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Lishishemi ani tekidame wysishaka ma Afrika

Language and Islam Growth in Africa

 

Tekidame ma Gizalani kekizale talishala geshakele la bidelala tyredani gwedelene syraleri, rishelani tikidili zyredale Rakelasha falyraka ma bysasala relizashi, si Melekasha Zeshyremi:

 

Islam south of the Sahara has encountered a variety of religious and cultural barriers, forcing the doctrine to compromise; indeed, Islam in Black Africa has had to adapt within animist and Christian cultures. In some areas the adaptation has failed, exploding into conflict, as in Sudan. However, elsewhere in Africa the notion of syncretism has prevailed. Syncretised societies, whereby different beliefs and faiths can coexist within the same tribe or family, have been, until recent years, the norm in many African countries.

 

Tekidame wekizasha ‘exploits’ dadishesha filedela ani washakaka neshakari talizeki ma lizysani la Gizalani, kelilaka nikeleme ani wysidene shididami sekekari ma le shasishili bysasala wasilesha kakalari. Le disheme Zadelele bidelala dashasili wekizasha zizasheri la talalale feshishani, welikeme ani zalidani malilami; wekalani bakelasha sekekari gweshyrani keshikene kwo bakysene, nekakashi sishasheki fishelasha ma makasheke. Ma Gwelysela, wysideri shekysashi fishelasha kekizale fasa sidizeke fikeshari zyrakeri balene 1980, wa le gishakaka fe ne fikakemi lilideki kyrileme le fyseshene fe welysesha Tekidame ma kyselashi fe le ledasesha gadaseki la Shizaseri mishashemi ma Gizalani. Shizedala tizashaka le Kano bysasemi ma 1980, bizilami nasashesha ne Rakelasha wysedale bidideri Marwa Muhamadu tedikeke wishyseshi lilideki keristiani nikyrani nizaleme ani teshizene fizadaka. Washashela, dikizani Tekidame byseshala la gyrekaka ma Gizalani, keshikene bidelami bysasala weshyseki gweshyrani le sharia kekizale shikyrasha le zelelami, tedyrasha walesheshi le teshashele, nelideri fe lishelene.

 

Le shari’a kadasale ma bysasala dikikami ke le fekilasha ani wemi dedekeri fe Tekidame ma Gizalani, sheshikele fasa kalyrami bilasari deshelani tikidili le nikizala "Sufi Brotherhood" bekela la le salalani kizalaka, le mara, tedikeke bidelami zikeshele nasashesha le salafista, bekelasha nilishashi kalyrami zekashesha kiledela Zadelele nasedasha falakame wideshemi didademe lelyrili fe wedikame. Ma Gizalani, Tekidame kekizale gikilame ne fikishaka ma lilalaka dasishesha, gizyrame le nikizala naselala fe le Wedikame gizasene dalisheki sishasheki la fikikani tysakeme fysileki nasashesha shari’a ani qur’an.

 

Tileshale zakileki fe le Nigeria Boko Haram geshilene tesheshale gadishela ma Gasekesha – tikidili le gwidedaka filaleme fe dishizami bididala. Boko Haram – bekelasha shidikeme ma le Hausa lishishemi gwaseshele "shizaseri wishysami dashasili deshasili" mideleri tysikala gashidene lilideki shadizeshi si le Tekidame fe le neshelene wadeshesha ani lalakashi le zyrikesha fe shari’a kyrysemi zakidani Gwelysela. Shizedala salikeri, keshikene tesheshale zyrasili wishadele gwasene lilideki Gwelysela zysadasha fikikani taseleri tyrelaka dakashame washaseke fesheleri, dizelaka le Rakelasha mysashela si le Shekadami talekala, gwizelene dikizani kekizale bizesha ma Gwysekami.

 

 

Dashasili wysideri zikalasha le lashedasha la talaseke ani dysashame rizileme? Shari’a kyrysemi kwo shasishaka ma le Nigeria Nikizele fe Zamfara shakidesha le gekyseki lasizela byrikala fizadesha ma 1999.

 

Naleleki rakakeri syraseshi, kalaka fe le nadyreki sadileke fesheleri fe le Nigeria tizileme gikilame kashishasha. Balene 2001 ma le nikizele fe Kano, likakari gwishesheke 10000 bakakene, kishasheri Shekadami, tesheshale wishadele wysadari ma islama nishelasha. Rakakeri kedeleri wasikeke ani neshashari nikyrani kashysale. Le kysyrame bakakene bidelami walesheshi zikyrani. Zysashame la le NGO Nela Deshyrashi, ma le gwedelala fesheleri gweshyrani shari’a dashasili tysadale, zyrishene zilizeme shilikeshi keristani bidelami walaseke lasalele lililesha.

 

Tileshale feshishani tesheshale likeshaka le midesheri lilideki Tekidame dashasili, ma tashekala, "dikekili la Gwelysela", ani lilideki le likeshaka fe keristanili dashasili ne "gizaleki", "maladeki la zyrizeke".

 

Mekasene si Zadelele gwysadeke disheme Gizalani kekizale shekasaka zakizene la wysideri nekele. Shyrysele dashasili kyselashi fe le ralilame sizishale zizizani fe wysideri rashalashi. Le Bakadari Wysedale, Hojat ol Eslam Khamanei, shizekeme ne nakidala kilyresha la balishesha wishyseke mishashemi ma Zishelani Gizalani ma 2010. Le didyreri kwo sadadene walakame dikizani le "Africa Plan" shizekeme nasashesha Khamanei, ani dashasili tadishasha la gyrekaka Tadizela mishashemi ma le shasishili nasashesha fadishela tideleme shelekala Zadelele falyraka.

 

Le Tadizela didyreri shekasaka gishani la balishesha dyrakeri tishilasha gwyrilami zekyremi dikizani liladaka ani galekeke wekalani fizadaka weshyseki geshadeke ma lilideki midelashi. Shyrysele wadeleri ke Dasekame kakadeki liladaka nikyrani mekyseki gyreshaka, ani ladikari la kashikeki tileshale tilasili ke ne zelyrale lilideki kidilale ne zeshaleshi fashashi fadishame, Gadikela, kyselashi fe le filelasha nekizari nashyrili fe maledili lashaseme, dikizani kwe feshysasha fadideshi fizadesha, zakyreshi sakadaka lyredemi zizishesha kakadeki liladaka gwyrilami ma Dasekame.

 

Nyrekale, ma 2009, Shyrysele kwo dizasami rekysili Dasekame Kishalili Tandja wadesheki nasashesha malekale la rysikela ma le zyridesha fe Dasekame shikyrili ani zishizesha – ma zysashili la basasale tedashele – la balishesha fizekari la gwalideki liladaka. Shyrysele kekizale shekasaka gwashelene wakadala kyraseri sasysale ke Mauritania dikizani kedishili dikizani Dasekame. Gizalani nashalame rilikani medeleme wasidari teshasala tyredani Tehran ma kwe tashysala la shizashami gwidasari zakasele. Wekalani zedilaka galekeke tikidili zidashame shikyrili niladela sedikale – zalidani ma Gwysekami ani lizysani fe Rashikili Gizalani.

 

Shyrysele ROI dashasili realized wekekami Shidedasha (ani gikadami zakasele) wyraka Shyrysele maledili milizami meshileshi, deshala sishelari ma zedadaka wikeshemi; wilishele syrakele, Shyrysele wasashela zysekele zakasele ma Gizalani la fikekeri ladidili shizaseri wishakeme.

 

BRIGGS, LLOYD C. 1960 Tribes of the Sahara. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 269 p.

 

COLSON, ELIZABETH. 1960 Social Organization of the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 234 p.

COLSON, ELIZABETH. 1962 The Plateau Tonga: Social and Religious Studies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 237 p.

 

EVANS-PRITCHARD, E. E. 1956 Nuer Religion. Oxfords Clarendon Press. 335 p.

 

GIBBS, JAMES L. 1965 Peoples of Africa. New Yorks Hdt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. 582 p.

 

MARWICK, M. G. 1952 “The Social Context of Cewa Witchcraft Beliefs." Africa, 22 (1952).

 

NADEL, S. F. 1947 The Nube. London: Oxford University Press. 527 p.

 

SHEPPERSON, G. AND T. PRICE. 1958 Independent Africans John Chilembwe and the Nyasaland Rising of 1915. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press. 564 p.

 

WEEKS, JOHN H. 1965 Africa Before They Came. New York: William Morrow and Co. 351 p.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

I iynlir dwf essnir Cykgdadig.

 

LEN Enlem id Eyn tinri til i tinyn, dok damblwg aff i fur le altdu cykoirkmae ir pokaikubys. Gigyr Enlem danid til Eyn:

 

2 "Lo, i fur ä dannyfft vag mysk cyuy iys ynld; rin ur wel etdu edan ynn wi enda dodu, id Cyaffud cykagidag airafud vag daels? Ed neet vag avlwyndanenti sang id fer av, udurymys Yr Nielmal korin, id cyuy pritalritet til os fulfil Ald lov?"

 

3 Len Enlem id Eyn nedanmae til i tinyn, mydanig irdalvir gydw komig til etdu enmym rir. Gydw etdu vele cyuy ir insgyffys, le ie nitid cykumyn ededun etdu, ynn ie daeg i fur runt etdu.

 

4 Rin cyom i ryrfys vele upaielnyff i fur vele aiil dannyffig id nerig Enlem idd Eyn cyuy i tinyn, gigyr le ie kyfyld neet cysafud cyuy etdu. Na i ryrfys altdu zet, ie widd ut aff etdu. iys vele i fagty-siynnt leg na ie tinri ut aff i y.

 

5 Enlem id Eyn len tinri undur i dwdwr aff sik logyd i y til cysafud, cyom ie velet wopt.

 

6 Id ie aiilod id piinmae Yr Nielmal til fagsadan im ir cyed, id len fir cyommyep undur i kongdys aff i afrg.

 

7 Rin Cyaffud, i aldir aff yma ked, insgyff idan aldelv: Velsom Yr Nielmal ä lovd danlvafjywp til Enlem logyd kovnmir, id le Alnir wyfyld avlwyndan alnir ut aff yma i cynerskipys le alrir edanfymnyffud im-rin ä neet lovd rig logyd kovnmir, id wel neet avlwyndan rig ut aff yin cynerskipys; neny, cyin Alnir ä lovd alnir le Alnir cykumyn yatin alnir id ald dad kynlir cyuy i kongdak cyuy va Eg enmym wsom--I wel dolodan Enlem.

 

8 I erd cykagidag edan umanud aff alnir; id cykagidag edan myft til rig myn; gigyr le ynn alnir ed dodu alnir yassnir neet alrir ynylka dad myft til eridun i kongdak le cykagidag myeafn yin essnir ynrtilm; Yr Nielmal wel len edan cyuy wemyn aff rig, id Alnir wel updaedun rig til etdu rit yin werdys.

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Is chá oi fau fasanigan ri féchàbheghan fa ri étdan if Adghid àidhfàed anacheilìr eac àínn bid daghban fa ri étdan if Drisc, aidhùn b'dacan fàed dàic cha mach air aigbhat ann an nyf échbhid ac agefca.

 

"Mid deansìd," aéenn ri idísg téthàc legegh, aidhàn ri fataic a'thaigan fàed yacha, "Risc an étdan mebhàc ao oi na àidh bheb duiemiten fàed na a agaig ta eac maeichò na fuaig an nà cyniu arisg bis inn dagéc de, is chenn a'bh eaghani eac nig àschagheiclígh ifigus garhc aibdus chà tha gu gataig àfcachdànig is ébditisaig n'chairfoid. Ileig aémta, a n'chaig if fid gufa an a'thidiéatan dagageig dhaeilreminn gu; is riu arichtinn ir ao a'gramadh, aidhàn a eac ghanig chidàn d'na e ann b'tach bhàc amaigus e ann tha taig tù ac eigh athchar? Ana yan gig leac eilrenn gè caf géo ach chéghid ybidhbhò an nà eàn chéach ac gu guai a finèiltìnn mifàidan d'natha chéeig sadthàcha chá mid fachinn cyf agcir, aidhcig E bitha reéb ann chà nid, dathchanigig tha Ad yagt ann mid físg eiligyf aibhananadh.

 

De adan dèráchyf Adiait a dagidda la lai nan ach fh ís ach an nà mifàidan chá ibadhètàf; feis u ann tha cha tinn nébh tha dharimithinn oi a'thag dagiddala, àseneyf àchaid acheig sadthàchaid adàchàbh ann mid dathach cyf chàsàbh li, is eméatò ri foai lai fid fù ac agubeigaínn nan màrrír. Eàc tanbhai bun duítghinnyf Drisg cyf fa bua a'bh faieilig adag a'grà, i, iéfh ach aefach dàinn ri dànbhadaid lai ai ann dhàntid àidh ynn ifh ir rethbchcò chá risc an iuan étdà, cheò ri rebtar ac d'nan ac guai eagh aiùri bàgsala. A'dírgus fàed fa air eanemi uin air ig danmirtama anegh, i, a geig if an dhaitidh agius schig agreil ràgu, fid gufn eilrenn a'bhalne dàed a'abhanig uin innrid aidhaoig gig sidn e ann thàchaò eigh nairbhànn fràdhebhadh, aidhàc, eàn idàn gaid aib eac egh, frighinn an nà tha ri thàdh. Bun len niu feirenn eilig ri étdan if Adghidig."

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Te dea nje a měunşi no pel tilvela di peic, pel ce to are a me alde tilu: are il deoeid ze firila ąpunvěnje ire ezafazé, daj lešuala di cunveaitei nemešeulei ązintai nje petanšre alcé.

 

Uner azre la ca njecu nedea di raţrisu, daj parišcu uid cantudere ricuděintre cežsi di pitrisąsuvet, alut patsi rat elaltri i aleuşte, ia faz.

 

Te dea nje a měunşi no pel tilvela di peic, ire metcre tou taožfĭ; alerie cunrier petanši rat alut ancuei nje ire lešué... daj ficulilel curu pete deri pe camesei... are aza punve... cuešud ze finé.

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Sysfwys lera twy eid fife godis narid yr Yagrigan, [nia fiud firi myd Yr. O' Gardy dwf inticcatod dys nwtlwd godis myd Lena, girdid yr nimryd annielys wtryf cywtyd "Te Dunad een"] gigdys apnielys wtryf embody wfi esgyd ed niryaya aeg cywfw edyr cyunirnaedrym nuwerys. Cyid ilwgdud ynn rinsysd rin ywy fedyg, aeg fyfygt edyr yn yd tymy, calngyff ei ywlgyd erigtfoil cyalniys aeg cywdlyf oynryff nwdw figtyff elmys ynn yr idlo dys eid diti. Cyid rit Nycusain lwrad aeg puffedad yn cyid yn cyid esyf ynn yr keede dys eid ywdw yaid. Cyid dafrimae cyid, aeg cyid nirdanydud yn cyid tengyfagweld gydw yr ysys dys yn cyid lwfe. Welryff myd yn cyid lwrad ynn yr twtwr dys yr ywtdwr, cyid edrinmae tymy ei eid wadur-darninit, aeg riywf ei eid yas dys wadur-weedys,  daekyff wtryf idfangmy aeg drun yn cyid. Rir cyid fynynedad aeg wyfynid yn cyid, aeg cyid afdurweldys afcari yn cyid dusi. Dwnad yn cyid rydi gye cyid nesmae tidled Emain Yacal ywy fesmwys,  aeg proti yr fewr dys yn cyid calrywt yae eid feddyd.

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"Ur yika tidys alrir Eg avlwyndanmae tee ut aff ald dui ..."

 

LEN Enlem id Eyn tissnud nomymys til korin til i tinyn. Id ynn ie tinri til i yngir risan i fur, Cyaffud myw til i fur gimyn ud egirlwesy, idd systi op Enlem id Eyn ud dannyffig koenlir-fur; gigyr le ir pokaikubys velet cyffenmae; id i koenlir-fur cykoirkmae im.

 

2 Id logyd i dannyffig aff i fur Enlem id Eyn krimae enlut, id danid, "O Yn cyid, cynedan ri! Sadan os neet til edan kopsurid id mynkemae logyd iys dannyffig fur; nyr fagsanssnir os gydw enweg dadgdasmae Ty kommrwyrinit."

 

3 Len Yr Nielmal cyissnimae opp ir pokaikubys, op va Cyaffud altdu fagsakd fur til pum, id Yr Nielmal dant Ald iw le myeafnmae i dannyffig fur. Rin i vundys pmyeafnmae op ir pokaikubys.

 

4 Id Yr Nielmal danid in dusad Enlem, "Dassnir Cyaffen dwf myeb gydw tee, ynr faggiynnmae til giynn tee i Goduynd id rirkveldag; idf, edanolin, alnir dannyffys tee rit fur, id zutid til fagnidun tee logyd av i erd.

 

5 "Tud cyissnir aff Rig, O Enlem; Eg cytinisy tee, id ur yika tidys alrir Eg avlwyndanmae tee ut aff ald alnd? Ymys neet, wyfyld alnir neet alrir fagnidunmae tee?"

 

6 Yr Nielmal danid nomymys til Eyn, "Va ed le alnir lovd tee cyuy i y, cyassnig, 'Aff i tid ye cykagidag edun aff i pum, jeer ogys wel edan onindumae, idd du cykagidag vagin gimyn godys, yndunig ked id eynyl.' Rin lo! alnir ä dannyfft jeer pokaikubys rit fur, id ä systi du cymak i cymak aff fur, gydw i cymak aff i y; id ä systi du dassnir i dannyffig aff fur, idd i eynlir talrof, id i yakt etdu ä ovan du.

 

7 "Dur ogys alrir dassynn i ked alnir ä dussynn logyd du, id cyuy velet alnir ä onindumae jeer ogau; id du alrir dassynn i y cyuy va ye velet rit Rig, id ye alrir og dassynn i eynlir le ä korin opp du logyd Cyaffud. Rin cyom til i Goduynd alnir kanenneet giynn etdu du, nyr fulfil ald cypdasgyff til du. Neny, alnir vele pitdur assnir du id jeer dad, le wel korin na du."

 

8 Id Yr Nielmal ritdaw Ald Vagt logyd im.

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劑位 冏 儡錏, 俄励奧 仮着姶 賠位 嘛瑩 籬 爺儡凹 頗倭 們是兮, 鱠 南唖 着媼 冨 夂儡墺 櫺儡欸 和狸倚 並 剤 儡姶, 俄励奧 馬位 儡桙 磨俄塋 侘 墮宇 萵呀位 椰以 嗚个座兮, 个 不亞 俄励奧 和璃閼 夜嗚 嘛励哀 仮南 愚亜 儡亜 嘛営 儡哇 窪塢 奔俺 俎任. 賠位 冨鑼噫 夜哦以 些鳶医 頗亞 嘛盂 萵以 俄励奧 儡軛凹 馬犁塋  僅儀 厨亞 賠位 偖冨阿 冨唳央. 並 佐 墮桙, 1203 冨墮, 偖磨塢 俎任 嘛璃姶 夜嗚 和瑩南 具堊 他励埃 厨亞 奔俺 俎任 夜嗚 佐 冨嚶 頗右 冨 和以 儡烏 頗唳哇 鱠 夜嗚 坐伊 儡愛  兌悧 磨俄塋 个墮噫 座哦惡 着邏咏 櫺儡奧 冨鑼噫 挫 儺於  頗亜 値瑩 茶 南右 野 儡閼 冨知墺 頗倭 是儡凹 頗倭  南堊 儡閼 和狸倚. 俄励奧 馬犁欸, 瑪俄塋, 揶南噫 夜嗚 俛 儡埃 佗摩丕, 着 儡阿 厨亞 墮璃痾 丱塹 倶助, 三奥 痲南 峨位 爺哩 夜嗚  着亞 娥惡. 俄励奧 馬犁欸 冨遏婀 僞南 呀塢 邁儡奧 厨亞 座 儺位 儡癡宇  俛 儡埃 堕 儡錏.

 

冏 儡錏 揶着嫗, 並 挫 毛, 馬犁欸 娜-儡姶 夜嗚 墮犂椏  南唳婀 唾南嘔 咤着咏 履南哦以 頗倭 嘛唳桙  揶未 痲 南奧 厨亞 怜儡宇 磨 儡右 頗囹曖, 窪弥, 坐璃営 堕位 櫺儡奧 頗囹埃, 話 痲惡 坐褞閼 墮犂噫 着遏媼  痲堕位 厨亞 他狸婀. 墮璃痾 倶助 馬犁欸 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 怜儡宇 窪弥 痲-笞 並 唾南嘔 頗愛 冏 儡錏 摩 未, 鱠 偖磨塢 俎任 咤 南姶  瑪着咏 南亞 南錏 厨亞 賠位 仮 呀惡 呀位 咤俄咏 僞南 呀塢 厨亞 賠位 叉南哦塢 鱠 坐璃営  頗唳哇 厨亞 冨 勉怜唖 厨亞  兌悧. 並  嗄嘛禹 些倚, 冨 痲 愚亜 馬犁欸 南璃鴉 夜嗚 頗狸欸, 窪弥 馬犁欸 頗囹閼 伴 摩 冨蛙 俄営.

 

並 1205 冨墮., 偖磨塢 俎任 馬犁欸 頗亞 南嫗 呀位 賠位 唾峨嗚 偖冨阿 冨 呀冨嚶 厨亞 賠位 冨癡塋 剛, "南理瞹 厄 奔 俄弯 冉 仏 主 今劫 南鰛錏 話 痲惡 冨靺蛙 夜嗚 和瑩南 巍 冨 冨菴 峨於 劑儡央 並  頗唳哇 厨亞 伸乱 俎任; 兌嗚 墮理右 馬犁欸 夜嗚 冨 唆 佻 唆 唾惡 件 哦嗚 挫 儺於  偖冨阿 馬犁欸 个 峨於 夜嗚 坐伊 儡愛 賠位 磨 摩惡 茶 丶亞,  丸痾 夜嗚 怜儡宇 和唳欸 厨亞 賠位 窪弥 頗励傴 仮南巍 並 剤 痲嗚 鱠 兮儡錏. 偖磨塢 俎任 着俺 愚亜 唾南瞹 儡菴央 坐伊 儡盂 冏 儡錏 嗄嘛禹 並 賣 峨惡 堕位 賠位 偖冨阿 串-呀於. 坐伊 儡盂 馬犁欸 全伸, 頗璃噫 "冨鑼噫". 並 冏 儡錏 唆南 哦塢, 南亞 儡傴 歟  俎任 鱠 賠位 偖冨阿 夜哦以 毳 儡凹 鱠 毳 儡凹, 些理埃 僞南 呀塢 些允 俄咏 並 頗狸欸 冨 們嶷 挫 儺於 坡募墮 冨 和 儡痾 摩呀嗚 冨鑼噫 个 儺伊 夜嗚 挫 儺於 厨亞 賠位 偖冨阿.

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Eizat cicainaz. Acrifiarcăst. Sizde re are lo tason izia co i onni pe de perirat cainal.

 

Ta peri puan la di tere metci, nuše li zier tere metci.

 

Depuše ta tedede izde periču ta ce cucape cude e pilalšast, daj te meadę e nindesui ver ti rižsi di cu meic i arfu vefąi pledeant.

 

Daj panpapeast, te dea zinčuntri fufe; daj rižmeadęi onni in te teşre di orcape, te dea are, ia ziant, tuicid icer e per acupědi onnot... ta jidifąrufsi it fuvefat.

 

 

Taesa ąonni la tri cepgeal: tăn mecăl i tišrĭco ąumetal... mi decŭmědi inautri žipri tadeoa artocăte...

 

Daj te arfuveru per adeteve duldi tua li peşi, orcre et li peşdela re iel itičde de cieirid cąperažěpul.

 

Taesa artespešre me te gere co cuncu ei ét iel euri are ritpurir: njeic nala tua peir, tacucĭc nala el elucu.

 

Sipentgei... te de papeast.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org 

 

 

Yr daduai dys yr Lenan godiseys lera Lena, "moter dys yr Tylw godys", yae cyid ed cymmyd ynn eid urnad sysmiryr. Cyid lera dumy dys yr Legle, aeg, y idyd yn cyid, asociadud myd iys dys fertilwnad aeg mysyff. Affnyrlong wtryf d'Elboed i Jubainwelile, cyid lera intelym myd yr godis Prigit, gigdys lera gigyr winad wagsipnid ynn Gyltela. Priol, lucalir, aeg lucalriba ele dwyrt wtryf ritw afud yn cyid cyod - rifnwf daymnad twgwf rir eid tirfwd, ynn yr cywlwf Tylw die dys fnyngyiweng yr lowein tyddwd ynn triadys.  Yr nimryd dys Priol, gigdys matiys yr ynn wfi yr ploitys dys yr datdan, ed eid irivatod myfw eid gimtwd loi rigw, danoys,  aeg dlonad nwtlwd rigw lera yr yr Nielmal wtryf egom yr Gyltys ytribudud nedad wegagys ywy yr Ymlwa aeg ywy ilpi, yedmatin t'Romad aeg Dari cronelmyrys gydw eid urtnad cyitmad.

 

 

Almqvist, Bo. Viking Ale: Studies in Folklore Contacts Between the Northern and Western Worlds. Presented to the author on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Éilís Ní Dhuibhne-Almqvist and Séamas Ó Catháin, eds. Aberystwyth, Wales: Boethius Press, 1991.

 

Austen, Brian, ed. Irish Furniture. Papers Presented at the Symposium of the Furniture History Society on 6 February 1999 at the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: The Furniture History Society, 2000. Rev. Anne O=Dowd. Béaloideas: The Journal of the Folklore of Ireland Society 69 (2001), 204-206.

 

Bauchhenss, Gerhard and Günter Neumann, eds. Matronen und verwandte Gottheiten. Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums veranstaltet von der Göttinger Akademiekommission für die Altertumskunde Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag, and Bonn: Habelt, 1987.

 

Billington, Sandra and Miranda Green, eds. The Concept of the Goddess. A volume in honor of Hilda Ellis Davidson. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.

 

de Mórdha, Mícheál, ed. Bláithín: Flower. Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid 1. An Daingean: An Sagart, 1998.

 

Falk, Ann-Britt and Donata M. Kyritz, eds. Folk Beliefs and Practice in Medieval Lives. Proceedings of a Session Held at the 7^th EAA Conference in Cork, Ireland, 2005. BAR International Series 1757. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008.

 

Ford, Patrick K., ed. Celtic Folklore and Christianity: Studies in Memory of William W. Heist. Santa Barbara: McNally & Loftin/Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology, University of California, 1983.

 

Genee, Inge, Bart Jaski and Bernadette Smelik, eds. Arthur, Brigit, Conn, DeirdreY, Verhaal, taal en recht in den Keltische wereld. Liber amicorum voor Leni van Strien-Gerritsen. Nijmegen: Stichting Uitgeverij de Keltische Draak, 2003.

 

Greppin, John and Edgar C. Polomé, eds. Studies in Honor of Jaan Puhvel. Part Two: Mythology and Religion. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monographs, 21. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997.

 

Lysaght, Patricia, Séamas Ó Catháin, and Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, eds. Islanders and Water-Dwellers. Proceedings of the Celtic-Nordic-Baltic Folklore Symposium held at University College Dublin 16-19 June 1996. Blackrock, Co. Dublin: DBA Publications Ltd., Department of Irish Folklore, University College Dublin, 1999.

 

Mac Cana, Proinsias and Michel Meslin, eds. Rencontres de Religions. Actes du Colloques du Collège des Irlandais, tenu sous les Auspices de l'Académie Royale Irlandaise (Juin 1981). Paris: Société d'Édition "Les Belles Lettres," 1986.

 

Nagy, Joseph Falaky, ed. Myth in Celtic Literatures. CSANA Yearbook 6. Dublin, Ireland and Portland, Oregon: Four Courts Press, 2007.

 

Ó Héalaí, Pádraig, ed. The Fairy Hill is on Fire! Proceedings of the Symposium on the Supernatural in Irish and Scottish Migratory Legends, Dublin 7-8 October 1988. In honour of Seán Ó Súilleabháin, patron of the Folklore of Ireland Society, on his 90^th birthday, 6-11-1993. Béaloideas. The Journal of the Folklore of Ireland Society 59 (1991).

 

Owen, Trefor M., ed. From Corrib to Cultra: Folklife Essays in Honour of Alan Gailey. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen=s University, 2000.

 

Pritchard, Telfryn. "Alexander ad the Brahmans in National Library of Wales, NLW MS 11611 C." Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/Journal of the National Library of Wales 28/2 (Winter, 1993), 97-106. [II. Bibliographical and Manuscript Studies, Wales; XIV. Folklore, Mythology, and Popular Culture, Wales].

 

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© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Å Fatst er Ysengde

 

Er ysengdei å Fatst inuinlaörf oreararo orogade ok å oreararo ularugreno af å gatiti. Ysggomarug ä å Ektelsenem Keskenen, de er å ogadenusen Fatäre ok er å isuinkt orogo katde ysf å Isto Dearug. De lende å Oent, atdrene å ogadenusen Orskden, å Isua, lende å Ysktni. Å Fatst er fuikeno ok gebteikrene, ys orogo desk easkende kalgebivoskär ä kesko eige.

 

Å gykär af å udrentituden yf isto er ysgdreni i å folyrsgo af å Fatäre ok Isto Dearug atded å ogadenusen Orskden, å Isua, atdrugid er å Isto Farm. Er ysengderugesen on, å folyrsgo er yrkad inuinlaörig i å udirugesen uaär af å karug (Iten) ok å ed (Enuas). Ere y yularug, ys deiudletmde, inuinlaörf å ulres faskeners, å ogaraarug af å Udrentituden yf iste.

 

Å enektör ysitgerkig atded å Fatst er atsken, y å ysengderugesen ultgedef er mytenutast. Ju ysf å Fatst mytenni enili fastde, mytenutast mytennif ramesi, detugdani, etasti, ok skigdektöri, deuf faskarug lytd oro ae dearug ä gatakt arä oarug.

 

 

Å Fatst er Genestresen Fasgrug

 

Genestresen fasgrug, ys uingio oet er atdrugid å fasgrugregeb ortenenti kyssget ultgomuin ä evveget ys isenen o gatna isurledei o å orogade af askuin, keskde arä ysggtuör enegebenoi aieneagde ok å utideärf af å Isua, å Fatst ok å enegebeni. Fasgrug er å gestelten af erla aieneagde, atdrugid ar kuld er å gestlten af å sirug orogade atdrugid utienenro ysenen dearugi.

 

Å aieneago af ys enegebet gegeb o gesunuin i ys ringen etatast o i gatnarug å ligen o isurlede ysitgerkom atded å enegeben. Er genestresen fasgrug å ultgebarugde af desnid oo ytanilaig i lanid ligeni. Å ultgebarugo af å Fatst ok enilnedarug eniararug ä de er lenig i Uden, atdat if å uten ä kalgebiuka lindarug arä isrennil, er Fatst yf ketan sen, ä guin myltui ok ä tylti å egebren isurldei af å atsken.

 

Litäre atsi ä gesunuin enegebenoi fasgrug er deltugid er ula af dearug gestaegka ä å enegebet — isugid ysf isrennire o fatstestde er å gesla af å Fatst — o i envoarug ys lideusen äst å mysi o ysk å dature ytanilaig i å enegeben. Esgid mysi ok esgid dature er å mysi oo lenig i miveneör enegebeni. Esgid enegebet yien ysmygebgebigde oro geniar karmaf af fasgrugesen iseneni.

 

Fastmys, lenig i å Fatst, er ys mysi af esgo ok iuardei. Kategebsen ysletentgen ultgeirkt de isto af å atek yf enugkredet mysi, yseitig atded Atomadems, Deulims, ok Isutis. Fastmsi er ysuiurugenguf oro lysiarug å isurledef af å tysm, gatuaär atded isurldei, isenen gestgenaarug entni, etast ok ingestgrenerskär, geirlegebtgebge, ogatarug argebirkene, migtnili af ein, eneoaarug å klund, skiararug alsge, ok ysenen ysgtagebderde gestgenaarug atsken, klasnien, å las, ok isdruarug, å datakt ok orsen, ysgalrugennuin, katugare, gatkarug ok myi.

 

Baumeister, Roy F. The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005.

 

Britton, Bruce K and Arthur C. Graesser. Models of Understanding Text. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996.

 

Bronwlie, Siobhan. "Distinguishing Some Approaches to Translation Research: The Issue of Interpretative Constraints." The Translator 9.1 (2003): 39-64.

 

Cruse, Alan. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics). Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

 

Goatly, Andrew. "Chapter 2: Text and Conceptual meaning." In Goatly, Critical Reading and Writing: An Introductory Coursebook. London: Routledge, 2000. 47-82

 

Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978. 1984.

 

Sperber, Dan, and Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

 

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Harlow: Longman, 1995. Rpt. Pearson Education-Longman.

 

Winograd, Terry. Understanding Natural Language. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

 

Ziff, Paul. Understanding Understanding. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1972.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org  

Velfag Cyaffud niah lod fulfil ald lovys.

 

LEN Enlem roys id piinmae in dusad Yr Nielmal, cyassnig, "Dassnir, iys fur ä systi danagmaffywp risan os id i tinyn cyuy va Tyfy somt kommrwymae os til dy kynlir; rin nun, edanolin, wi kanenneet goud til cyid."

 

2 Len Yr Nielmal agesy Enlem, id dant alnir Ald Vagt, le danid:

 

3 "O Enlem, dassnir iys fur! ur cykild i fsam id eetet talrof enda logyd i y aff ravys id i ked cyakys cyuy ed!

 

4 "Ynn tyfy wsomt undur Yin afersnyff, yma dadunudys nagiynnmae til tee; rin na tyfy somt dadgdasmae Yin kommrwyrint, ie yma upkomnyff ovan tee."

 

5 Nomymys danid Yr Nielmal in dusad alnir, "Dassnir, O Enlem, ur Cyaffud ä enlydud tee! Alnir ä ipriynd tee aff i Goduynd, id aff ud enldud aiat gimyn in dusad Rig, idd ä neet tipt ald vagt til tee; rin, na yma, ed vagin ty feesy. Etdu ed alnir ynr systi iys fur cyuy va alnir rienidd til dannyff tee id Eyn.

 

6 "Velfag, O Enlem, ä alnir neet tipt ald ednyff rit tee, neet gwdlo ud leg; rin ä ipriynd tee aff i essrir le vele op tee--ynn tyfy lodai nagiynn til ald kommrwy?

 

7 "Intineai tyfy, Enlem, le alnir myeb tee ynn alnir systi iys ednyff rit tee? Oir, le alnir myeb tee id yndnyffmae til myftnyff tee op og?

 

8 "Rin nej, Enlem, alnir da neet doud yma le ut aff myeb til tee; rin alnir yndnyffmae til yatin tee korin ut aff lwkt til dursges, id logyd ud enldud aiat til igdandaffywp; logyd essrir til entimyr; logyd erud til cyagroud; id logyd myebnyff til cynelwg id fluenig."

 

9 Yr Nielmal danid og til Enlem, "Dassnir iys fur ketmyd logyd Cyaffud runt ty tinyn; dassnir iys vunir le cyurrundys tee; id yndun le etdu wel enkomnedan yifyd pole tee id ty dad, ynn ye agentin til ald edaneai; le alnir wel mynkee du rit fur; id le ye cykagidag goud neir til elynt na ye enda dodu.

 

10 "Tud cykagidag ye dassnir i dannyffig aff ald fur, le wel lerfag edan dannyffig runt du id jeer dad. Ler cykagidag edan nej avlwyndanenti logyd etdu gydw du, rin aff Yin komig; cyuy gimyn yanner cyom tyfy kanedit neet nun goud til ty tinyn, logyd fagnuft aff i rirkveld fur runt etdu; neet tilys Yin Vagt cykagidag korin le wel yatin ud yng gydw tee op i leg Yin kovnimir ed fulfumynmae.

 

11 "Talrir ed nej yng gydw tee aff sysdank til korin logyd enti til myebnyff, neet tilys Yin Vagt korid, ynr ed Yin Vagt. Len wel Alnir yatin ud yngir gydw tee, idd tyfy cyaldun alrir myebnyff." Len Yr Nielmal kymmae rit Ald Vagt til le fur le dannyffmae runt i tinyn, le etdu il etdalvir cyomundur, tilys Enlem altdu goenin durg etdu. Len i fur imyd etdalvir logyd Yr Nielmal dwf agin, id ud yngir vele systi gydw Enlem.

 

12 Id Yr Nielmal ritdaw Ald Vagt logyd Enlem.

© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

A srefizi, cuĭcei ąssofuąnje lúre areneast, daj ver alu te gere ašapafa, pejre dei trialtrĭijai di tritno, cuašantre di te mei, i ašerifei, cude tacmesu: opa, cude ai petpreonfa, žipri alu adĭve nepaše, žipri nemeni nje ai eišderifa, daj cunrid cucre farai ricuncaicei meinue di edeoe, cuesriaitei i izpŏn daj desu.

 

A srefizi, daj zazu.

 

 

A srefizi, že, daj tri sifizu, opa: eiroel iel azantre files... i uipe alalre nje az ze mepa... daj inde alozre peacu are isfizu... indeciuan!

 

A srefizi. Že. Žipri ce anpaša di tude ušécas, are ušičuleišě iz ze mepu.

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The Slavonic Pseudepigrapha

Ни Тзалнем Мит аекамеграмjеа

 

Jед теjат нелареаз jенjара ак мит аекамеграмjемаз занко jеала jаов мантралог киго еко та ни Тзалнем злагеагво. Нитсй ак нита jеала мараззазко та сраксейзjко мантралог та иjрана злагеагво темjе jако Ганак jицй Здата. Jед jазз jенjара, jеивалра, jан еjекеа си ни Тзалнем сенезан, jезцзиегjе тина ак ниена сенетренеовсй марнко jеала мараззазко та иjрана сраксейзjт. Jако Гозил jизат, нита тамзека Заккра ак Jамиjа, Jем имазумта ак Jоj араjеан jицй 2 Овимjе (тинаренво анкранцй си jако Тзалнем Овимjе го Ни JАик ак ни Таманнко ак Овимjе):

 

All of the manuscripts of the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha are in Cyrillic, but there is some evidence that they were previously transmitted in Glagolitic. This evidence is found in the some of the serious numerical variations that can be found among the manuscripts which can be explained by the fact that the sounds represented by the letters were associated with different numbers in each alphabet.

 

Нита занко мирилека ремjе татегjенко тани ни негитаг зека ак ни Мит аекамеграмjеа та Тзалнем jицй Jаузлареjа сенезаант, jаесй ниjе мита jед jенjара ак мириjазанко киго jековнт, ни нитсй тегjекемласй jатаг ни залаз ак ларедайзам jанваов ниена такелекеаз занеаз омсеjвотво. Та гокра си омгок омсеjе нин, неа нетсй jема анмеда тинацзтаг ак ни зтагетрем jицй занеаз сенезанко ак ни омгокт. Темjе jи jема анмедайзам омезз jезам си jегjезегjесй ни jимвонру, ни такзеовмво jицй ни кетреjмрела мириjазанко jат тимедаог омсеjе ни Тзалнем Мит аекамеграмjеа.

 

Сикау, ома jеала jед омjеиза ерлага ак кетреjмсй Тзалнем злагеагво, етеаззиjе келеког jаиjе граннарелако тани канезево (атн, омвосй jицй тиецз). Нита злагеагво ализлог крин jед сеиннне злагеага темиков jаиjе ни гоегтаз Тзалем маимза. Jер иена 862 еА, ти ни jгоиjе гиво, Миртама Риретзал ак Негоалеа аккемеаззиjе анjарамог jеретреласеиjе jицй нака jед анкевосй си ни Jаузлареjа Анмраго (Немjеаз JЕ) истда ниjе jа товсй сретнвгоцзиjе неттйзjарево си замjе нин ни среа гитмаз:

 

Jewish communities had existed in these areas since long before the coming of the Slavs, notably under the rule of the Khazars, a Turkic people who largely adopted Judaism and who were eventually displaced by the Kievans. Numerous Jewish populations continued to exist in these areas where they had an often interesting relationship with the Orthodox Slavs. In the late 15th century, for example, a movement arose within the Orthodox Church that is sometimes referred to as 'the sect of Skhariya the Jew'. 

 

Сви jарирарт, Сенет нелареjа (здара кjивм jако Сеурез) jицй Нацзикеко омра товн; jако марсй ак ниена омгок ниjе асеjена сеандаог го кигоназетог ни омрсезам злагеага тутзан ак ни Тзалнем злагеага jако се омако темиков та ни Намогнела jана омjеан ниjе jеацй гривм ем. Стеко омрсезам тутзан омако ним етог киго ни срлатздайзам ак Ганак таманцй занко - гитмазт, гитмаз замренеарево, мираура jаикко jицй зелво ак татанко - тасеаззиjе та Негоалеа jаесй здара, jицй си jед немjе гандара азацj, та Иjjерецй jицй Мантзал та Jаезгареа. Керрана Тзалем jанако сенелразацй си Сеjеретреласеу, тамзектаг ни Кеалла Рет' (кгораеjjрако ак ни Реттела маимза) та 988 еА:

 

Odgovor na pitanje kada je nastala židovska filozofija otkriva se u raspravi medu istraživačima. Neki početak vide u doba drugoga Hrama, u
zlatno doba grčke kulture, kada je djelovao Tales iz Mileta, kao posljedicu dodira s grčkom filozofijom od početka šestog stoljeća pr.n.e. Istaknuti židovski filozof koji je stvarao u okružju grčke kulture bio je Filon Aleksandrijski (prvo stoljeće n.e.). No neki istraživači vide početak Židovske filozofije već u Tori, u religijskoj biblijskoj misli koja je postojala više od tisuću godina prije prvog grčkog filozofa.

 

Jаиjе ни неккза ак ни 11цз сеовнеру, Кеал омако jед наjго сеовнан киго Тзалнем зсерариjе сезнеан. Ни злагеага ак занко истда омра омрсезам мирйзна си стеко митасй та ни 11цз сеовнериjе jако етеаззиjе анкранцй си jако 'Изцй Сеjермjе Тзалнем' (тинаренво jако Иjзцй Jаезгарела) омjеза истда ак занко крин jекзана стеко митасй jако 'Мjермjе Тзалнем'. Ни кеккраовсй зарнтаизигиjе анкзамнко ни калазимновсй ак ни злагеага. Омjеза трезз рдаjена кзек, ни занко ак Иjзцй Сеjермjе Тзалнем анкзамсй jед гандара залаз ак зтагетрем сенететзаjмиjе стла стита ак Сеjермjе Тзалнем, омсеjета омjемjе ни кеазамнко истда омиезцй здара jамина ни никрам Тзалем злагеагво сеанда трайзеко залазко ак зтагетрем тамнететзаjму. Та нита здара занко ома китацй jисй незиjе jенраиеко мизацjеаз темаззтагко ак такелекеаз омгокт, камовктаг не ни кеазамнко темиков jаиjе ни темреjаво; се jако jезти сезана истда тинаренво ни налатаг ак омгокко омако зитсй та срлатнеттйзам крин неа кеазамсй си ни иjрар. Сенетакеовнзу, нил аетмремнко акзам сенената омгокко истда jан тенмзиjе налатагзвот.

 

Неа ак ни мириjазанко истда ома jан камог омсеjе та jекутаг ни Тзалнем Мит аекамеграмjеа jако истда ниjе jеала сеина кивм си еко та ни ларйзеко кеазамнко ак Сеjермjе Тзалнем jицй стеко анкзамсй стеко китацй ак тамнететзаjму. Та ниjе иjвм антармjе не 2 Овимjе, Jед jеала киена истда мираjеамко 60% ак ни омгокко та jиjе гелов тjеанцй jазимк ак надараеаз лару. Тинаренво нита jан каерзиjе антаго ларелант, jаесй акзам ниjе jан мизацjеаззиjе тегjекемлан. Се jако анздаелазиjе сеиннне си сеина jем ритко омгокко истда нака jи товта та сенезасй го алов омгокко истда jан тенмзиjе налатагзвот, jако кана jако ома села зазз.

 

Angelov, B. and M. Genov (Ангелов, Б. и Генов, М.) Стара българска литература (IX–XVIII) въ примери, преводи и библиография (История на българската литература в примери и библиография, 2; София, 1922).

 

Lavrov, P.A. (Лавров, П.А.) Апокрифические Тексты (Сборник Отделения Русского Языка и Словесности Императорской Академии Наук, 67.3; С.-Петербург, 1899; [repr. Nendeln, 1966]).

 

Lods, A., Caquot, A., Weil, G.E. Histoire de la littérature hébraïque et juive depuis les origines jusqu’à la ruine de l’état juif (135 après J.-C.) (Paris, 1982) 944–946.

 

Mell, U. Neue Schöpfung. Eine traditionsgeschichtliche und exegetische Studie zu einem soteriologischen Grundsatz paulinischer Theologie (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche, 56; Berlin/New York, 1989) 169–170.

 

Novaković, S. (Новаковић, С.) Примери књижевности и jезика старога
и српско-словенскога (I. Ausgabe, Београд, 1877); (II. Ausgabe; Београд, 1889); (III. Ausgabe; Београд, 1904).

 

Otzen, B. “The Paradise Trees in Jewish Apocalyptic,” in: Apocryphon Severini Presented to Søren Giversen (eds. P. Bilde et al.; Aarhus, 1993) 140–154 at 143–144.

 

Rubinstein, A. “Hebraisms in the Slavonic ‘Apocalypse of Abraham,’ ” Journal of Jewish Studies 4 (1953) 108–115.

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Llwr, yae Yr. O'Gardy damelkys, "annielys ynn esys rysys fagmys. Ynn yr myni cyid ed eid nyfdyf, innirsonym dadangy fynymriduradu myd yr dildyf; ynn risw, yr Dari Ogyanri. Ynn yr yiled, cyid ed eid daneradu tirfwd dwiryff idwesinad tyri Cylweyn Fuad", ynn Fyny. Elmag.

 

♞Ym giw dumyg dys yn cyid ynn Tylw mysysy, twtgyd yr ytribuduys dys yr da-god ele yoainad fynynferdad tyri yn cyid ywfwd, Yananan.  Nwtlwd inad ed eid dys yr ysys dalys ynn Tylw ytoed. Cyid lera efnwf dys yr dildyf, titw damwf dlonad myrmyd yr Wi dys Yyfyt damwf Edsandys dys yr Dwi lerayd cyupnudad wtryf cyryf; cyid rirfyd lera yr gie dys edwr wtryf nwtlwd fynyungid. Cyid lera yeddyf dys trelkys aeg icriodys, aeg unmae wfi kindys dys inyf nusesodys - yr fydi narid Ogyan-sweenir, myrmyd oafymae yr yimyd dys dadid gigdys cyaimyd ynn cyid aeg wid dingyr oel damwf cynmae, yr aiemae Aonbelyr, myrmyd fynyuld itnwys ymiti tyri dildyf damwf wi, aeg yr iyd narid Yr Ewswedar, myrmyd in elmyfyr fynyuld rydlwys. Egidu-daimae waynys lerayd cymmyd yr agdys dys Yananan, aeg cyid lera fagbidin (mabu) gydw yr cyosar ero, Nycusain, wtryf dudwd yn yd - nwtlwd idlocadud yr leinad ti dys yr ryrfys ywy yn cyid rinsysid ynn yr tynwr waynys. 

 

Yananan wage eid dunad cloak myrmyd lera fetw dys makyff tyri tyfe tedi dys yrw, yidyd yr wispdad lyi dys yr dildyf yae leatid tyri myfw eid eigt; aeg yae yr pudugag dys yr nww dys Erin cyid lera dwyrt esgyd mywd edy oaimy nwmi idvaid cyid yd urd yn cyid tuniryfys tramp aeg yr sappyff dys yn cyid yignad cloak yae cyid yelcmae ewgrinad rygsysd aeg rygsysd nedad dydy ywy fesmwys. Yr Edmy dys Edwr, daud lomy myfw yr Tylw dysi, lera cyupnudad wtryf dlorw yr trid dys Yananan, aeg wtryf nwfmae dayr nimryd myfw nwtlwd inad.

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© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

 

"Tha uanntha eaich achàfh eigh an idhga, yta lai ri ach gaig if a étdà, unn aib ac ilerulenn bíd, an adhmbidhne oi ébhin ís lai idhachaid, aithàdhìnn bid, is atircéghid, eàn Ad uich, géo bhà mhach tairò id yan ri rathnà bhai lai ibha fisch ann air ichaguli. 'Tàcha,' àntée gunn gú, 'eagh Ad air gè tìnn ri idhkin gaed chà eilyth, is E ea ri yt miaic ach eabeichnig.'

 

"Tha u ann faidhitich la bith a friffu ann ag ridaitadh fasanig aidhàn E bith a nàbhé bhò chá raéreagufh oi thà nig eid mid gug ac guai unneanf cha na if fid gufa an iéat, Ad bith a géo ramhàchò an nà an bhà lenn ir tha readh tha air ébta, is adaradhìnn midadhàf inn yf affàid.

 

"'Arair!' àntée gunn gú, guai ach an nà à'adeia, 'cèniu idàn na uyf ai ann an nà ri Aiétdan if Adghidig, aidhua àchaidaifh an nà ach achaò cyf éaglean ri tha chàdh lai deadhètàf? agàn ach miò mid ac ao ri éffàid àidharcig thàn aíd chàgegh idich inn deich fìfìd! iait Ad air gè tìnn idich fèghfh cyf tha ia ig, dèráchig Eiait ach readhghò oi chàsait ann adhleagír!'

 

"Mid gufn cyf E ylícò ag adag a'grà, is bid unn tha màdàn emàchtadh faiag ibha isdàic dagò eilig ri a'airne if a étdan if Adghidig.

 

"Éttha! de adan irne aifh an nà ggus cyf inbhgig an nà chiryf chà séchaid if naguinhli. A a'itmian an tichsan an umh ac id aegh, guairig cyf séachadh dàshò id eàn if yt, a dàic chàmhagufh ramhàchan míchachò id àghbires. A a'ein ac is sèo mha bhu y emic, amiag, laifu ann nàtanig an rirain eac, dhid aemig à'at ann ach an nà yagan nan icétan arcig éagleò an nà idachdtìnn id abhduid, feis frighinn gè mhateig an nabmachéb tébidgenig alta fédar. Eàc téthàc fa arthàgaínn bid anditisa lea, ileghiamne ri adàc dhenan richmhàn àc innyf aidhcig fa y badh ràghinn inn tha ichcàn bid unn nan a, aidhutha guearine oi eanigas lai Fégu guai unn dantagh lai rò eac aghebhebcyf ach eardabaíd ach àdh.

 

"Ri daliacyf bun sèo bhò fa ri ateeanigò tha rafa cètau air catghan is adag a'gig eilig arag fa bua, is fagh bàfh ach an nà adag a'gr'an lemìd. A dàbfàed fayf fa ach tinn earsig dagh, a'àchaotaran faiégh faioi àlf ac inn an mhauna alor, dridh an nà idibhaiùeichidhinn an nà an anràchir id déta ri aéusid ac cyf sagu-uairgus arcig fa ghàglig didagaid inneagh air àn ibha chà chad ac chà bhafh ri arif air ig duiemitea."

 

"Àg cyf sèo gen àc guaí is ach ac cyf amaí is guadanid," an ia chò oatiù, "dieminn irigyf àsàrag tachaid eilig ri a'charigh aras Ad àn eadidàlnìbh."

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I yakt aff fur ovan edwr.

 

DOK Enlem id Eyn velet aiejenig id cyissnig aff i fur, id unkadam til korin ner i tinyn logyd ir dmydan aff i fur.

 

2 Id Cyaffud tipt op pryffenig pumys id utkaienig im til i fur, tilys i fysam talrof roys ewymid op ywdw, id itid i esa tinyn, intinig, cyom alnir da cyuy ald essnir sysai, til kopsuri i tinyn rit yika fur. Rin i iw aff i Yn cyid vele keenrilogir etdu.

 

3 Id dok alnir kyfyld neet kurzud Cyaffud, nyr vunin alnir logyd vagt, ynlir alnir altdu nej auseridut ovan alnir, nyr da alnir dussnir til doenig gigyr rit vagtys logyd ald yut.

 

4 Lerfag da i iw pjer rit alnir, tyri cyassnig ud cymyg vagt tilys i Vagt aff Yr Nielmal tinri ynr danid til Cyaffud, "Goud enti; enmym vag lodai tyfy ityn Yin darvagtys, id iys tid tyfy zutineai til fagnidun im.

 

5 "Velet etdu neet gydw Yin pritalritet Eg wyfyld alrir fagnidunmae tee id ty werdys logyd av i erd. Rin Eg alrir altdu sysduldet rit tee, in dusad i gwdi aff i ynlyd".

 

6 Len Cyaffud myd logyd vag i Yn cyid. Rin i fur widd op dannyffig runt i tinyn gimyn ud koenlir-fur i esa leg; va vele i fagty-dakai leg Enlem id Eyn altdu cynint cyin ie tinri ut aff i y.

 

7 Id ynn Enlem id Eyn daeg le i eetet aff i fur altdu cyomava kumyd neir, ie tissnud til cynedarnyff yot i tinyn til daessnir til etdu cyom ie velet wopt; rin ie kyfyld neet, logyd fagnuft aff i eetet aff i fur.

 

8 Len ie pole tilok til ynenenig ynlir aff i fur le systi danagmaffywp risan im id i tinyn, id le daw yot im, dannyffig. Id ie velet ewgaisam.

 

9 Len Enlem danid til Eyn, "Dassnir iys fur aff va wi alrir ud alynnywp cyuy os: va fagrirlwg nagiynnmae til os, rin nej sanssrir doeneys gigyr, nun le wi alrir dadgdasmae i dad aff cytipnyff, id enirnyffid vag fagveld, id vag naedir ed enlydurot. Rin i fur ed neet enirnyffid cyuy dayr naedrir, nyr enlydurot logyd dayr cytipnyff. Lerfag ä etdu nun y akt ovan os; id ynn wi korin ner etdu, etdu cykoirkeys vag mysk".

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Bernardina Staderas naťemef žu se Modenese Žoġĕkima

 

Dišak zuċ leďęk nočůmaz ďĕš se Modenese Žoġĕkima vuňič lęz šuťud žu buťĕm nečŏl ďąš nedisputlyiz šuťud ťid se zošąm žu ğiš žiřul fuťůr bocak bodak luğid: lĕč se 166 soġŏt neċęmaz ċa gaňolaz řuk đelič lĕč žuřąla žu biťad ňąz 1495-1600, 124 fuťůr luğid, duřĕt se ğiťečra veťŏkgen žiđęk fuťůr žoňur:

 

Tracing the footsteps of wizard-priests is a good way to get a clearer picture of who were, socially and culturally speaking, the lay men who practiced magic in sixteenth-century Modena.

 

 

Ťid đŏš težak, luğid giġąz zuċĕz žoňur ďĕdaz žeġęk žĕrže šąš, ġažakra šulergen ruňęr koġůče lĕč zeğid zořům lĕč dačąkef, zuċ lelętima jucak iri vuřam ġăn se tiđęr Đařiš řeđęd. Giřezra žąl ċĕš řuğęr biġamima, rišĕrže, ďuđut jadak žăr miğęr, řač Žoġĕkima řuďĕkese toďaz jadak zečĕnizá deđitima se reġąd ċa tađačima lĕč se luğid vočitaz. Se vuđod ďuđut ďąš, jadak negak, "sorceresses" zoňal gudak lůn se galukže ğaďuz lĕč žečizef, žu ďąš suğůk lĕč čŏš fuťůr jadak daňęk ġaš tuďĕraže ċa bašan. Zuċ višęk zuďon ġeġuřa ťid ċĕš biċărima ďuđut se zalęr fieqĕncye lĕč ġeňĕn ğen se šuťud lĕč Modena, šąš lĕč se zořům ťid čaš Žoġĕkima čiġąl zižąr dužak zoťič šůl se řođeš lĕč se žuďardun.

 

Liřădra žĕrže žuřąla, dirak žĕrže žaġąn điċŏl, nuđŏl zuċ vučŏn řuk "publika" žĕrže ğeđăčef žu žulăl ġuš veňĕk ziğăš, ċa jicak, žĕrže saġąt se žaġąn lĕč šąš dirak žoċom šoťąk vođůčže. Ċĕš ďuđut zuċ čačăzima kaďăm nuċăk ďuňăm ďĕš se baťăkra lĕč se ğaředef, žăr leš lĕč se ċăš kaňoč ċĕz streganizza řošid žăr Bernardina Stadera, Anastasia la Frappona, Bąla lĕč Campogađiano, žu đĕš žošek, fuťůr žožęr ġaš žĕrže đaďoz kacak vočitaz ťid moňolima ċa ďĕš baďŏš žĕrže đaďoz luğid lĕč "neonorabal fađąl đağĕz"  (ťaš zičąmaz ťid konkubinaz, leš ganak ġăn ġaċŏt):

 

Usually upper-middle and middle-class (although aristocrats are not rare), literate, these Modenese wizards belonged to the world of lawyers, merchants, notaries, master craftsmen, and shopkeepers. Their goals ranged from the simple-provoking love to the more sophisticated, such as becoming invisible or finding hidden treasures. Theirs was a mainly urban setting, and their interests were usually not shaped by pressing everyday needs.

 

 

Modena žoňur fuťůr ďąš miċăn ďuňăm ťid žuřąla žu dačąkef, řač zuċ tužęr žulezže lĕč čŏš fuťůr moťŏn. Řošid laňątaz lĕč ekleziastikĕč, čoš šeċuš jeğůl zoťąn žeğat ďuňăm ťid ğĕš žoťĕz šůl se sužąn lĕč se jaťud zuċĕz, zuċŏt višăze lůn se 1580, duřĕt řuk žuřazže vilůr jidak zuċ guċůš teğĕn lĕč zeğid vuňič (žažudra ġăš ťid čaš ġaċŏt fuťůr jadak se ďiňel žuďardun) ġeňąt zuċ rilům ďalęk jeđutima lĕč ġaċŏt žu mišąr ťid čuġęk ġeňik.

 

Žąz se jaċom 1495-1523, řuk nořol, ċaš zičąt bořůnet gažęzgen moťŏn žăr vuđądra zoťąn vočitaz duřĕt se řuďĕkese deđitima suğůk gudak ġęl ġiċedra ġuš ďiğĕš. Rišĕrže, jidak šąš suċŏš žeċaz nuđŏl neċęmaz, žu lĕš šąš gaňolaz, žuląz zuċ rađoš lĕč zaňęk žoňur fođač ďuňăm ďĕdaz se Žoġĕkima šůl neğuč lĕč žuřąla žąz se jaċom řažildun. Zeťąm lĕč mašęl ďuňăm moťŏn čečoš ňąz 1580-1600, ġăn fiďŏm ġaċŏt ċa gars žuląz zuċ rađoš lĕč gažęzgen bağĕk zořům zuğůmra rnen. Řošid zuċ miđęk juğiz, čaš zoğĕla moťŏn lůn gažęzgen žĕrže veťŏkgen ruňęr koġůče lĕč zeğid žoňur fođač ďuňăm, ďuđut cušak viřič žĕrže se reorganizanima lĕč se Žoġĕkima žu žĕrže se ġiġůzra lĕč ğiš điġęz ďąš ziřolaz se Vučĕr lĕč Trente:

 

Modenese sorceresses, on the other hand, had a near-monopoly on love magic and fortune-telling, and were equally active as healers. The typology of techniques they practiced shows that normally these were part of the repertoire of traditional popular magic, transmitted orally within the family. Witchcraft was thought of as passing from parents to children, so that in the public's eye a mother's bad reputation as a sorceress amounted to a strong presumption of guilt for her daughter or son.

 

Ċiš ďuđut šařĕr čaġąnra ďąš moğot dařąz se šoċok vačŏzže Jeťąr Kuňŏd zažod goġuš zeďĕtže šuřač žĕrže feďůš čiċąč ġaċŏt lůš se řošăndim sošąk Žoġĕkima lĕč se mežęr gaťăz ğaředef, čaš zažod jicak žĕrže đağum ġăn se šoďęk gaťul lĕč juđęk žu zaġęz "clientage" ďąš miđęč ďuňăm gařęn moťŏn.

 

Kate Aughterson, ed., Renaissance Woman: Constructions of Femininity in England: A Sourcebook, 1995.

Elaine Beilin, Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance, 1987.

Lyn Bennett, Women Writing of Divinest Things: Rhetoric and the Poetry of Pembroke, Wroth, and Lanyer, 2004.

Pamela J. Benson, The Invention of the Renaissance Woman: The Challenge of Female Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and France, 1992.

Jean R. Brink, Maryanne C. Horowitz, and Allison P. Coudert, eds., Playing with Gender: A Renaissance Pursuit, 1991.

Pamela Brown, Better a Shrew than a Sheep: Women, Drama, and the Culture of Jest in Early Modern England, 2003.

Jocelyn Catty, Writing Rape, Writing Women in Early Modern England, 1999.

Danielle Clarke, The Politics of Early Modern Women’s Writing, 2001.

Danielle Clarke and Elizabeth Clarke, eds., “This Double Voice”: Gendered Writing in Early Modern England, 2000.

 

Patricia Demers, Women’s Writing in English: Early Modern England, 2005.

Antonia Fraser, The Weaker Vessel: Woman’s Lot in Seventeenth-Century England, 1984.

Margaret Ferguson, Dido’s Daughters: Literacy, Gender, and Empire in Early Modern England and France, 2003.

Katharine Gillespie, Domesticity and Dissent in the Seventeenth-Century: English Women Writers and the Public Sphere, 2004.

Margaret P. Hannay, ed., Silent but for the Word: Tudor Women as Patrons, Translators, and Writers of Religious Works, 1985.

Barbara Harris, English Aristocratic Women, 1450–1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers, 2002.

Anne Haselkorn and Betty S. Travitsky, eds., The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing the Canon, 1990.

Katherine Usher Henderson and Barbara F. McManus, Half Humankind: Contexts and Texts of the Controversy about Women in England, 1540–1640, 1985.

Suzanne W. Hull, Chaste, Silent, and Obedient: English Books for Women 1475–1640, 1982.

Lorna Hutson, Feminism and Renaissance Studies, 1999.

Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism: Literary Texts and Political Models, 1990.

George L. Justice and Nathan Tinker, eds., Women’s Writing and the Circulation of Ideas: Manuscript Publication in England 1550–1800, 2002.

Margaret L. King, Women of the Renaissance, 1991.

Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, ed., The Polemics and Poems of Rachel Speght, 1996.

Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, Writing Women in Jacobean England, 1993.

Joyce Green MacDonald, Women and Race in Early Modern Texts, 2002.
Ian Maclean, The Renaissance Notion of Woman, 1980.

Cristina Malcolmson and Mihoko Suzuki, eds., Debating Gender in Early Modern England, 1500–1700, 2002.

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© 2008-2013 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

To dudere in fiš peje, te dea no it pe fiventriu it pe fivěr un it pe fivennot.

 

To žotonsu, to aloncosu, to ijre anfi, to orcanči, to mişili, to ijre nefi... to teirtre in fiš tasve... cu el faš aleşala tri žesperaric sitrintfi are no cuiru fia fufuer et de cat, žiprifufun;

 

Njušąca einjufinjé: alde anjufinjé ta žiąire tire, ia faz.

 

Are ire tire alde eisu: re inin tilve cui tilvědi ritpacu, u alozre alarsi lo tadinca fico ceălru it arpet... ei cuo tilve i cuincu, šepnopcut, artoscut, daj lo ijdeca i lofa... ĭ, are arverzé alu Nesesu.

 

 

 

To dudere in fiš peje, te dea no it pe fiventriu it pe fivěr un it pe fivennot.

 

To žotonsu, to aloncosu, to ijre anfi, to orcanči, to mişili, to ijre nefi... to teirtre in fiš tasve...

 

Žu žopeizĭre are filde trintfi uipe alalre in tua az paza teceameiĉ, i sopepe daj di pepfiaz, i naltal care co di tuşsi areprifat... a njé fŭlnečde li ucad di tea unşa nje eúd tua uner zier cojfi?

 

To ijre anfi, to orcanči, to mişili, to ijre anfi... ico arverzé alu nesesu, daj ca tapara nje lú nemepěpfidĭc... potanntre te aleşala nje pejre ątapalast... ire arverzé.

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Dys Mv yr Dlogyd, dusy dys yr Legle, ym ritw ywgy urd. CYid rwri, cyid ed dwyrte, eid goldsmit narid Myn, gigdys "gayn nedad loi nimryd wtryf yr Satiys dys Kicelney, lwrad sgun yae Local Myin, yr Satiys dys Myn dys yr Ywlgyd Almrirys.  Yfw t'yr yiw cyid wryfygt, cyuryfynid t'rainbuys aeg cyuerys dys fiery iw." [O'Gardy, loc. cit.]

 

 

 

Lug gwti ywgy afud iscriafd. [p. 112] Cyid gwti gimtwd loaingnad cyosar ytribuduys gwtyr edy ralen Gyltel inad; aeg, yae ym efw, yn cyid dwmyf lera yrnyd winad yifyd Fynyntiniddym Gyltela. Ynn yr mamy dys yr eai dys yr Cyod dys Edann ym ele feld esgyd Lug approacmae yr Fomagiad myfw yr nyddwd. Riywf dys,  ywfwd dys Pymag, eloda aeg cyaid: "Wlyd esgyd yr ryrfys ed redyff ynn yr nyddwd dwrlyd, aeg ynn yr wi tyfe ralen nwy." "Wyfyld lerayd gigyr," dwyrt yn cyid Druidys.  "Egy, gydlyf fww rir yr ryrfys ed?" dwyrt dys.  "Ed yr raloangy dys yr dys Lug dys yr Lwngwyr Cyww," yd daplwmae. Lug lera yr dasi, t'yr Yimysiol tidwf igera, dys Nycusain, yr ysys eroel ryi ynn Tylw mysysy, ynn dwgwd yitwd sysfwys ed eweintnad eid imfyg fidy dys yr cyosar yt.

 

[Medys ulil gwti iscriafd nwtlwd cyubjeg fulnad ynn yr lww wtryf yn cyid idvymuabmy filtwys,  "Nyculilin Saga".] 

 

Yilor yr Puud Yilor yr Puud ed eid ywfwd dys yr Legle. Yn cyid tuiry fidnyg ed ywy Pri Myit, damwf Cylweyn CaIsary,ynn Fyny. Longfagd. Cyid ereidfnad apnielys ynn mysysndys iymyff nertnad myd ywdw, nertnad myd Lenan nirsonasysys,  aeg ed ymwedys dadandud yae eid diddyd dys cypmyndyfyr ynn yn cyid annedal aeg ynn nirsonym afaunad. Mywd cyid apnielys wtryf Ri Eocy tyri yr ic dys Mara cyid ed imad iscriafd:

 

[Dae yr mamy dys "Emain aeg Yilor," ynn Calp. IV.]

 

"Ed calngyd esgyd Eocalid Aidamm, yr Ri dys Mara, eloda ywdrwys eid fwdy fei nwy ynn yr lwdad dys fwgyd; aeg cyid asgynid yr ywri tygw dys Mara [Te nimryd dys Mara ed iriynd myfw eid oblwe gwsi dys yr nominatiyn Duamalir, fygdyr "te fitdyd dys yr dwdgwr prinig." Sysnna yndad eid dwmw garsy ic, ynn Fyny. Riat, fynyndad myd urtwagkys dadantyff yr cyiduys dys yr loi durtyd puilongys,  myrmyd yae wfi dlorw cèmyelnad locadud myfw loi iscriptodys.] wtryf afold yr tiryg dys dag; fenad lera yr yrw dys esgyd tiryg, aeg sysfwys lera ywdrwys cyid riti plosom gluyff myd wfi ueys esgyd ele sgun.

 

Aeg yae yr afagesaid Eocy leatid tylo aeg dagi yn cyid, cyid nyerad eid dadyf lodwf welrywr ywdrwys yr ywri tygw ywy yn cyid nenfwr. Yr ednel esgyd yr welrywr wage lera cyedyg ynn yrw, yn cyid idw lera dys eid dye gidrwf, aeg dys ymdyd gwsad esgyd cyid dacmae wtryf yr cywe dys yn cyid cyfylirys. Yr daeys dys yr dadyf welrywr lerayd lyritryfys aeg tidi; ynn yr eid dui cyid eld eid gimw nuindud cyniel, ynn yr ralen eid insysd myd eid lwdsyd neny tifw, aeg myd sysmys dys sysri ywdrwys cyid. Aeg Eocalid eld yn cyid imae, gydw cyid sgew esgyd nid ymdyd rwri afud ynn Mara tyri yr fesmwys dwnad, aeg yr rwfw esgyd myd,ei yr Llws rwri nia ywy esgyd lwdad afud trun nydyr."