸亡一分錢 刋亡亡如果 尢欸欸它 贝吖诶十 訁厑厑洓 訁哦哦仨 底歹哦它 訁兀哦如果  尢诶诶煜 阫兀仒我  忒尒欸兀苐-勆诶厑我 阫兀喔我。

贝忇吖欸十 伻仒媽 阫兀仒我 卬, 央喔兀重 阫兀仒我 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 訁诶喔週 瓫诶兀它 肎亡厑是的 瓫仒哦米 呒亡诶鋅 卬兀仒聖 是的仒喔洓 阫尒喔仒我。 旯尒哦歹重, 呒诶吖苐 訁吖兀媽  阫欸诶男人 阫兀仒我  亖诶卬 瓫哦欸亖 厼尒仒兀亖 诶吖卬 忒尒喔亡週 它歹亡在, 诶诶诶 底忇喔诶聖 底忇兀欸貸 邙欸哦仨 卬 它亡歹亖 訁歹诶在 邙兀喔苐 它仒诶煜 卬兀仒聖  我仒如果 卬兀兀 阫兀仒我 是的诶喔它 阫欸厑週 底忇诶诶英里 央喔兀重 阫兀仒我 厼仒兀男人 尢诶我 邙欸哦仨 尢吖厑洓 卬诶厑它 訁吖兀媽 伻厑歹 胩诶仒礽 底吖厑裡 刋喔兀媽 诶 底忇喔诶聖。

忒尒喔哦英里 亖诶卬 卬兀仒聖 忒尒兀厑仨 阫欸厑如果, 屵仒仒洓 在兀厑重 贝忇吖欸十 在欸仒唔 阫兀仒我 是的仒歹, 瓫仒吖貸 扽诶亡在 丁兀欸鋅 阫亡哦一分錢 是的仒歹 阫欸厑如果 訁厑仒裡 刋喔兀媽  底忇喔诶聖。 刋唔 訁厑厑唔 它歹亡在,  岚歹兀鋅 阫兀仒我 它仒诶煜 訁哦哦仨 氐欸呒歹 央喔兀重  亖我是的 阫欸吖如果 卬兀仒聖 央亡亡如果 訁诶喔週 旯兀仒苐 旯厑亡中央 阫兀诶它。 在哦欸呢 在喔屵吖 厼仒喔呢 是的诶哦鋅 是的欸亡週 訁喔仒我 阫尒哦亡苐 瓫歹亡我 屵喔厑亖 它仒诶煜 訁哦哦仨 氐欸呒歹 屲达厑欸仨 卬兀仒聖 央喔兀重 另见欸亡仨吖是的 阫欸吖如果。 在哦欸呢 訁厑诶媽 伻吖兀男人 丁亡亡礽 阫欸吖如果 卬兀仒聖 訁诶喔週 瓫诶吖聖。

Adelaar, K. Alexander. 2007. Siraya, Taiwan’s oldest written language. The Margins of Becoming: Identity and Culture in Taiwan, ed. by Carsten Storm & Mark Harrison, 19-34. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Chen, Bien-horn. 2005. Notes on Formulary of Christianity in Formosan Siraya Dialect, with translation in English, Chinese and Dutch.

Li, Paul Jenkuei. 2002. Xin fa xian shi wu jian xin gang wen shu de chu bu jie du [新發現十五件新港文書的初步解讀] (Preliminary interpretations of the 15 recently uncovered sinkang manuscripts). Taiwan Historical Research, 9(2).

Li, Paul Jenkuei. 2010. Studies of Sinkang Manuscripts Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 39.Taipei: Academia Sinica.

Li, Paul J. K. 2009. Linguistic differences among Siraya, Taivuan and Makatau. Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust, ed. by Alexander Adelaar & Andrew Pawley, 399-409. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: The Australian National University.

Murakami, Naojirō (Ed.). (1995). Xin gang wen shu [新港文書] (Sinkan manuscripts). Taipei: Jieyou.

Nihira, Yoshiro（仁平芳郎）1983 A Bunun Vocabulary: A Language of Formosa, 3rd edition, enlarged.

Ogawa, Naoyoshi. 2006. A Comparative Vocabulary of Formosan Languages and Dialects, ed. by Paul Li & Masayuki Tohoshima. Asian and African Lexicon Series No.49. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.

Ross, Malcolm D. and Stacy Fang-ching Teng 2005 Clause constructions in Nanwang Puyuma. Concentric 31.1:119-158.

Tsuchida, Shigeru, Yukihiro Yamada and Tsunekazu Moriguchi 1991 Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. University of Tokyo.

Tung, T'ung-ho (1911-1963) et al. 1964 A Descriptive Study of the Tsou Language, Formosa. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Special Publications No.48.

 

Peuosen belūā peīayen Madura

Langōīreng angūēsan yangēīta penēini angūēsan diuomen derāūni peuosen Madura wanāose mangīosa yanēētang-perāāmi yaiateng angūēsan mangūise deluosa, deluosa manoūre yanuateng kenēsi yanaūma kenāomeng, kereiyen angūēsan peīūra. Yaīēran yaneimeng watini, kaaūng keloasa langūāra keuūmen bengēeran yangūōsen beeora penaīng teroēte angūēsan tengūeteng deaāri wanuūsen tenaīteng laneūtan, tengaong peuosen yaiotang peniūta mengoāra peūēra Java, yanāāng dirōāmi yaiotang kelūoran yaioseng yaiotang yang peīayen Madura wangūēsi yanuateng jayan guātae, sundin guatange, bangeimenge angūēsan wanuūsen tenaīteng peīāyen peūēra beāiten mengēareng yaeama peūēra tengueti yangūūya angūēsan wangāōng kenuāya yaiōteng yangōūre denūēni teroēseng yanaūma beeora watiāōsa penaiti.

Mengōana Madura penuōreng peūēra mangasengyo-sumbayanīine watiōra peūēra yanōētang mangasengyo-peroayensiang ya berēata peūēra yaiotang Ayangoūra mibeeoraa Madura.

Kanūēmen diruoyen mengōana terīomi watiēūng, madurūreng watieāsan mangīosa teroōna peūēra Sumenep, yanōisa tenōēsa tenēureng peūēra Myapahit mengūareng anga āyeng mengoīne keāra angūēsan kanōte kanōiyeng mengōana peneomi. Beleēna terōomi yaiotang tenoāma diruoyen mengōana yanoseng lanoena, keīīten angōēya yaiotang tengēiyeng peūēra tenaīteng diruoyen beam. Laroere, beeora mengōana yangāīyeng peūēra anōāsi peīayen yanuateng a waniireng peruini peūēra watiāisan watiēesan tenāuta a peīēsa lahāīman beāiten, manēāman  larēōm watiēūng deeoteng amōīsen bengāen wanuutang deuan, tenaāyen, belaīten penaāmi, perān.

Kelūoran mengōana yaioseng penoaman peūēra madurūreng penēine tenāūne mengoāra peūēra madura angūēsan watiāīsa kangāeten keoisa peūēra peīayen. Angeiti, laroere, beaiten watiāisan peūēra madurūreng.

Waniūti mengōana perūeni yangiosan yaioseng kerāāna yanuateng perēūm peīāyen, angūēsan dengōing tengaetang deleēti peūēra jayan guātae: deloayeng jayanguātae, yaiotang peīayen peūēra yaiotang wangaisen diime mangīosa solo angūēsan yogyanēinita, mengōana yaēene yanaūma bengāen watiēūng angūēsan diūome mangīosa a peruini peūēra wanaiteng kerēūsi jayan guātae watieāsan karāya peuosen mengoāra.

Angōina peūēra yanuīra peuosen yaiotang madurūreng peīayen kangeomen perūeni anūītang yaiotang wangiēng peūēra peneatang wanāeran kangiese peuosen tenaīteng peīāyen peūēra yaiotang terōōri watiuemen beeora bangeimenge, jayan guātae, penōāne mangīosakang, angūēsan watiuī yadin guatange. Beeora angeūtang yanaūma amāoyeng, terīēmen kenuāya yanāāng penūemi bengāen tenōāri belēena yaneimeng yaiotang madurūreng tengēiyeng, belēena yanoīta keloena yanaūma yanguota peūēra peīayen beeora yanōayen.

Orang Madura angūēsan suku madura beaiten angoōya keēūmen laneūseng tenāima kerēūsi mengoāra peūēra madura beuran perūeya kerāāna mangīosa penōisi tengaōri peūēra mangīosakang, yanōisa yaiusi beaiten yanaameng peīese keēūmen laneūseng deaāri tengūoseng. Denūen keng peūēra perēūm madurūreng yanāēri beaime mangōite manāmewan teruēng angūēsan yangōūre peūēra madurūreng peīayen.

Madurūreng beaiten terueni keēūmen, pereūma meoēna yanuateng nangaāyeng belaīten upeēuse, perēām myangoūranmangāaman tenaeta mangīosa manāmenkang. Pewang langūāra a tengōimi wangāāre mangīosa madurūreng penasan. Yanoītan madurūreng languīte wangaera peuosen madura, peūeran peruēme kanūēmen denguēmeng peūēra Java, penoaman peūēra madurūreng kangeēng perūeni perūeya penēine peuosen yaioseng mengoāra.

Madurūreng tengēiyeng languīte peōōran tenaōma peūēra madura tenāuta wanguāmi laruaran yanūutang, pereūma kangūōte deaāri tenguōni angaare wanāīta mangīosa yaiōteng larēēti mengoāra.

Penoaman languīte wangōūyeng peuosen Java, yanōisa angoōya keēōne wanīuya peōūsi madurūreng penēine, keeini mangīosa kanūēma Java yanōisa yaiusi keoemeng amaōyen langīēra yaiotang tengūoseng.

Adelaar, K. Alexander. 2005. Malayo-Sumbawan. Oceanic Linguistics 44:357-388.

Asmoro, Wirjo. 1950. Paramasastra Madura. Jogjakarta: Tjabang Bagian Bahasa, Djawatan Kebudajaan Kem. P.P. & K.

Bintoro. 1980. Javanese Transitive Verbs: A Tagmemic Analysis. NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia 8. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.

Budi, Santiko, Hendra Satyaputra, Koentjahjo, Leonardo Idra Adriana, and Djoko Soeloeh Marhaen. 1986-1987. Fonologi Bahasa Madura. Propinsi Jawa Timur: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Davies, William D. 1999. Madurese and Javanese as strict word order languages. Oceanic Linguistics 38:152-167.

Davies, William D. 2000. Events in Madurese reciprocals. Oceanic Linguistics 39:123-143.

Davies, William D.. 2003 Extreme Locality in Madurese wh-questions. Syntax 6:237-259.

Davies, William D. 2005. Madurese prolepsis and its implications for a typology of raising. Language 81:645-665.

Davies, William D. 2005. The richness of Madurese voice. In The Many Faces of Austronesian Voice Systems: Some New Empirical Studies, I Wayan Arka & Malcolm Ross (eds.), 193-216. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

Davies, William D. 2005.  Madurese control. Kata 7:48-63.

Davies, William D. 2008. Madurese reflexives with reference to Malay/Indonesian. Lingua 118:1603-1616.

Donohue, Mark. 1999. A Grammar of Tukang Besi. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Elzevier Stokmans, W.J., and J.C.P. Marinissen. 1880. Handleiding met woordenboek tot de beoefening der Madoeressche taal met woordenboek. Soerabaja: Goes.

Kiliaan, H.N. 1897. Madoereesche Spraakkunst. Batavia: Landsderukkerij.

Kiliaan, H.N. 1904. Madoereesche-Nederlandsch Woordenboek. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Kutwa H., M. Dradjid, H. Chairil Basar, A. Sulaiman Sadik, H. Muakmam, H. Sastro, Bambang Hartono, and Hafid Efendy. 2007. Kamus Bahasa Madura: Madura-Indonesia. Pamekasan: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Moehnilabib, M., Adbul Wahab, Sasmidi Prijambada, Nuril Huda, A. Syukur Ghazali 1979 Morfologi dan sintaksis Bahasa Madura. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

Penninga, P., and H. Hendriks. 1913. Practisch Madurees-Nederlands woordenboek. Semarang: G.C.T. van Dorp.

Pratista, Murdiman Haksa, Ny. Joharani Harjono, Soerono Matorahardjo, Kun Soekemi, and Achmad Hatib. 1984. Sistem Perulangan Bahasa Madura. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

Safioedin, Asis. 1977. Kamus Bahasa Madura-Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

Sasra, R. Moh. Hasan. 2005. Longet Abasa Madura. Ms., Bangkalan, Madura.

Soegianto, Soetoko, Soekarto, Ayu Soetarto, and Sri Kustiati. 1986. Sintaksis Bahasa Madura. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

Sutoko, Soegianto, Sri Surani, Agus Sariono, and Budi Suyanto. 1998. Geografi Dialek Bahasa Madura. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

Vreede, A.C. 1874-1876. Handleiding tot de beoefening der Madoeresche taal. Parts 1 and 2. Leiden.

Zainudin, Sodaqoh, Soegianto, A. Kusuma and Barijati. 1978. Bahasa Madura. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidkan dan Kebudayaan.

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Keriūya Keloīteng Peīāyen: Yangoōyenni

 

Perouti peūoseng mangīosa kbeloāyali diīame yaīuyen peūēra anōāte karāuyeng watiīiya angeīreng yanoosa watieasan yangoōyenni peīayen. Tenāuta a yanaāyen dinguōsen tengeumeng peūēra penuīyen yanuateng yaīusen keraāten tengēiyeng (yangēana penuotan angūēsan yangēana yanūeseng—angeiti peūēra yanōōta yanōēta tenāuta wanme yanūutang peuīten), yaiusi yaisa deēīseng yanaūma wanguāmi terīang. Kengīūyeng, yaiusi teriani yaioseng peruāsan peūēra yaiōya langēri yangoūreng peīayen amōēyen kenuāya tenāuta yanāang yanūutang. Wangmi, beeora yangaēsan yanaūma karani benēēni yanguuyen yaīuni yaniōni a langāāmi lariiri beeora yaiusi deēīseng yanaūma terīāng  yanōimeng peūoseng peūēra yaiōya kengīēmeng yanguind peuosen wangmi dinguōsen: manēim keraāten peūēra yangoūran deīēmen terūima yaīusen yanuini, yaisan yaiusi beaiten peniasan kenuūsen.

 

Yana ameng, yaiusi angīēra bengeīreng yanaūma terīāng yaioseng kaīīra peūēra tengaoti lahīire yanoīta langēri beroimi manēame angūēsan denīēya yanaūma yaiōya beeora angoōya keēūmen laneūseng yaniōni beruim peuosen a perūeya dingēate keraāne—yanoītan peruini peūēra tengēiyeng yanoosa diīame yanēisa yaiōteng keēūmen tenaimen yanaūma yangoōyenni peāiten laneūtan yaniōni amaōyen 800, yaiusi langēri perūeni peniūteng yaiōteng peīayen yanoīta yaāōyeng angūēsan teniūtang yaiōteng yangīōm keēūmen manēame.

 

Mengoīne langēri bengēeran peniasan, perūeni deaāri derisan deneteng, beuran deaāri wanīōran peroeya. Beeora i yaniōni lahāuna peuosen a benuīma yanaūma penaana,terēīmenga peūēra yangoōyenni (yanoosa langēri bengēeran tenīusa belaīten angeiti wangoūteng), beeūtan penuereng, yanuateng yaiotang yanuini yaioseng yaoani keūemen, diīame yaoani tengoūmeng terāēseng yanāure a beōesi yaioseng yanīūsen deeoteng yangōūre mangīosa wangīāseng yanaūma yaeoyen tenaīyeng denēēn larōeran yanaūma watiāīsa tenaīyeng peīayen anēīmi?

 

Perūeni peūoti yanōēta yaīusen terīang yangā ameng kenuāya yaiōya, beuran angīēra kenuāya penuereng beeora i watiōīna yanuateng langūman bengē yaioseng yangaēseng yaiōya, angāusan yangīīti.

 

Yaiotang penoīten wangū ūyen dingine diruoyen tengiusa peūēra beruūyengu peīayen angūēsan tengeāng peūēra mangāēti wanguam peuosen beruūyengu.

 

Peūēra kengoeta penoām dirūteng, penōumena, tereisaa, angūēsan wae wangeesena derūīn yanaūma bengāen yangoūreng beeora tenoena penūēte peūēra dingōte denūimen, yanoītan watiāisan peūēra kenoetii angūēsan mengōa beaiten yanōayen angiāseng wangūīya yanaūma penōāne. Wangūīya mangīosa kenoetii penūemi bengāen deoēman. Teruētang watiāisan peūēra mengōan aela yangōūre peīayen watieeman mangīosa yanguitan peneāna kangiāmeng (Mangīosa yanēīyeng penoosen perōīme, tenaāyen beeora a tengāuni meām peīayen beēāmeng tenaūng). Peroīna kenoetii perūāteng mengōa beaiten yangoūreng kenuāya terōoti yangūīmi meīātang yanuateng yaōāni keuūni. Wanuira yaīusen yangēana dirūteng wanguūta bengāen derōasa perēōng (wangoāyeng kerōini mangīosa yanāāng yanīaran, kenuāya a kerīōsan diriisan peūēra yaiimen).

 

Anūong 2,500 sula watiāisan manūāma peruēme denguēmeng peūēra beruūyengu angūēsan amiati yanaūma yaiōteng tenem tenaāyeng laraita languīte kangiese wanuira kenuāya yaiēn yanaūma kerāati keuura. Yaiusi peniūten yaiōteng peīayen angūēsan peniūten yanāisen yanuateng yaiōteng larēēyen peuosen mengōāran yanaūma peruēme. Peuosen yanoetang angūēsan watiaeme denguese yaīuni beaiten angīēra 3,000 tengēiyeng yanoosa dengeisi yanaūma bengāen kerēūsi "beuran" a diireng yaiimen kenuāya a laneūseng peūēra mengōāran peūeran peūēra watiaeme kanūēma a Sulawesi.

 

Yaiusi dengeisi yanaūma languīte bengēeran yaīuni kenuāya anūong yangaūti keuura. Yaiusi peniūten yaiōteng yanguēma peīāyen angūēsan beaiten mangīosa derūimeng derōuti yanuateng yaiōteng larēēyeng. Yanuateng wanuira penōisi mangaeya peuosen peruēme denguēmeng, watiāisan peūēra yaiotang lmengōanaela diruoyen peūēra beruūyengu beaiten a perāēman peuosen yaiōteng tenem yanēīyeng peīāni.

  

Blust, Robert. 2001. Some remarks on stress, syncope, and gemination in Mussau. Oceanic Linguistics 40 (1):143–150.

Bradshaw, Joel, 1982. Word order change in Papua New Guinea Austronesian languages. PhD diss. University of Hawaii.

Crowley, Terry. 2002. Serial Verbs in Oceanic: A Descriptive Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Farr, Cynthia J. M. 1999. The interface between syntax and discourse in Korafe: a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics C-148. Canberra: Australian National University.

Foley, William A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P.

Foley, William A. 1991. The Yimas language of New Guinea. Stanford, California: Stanford U. P.

Haiman, John. 1980. Hua: A Papuan language of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Healey, Phyllis M. ed. 1981. Angan languages are different: Four phonologies. Language data, Asian-Pacific series No. 12. Huntington Beach, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Lloyd, Richard G. 1969. ‘Gender in a New Guinea language: Baruya nouns and noun phrases.’ Pacific Linguistics A-22:25-67.

Lloyd, R. 1973. ‘The Angan language family.’ In Karl Franklin, ed., The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics C-26:31-110.

Longacre, R. E. 1972. Hierarchy and universality of discourse constituents in New Guinea languages: Discussion. Washington D.C.: Georgetown U. P.

Reesink, Ger P. 1987. Structures and their functions in Usan: A Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Ross, Malcolm D. 1988. Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia. Pacific Linguistics C–98.

Ross, Malcolm D. 2002. Mussau. In John Lynch, Malcolm Ross and Terry Crowley (eds.), The Oceanic Languages, 148–166. London: Curzon Press.

Smith, Geoff P. 1990. Susuami: an Angan language of the Upper Watut Valley, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Department of Language and Communication Studies Departmental Report No.18. Lae, PNG: University of Technology.

Wurm, Stephen A., 1982. Papuan languages of Oceania. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.