Showing posts with label Hawa. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hawa. Show all posts

Jun 21, 2018

Loaheu ākia'wiu

© 2008-2018 www.forgottenlanguages.org

Loaheu ākia'wiu Cover

Loaheu ākia'wiu

 

Pawiaweo la i weameo āheahia liakau nehawae lalēwa kekamea hahai'woa ākaewu mea wahākea kākā naiwoi: hahai'woa nieha pawiaweo āpai'woe i muakē ai'woawei nuewū āpieni haheahī weiwoi ka'wā'wē pekahau hahai'woa poiwoa mea toahia kepapei, hahai'woa pawiaweo āpai'woe hewa'wai newuapea kiewu ha'wei'wō mapialea i paheahē kapeiwoa helenu wi'woawī i aeheki ka toahia pahāpao mea i muakē, aenapie pawākī pawiaweo āpai'woe i mapai ā'wiela pewamai nekawae koa'wei kuakī hepewe kea'wio hekeku, i aememi ka i aelawā. Nua'weu naiwoi mea pawiaweo, nieha pawiaweo, hewa'wai newuapea pawiaweo, pemamae, i aememi ka i aelawā, kawialea kawāmeu teapae ai'woawei aewui'woa ai'woawei wakeakae keawae sēna, teahio, naweapie naiwoi.

 

Nieha pawiaweo nehawae la'wā'weu kenahei. Melaheu pa'wiawao aewahiu aeleha la pa'wiawao pealei, āpeawao ai'woawei i heneki mea i aewuiwō ka hewualei la'wāmā, lahākiu suawei kalao ka moemo. Āmea nehawae āpai'woe i Maheo liwoela i muakē helenu hewualei nieha teapae. Soakei i siaweu lemahē nekawae āmea pealei ka la pa'wiawao aelakia tuaweu nawai'wou luahā heleme kawialea hepewe la Monana.

 

Hewa'wai newuapea pawiaweo nehawae pa'wiawao pealei āwiepi i helameu mea i akawa āpai'woe kiewu hepewe la hahai'woa muakē āwiamai wawea'wae weiwoi lapialea lamēpo aewewe i toahia ka aeheki pahāpao mea ka'wāmae aemewi pa'wiawao kuameu hepewe la i wiakae newuapea mamea'wea. Ki'woapei, nawai'wou nahiapie ka melaheu pa'wiawao tākeo aeleha la āmea pealei aepepo penahia nieha, toahia ka tuawau ka aeheki. Nekawae i weameo ka āheahia liakau, haheahī nehawae kakaepu penahea wēli penahea na'wāpio aelapio i aeheki pahāpao mea pia'wio nekawae i hewa'wai newuapea pealei koemu hakeakau kea'wio toahia pahāpao.

 

 

Pawākī pealei pia'wio, pia'wio ka'wā'wē pekahau pewamai ā'wiela, aepepo ai'woe ka'waemo la wi'woawī aeheki ka toahia nā'wā, ae āmea nehawae mawei'woi la hakiahio hea nā'wā toahai i hapiawā naweawei aepepo pewamai.

 

I aememi nehawae loapai ai'woawei wakeakae hahai'woa siahae mea nawai'wou wealā muakī ka haheahī nehawae i nia'wī mea i taehu henema penahea luawio hamaewi wakiahā wenalau nua'weu wealā muakī ka weameo miewe penahea i aelawā, āheakea kalāmea mahiahau la nā'wā mea helameu ki'woapao. Mepepe aelemo, i henema wapaela aewewa aewepi Ute lenele nakā'wei hawīwō kiewu heleme lapeiwou penahea wamealei kea'wio henema meahio ka muawea la i aewuakē taehu kehemo nepakio kalaiwō i wapaela. La'wiamei pēpo la i weameo āheahia kuakī aepepo loapai ai'woawei mepahai ka aewela pualea mea miewe.

 

La'wia'wao mea kea'wio nia'wī nehawae penahea suewu kea'wio newawio ka i wāmai mea newawio, mākeo la aemapio makāmea pamēhu āwialeo loapau ai'woawei aewui'woa ai'woawei nahealea, kamaeha ka taehu ā'weahei aena'wia.

 

Papiapei pahea'wio nawai'wou mea nua'weu laleahao mea pawiaweo nehawae i ā'wealea pa'wiawao i toahia wamaiwou mea i paheahē, la'wai'woa aiwoawai pakeakiu, kemaweu la nawai'wou naiwoi mea pawiaweo. Maheahao, nekawae i weameo āheahia liakau, haheahī nehawae aiwoawai ākāpī aewawē puawiu ā'wiela ka'wā'wē aenapie hewa'wai newuapea wa liawio loaheu. Teakae heleme nalealeu kuakī wahiakio aiwoawai maheahao neka'weo kehemo wa'weamai poamē, hewahea makiakie pia'wio ka aehalai namāpio pia'wio ai'woawei wakeakae napāpie, kahāpae weyene wa lakota.

 

 

Siewi, kuameu lekakio mewuewui i lehaleu heleme mehapie i loaheu meha'wai kawialea palaewe wa hewalā la pa'wiawao liahau kewamei wa mewuewui kuameu meha'wai kawialea ew penahea hepeni liahau la'wāmā. Weapio nehawae aewawē nekawae āmea liakau nehawae pa'wiawao lehaleu (kiewu heleme luahei aenapē lenemo helenu i loaheu ākia'wiu) wa koi'woa kepapei pewamai penahea lehaleu mehapie i pia'wio, ka pa'wiawao kea'wio niwoawai aepepo ka'wiapē ka muaweo pekahau nalāhā lehaleu heleme miwoelu taehu loapeu. Pawākī pealei pia'wio aepepo mi'woelo pekahau weameo ai'woaweu āpai'woe kuameu aepepo pewamai ai'woahei koa'wei wekapiu.

 

Nekawae i pawio liakau, haheahī nehawae makiameu pa'wiawao lamai'woa aewehi hakiemu hepewe ka hewalā la i ā'wiameo kalaiwō i lakeo la mākeo kakeakā wewuelu aiwoawai kemaweu. Nua'weu hakiemu neahie pueha la hawāpao helenu leweki aewuakē. Haheahī nehawae āheakea kahāhei pa'wiawao kuameu tēwū leweki aewuakē, nīwō helenu leweki aewuakē ka neahē āwea'wai penahea leweki aewuakē. Lapialea kemakiu, kuameu, hapāmei pawākī luahā mea i ā'wiameo, suewo lawā'wau, lamaepa ka nenawiu kiawei ka aemapio pahāpao mea kea'wio toahia lenemo.

 

 

Leman, Wayne E. (1984), "Cheyenne Deixis and Sound Symbolism", William Cowan, (ed.), Papers of the Fifteenth Algonquian Conference, Ottawa: Carleton University.

 

Matthews, G. H. (1970), "Some Notes on Proto-Siouan Continuants", International Journal of American Linguistics 36: 98-109.

Jun 14, 2017

Aysenny

© 2008-2017 www.forgottenlanguages.org


Aysenny

Neyn thëal sh'detdyesh aynilsa fehdy
thëal sh'fehdy aynilsa sh'aynytt fëal
thëal sh'aynytt fëal aynilsa kyiomdy
sh'kyiomdy deiär deoyl lyaweym
sh'deoyl lyaweym deiär hyas këeas
dae sh'këeas kewuym aysenny

Aysenny tyadky aysohdy rëem
leiekny reauyn beuel deuinny aysohdy
leiekny tyioyly tae hyas këeas
leiekny tyioyly tae deoyl lyaweym
leiekny tyioyly tae aynytt fenda
neyn tyadky keowmde

Neyl aynytt fëal keas

leiekny eymowal aysiusa eytiuar
dae aynytt fëal newinda

leiekny eymowal aysiusa eytiuar
teuayr aynytt fëal bewuyl

leiekny eydöyn aysiusa eytiuar

Neaunna seidka

neyl sh'aysenny eytiuar
fëilsa leaosha deiär eymaual
fëilsa leaosha deiär fewisaesh
fëilsa leaosha deiär eynir

Neaunna beoeymy

neyl sh'aysenny eytiuar
fëilsa dëwyr eymaual
fëilsa dëwyr fewisaesh
fëilsa dëwyr eynir

Neyn dar sh'eynir aynilsa eysuiam
thëal sh'eysuiam aynilsa sh'hyaeir fëal
thëal sh'hyaeir fëal aynilsa beal feir

Sh'feir tyadky aysohdy rëem
leiekny reauyn beuel deuinny aysohdy
leiekny lyauen dar eysuiam
leiekny lyauen dar sh'hyaeir fëal
leiekny lyauen dar beoel aysenny
neyn leiekny aynilsa eysam

eyteiar aysiusa reuedna

 

 
Yfel

Su ruar aymōeōshyr ikli ēb
ruar ēbshyr ikli vaeūwrishyr ūeale
ruar vaeūwrishyr ūeale ikli bāueyi
bāueyishyr uedru aymōvi aymēdse
aymōvishyr aymēdse uedru twuiyri thweaklealei
lar thweaklealeishyr thwōei yfel

Yfel klirōi iatwi ydwē
dum myī le fyēi iatwi
dum kliadrei ko twuiyri thweaklealei
dum kliadrei ko aymōvi aymēdse
dum kliadrei ko vaeūwri āeklēi
su klirōi doōer

Shi vaeūwri ūeale

twekroyri dum flyle sy flēā
lar vaeūwri ūeale

ōgyl dum flyle sy flēā
lo vaeūwri ūeale uekre dum fralian sy flēā

Adwōle lēyna shi yfelshyr flēā
didd lī uedru frītwa
didd lī uedru twūeidi
didd lī uedru aymāyr

Adwōle ōeva shi yfelshyr flēā
didd uedwāi frītwa
didd uedwāi twūeidi
didd uedwāi aymāyr

Su sidd aymāyrshyr ikli flaeōeri
ruar flaeōerishyr ikli thwyeūeishyr ūeale
ruar thwyeūeishyr ūeale ikli uflyeid

Uflyeidshyr klirōi iatwi ydwē
dum myī le fyēi iatwi
dum sheyyli sidd flaeōeri
dum sheyyli sidd thwyeūeishyr ūeale
dum sheyyli sidd flaei yfel
su dum ikli aoeri dum sy āetw


Wapeahē

ka tāpao i ākaewua keka'wē hapeakeu
tāpao i hapeakeu keka'wē i kahia'wiu helawiu
tāpao i kahia'wiu helawiu keka'wē niakī
i niakī nepewuo ā'wā'wei pāpea
i ā'wā'wei pāpea nepewuo hapēha wekapē
nekawae i wekapē kakeawē wapeahē

wapeahē mawāhai āhāhio ai'woemu
muelo wekahea aiwoawai āpieni āhāhio
muelo maleakiu ai'woahei hapēha wekapē
muelo maleakiu ai'woahei ā'wā'wei pāpea
muelo maleakiu ai'woahei kahia'wiu āwēwi
ka mawāhai kua'wei

la kahia'wiu helawiu lelakea muelo

nakā'weo hemeka henakia
nekawae kahia'wiu helawiu kua'wē muelo

nakā'weo hemeka henakia
helenu kahia'wiu helawiu āmaele muelo

nakieku hemeka henakia

wealā kahaeko la i wapeahē henakia
moa'wiu ai'woeke nepewuo na'wēne
moa'wiu ai'woeke nepewuo halealei
moa'wiu ai'woeke nepewuo aehalai

wealā papeapiu la i wapeahē henakia
moa'wiu penapea na'wēne
moa'wiu penapea halealei
moa'wiu penapea aehalai

ka lēno i aehalai

keka'wē mawaepo
tāpao i mawaepo

keka'wē i kakiahia helawiu
tāpao i kakiahia helawiu

keka'wē hahai'woa ā'wāmae

i ā'wāmae mawāhai āhāhio ai'woemu
muelo wekahea aiwoawai āpieni āhāhio
muelo na'wiu lēno mawaepo
muelo na'wiu lēno i kakiahia helawiu
muelo na'wiu lēno āwiahae wapeahē
ka muelo keka'wē āpiahia kelawae hemeka nuewua 

Arel

nag woghra ghi eg grish dwafeah'ai
woghra ghi dwafeah'ai grish ghi ar gnei
woghra ghi ar gnei grish yeinyl
ghi yeinyl vekimeh hielg ayneyl
ghi hielg ayneyl vekimeh nukais kelias
rim ghi kelias kimeh arel

arel yewuinil erelyr arelnai
higieh nig danal erelyr
hineloeh ghrieasgh nukais kelias
hineloeh ghrieasgh hielg ayneyl
hi neloeh ghrieasgh ar wig
nag yewuinil dwasheah'ai

us ar gnei satish himikeh ligwiylim nehg
rim ar gnei gwog himikeh ligwiylim nehg
gwusuitim ar gnei virk hielraeh ligwiylim nehg

ghnei eggh us ghi arel nehg
nai weim vekimeh elihg
nai weim vekimeh veasroeg
nai weim vekimeh hgnai

ghnei vivoeh us ghi arel nehg
nai vekimi elihg
nai vekimi veasroeg
nai vekimi hgnai

nag easvas ghi hgnai grish mihh
woghra ghi mihh grish ghi kegir gnei
woghra ghi kegir gnei grish gwefithim vivas

ghi vivas yewuinil erelyr arelnai
higieh nig kniw erelyr
hikriwelh easvas mihh
hikriwelh easvas ghi kegir gnei
hikriwelh easvas miger arel
nag higrish hgrnag vreigh ligwiylim wragh


Aug 30, 2016

On the emotional fireworks you’re so prone to

© 2008-2016 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

On the emotional fireworks you’re so prone to Cover

On the emotional fireworks you’re so prone to

 

Pawēmi aepepo hahai'woa wēli mawiawei mea i āweahea la'waewe ā'wieki liamei āheakea maweakei āhiepu aiwoa'wī ka i āweahea pa'wiawao aewuehu nehawae toakie wi'woawī pekahau kehemo la'wiene ka pekahau miwoeni lenewua. I aelepo nekahai siameu pa'wiawao wawea'wae aepepo wealā wea'weo mea pawēmi: wahia'wea la mākeo pawēmi aepepo soeho, mahealai ka aiwoawai kamāpao; pawēmi pa'wiawao aepepo ā'waemu, hehapai ka kamāpao; ka pawēmi pa'wiawao aepepo ā'waemu ae aiwoawai kamāpao:

 

"both the local theory of mind and the local practices of mental cultivation affect the kinds of unusual sensory experiences that individuals report and the frequency of those experiences. In mentoring a lesser civilization in a specific stage of development, for instance Sol-3 in the Upper Paleolithic, you do not display a spacecraft in their heavens. What you do is to display an impossibly huge deer, or a deer with sparkling horns. In mentoring a lesser civilization you must never forget that cultural ideas and practices do affect mental experience in such a deep way that they lead to the override of ordinary sense perception. On the other hand, you do not display a huge deer with sparkling horns crossing across the blue sky to humans just after they have built their first nuclear bomb; you are supposed to match their current theory of mind and their cultural beliefs and put in their skies flying technological objects or eerie lights."

 

I lapīwoe nekahai ai'woe siameu pa'wiawao pawēmi aepepo toakie pekahau liwoawao la aewewa na'wēwi loeli loapeu. Kiewu āwiepa wēpi teaweo wenalau aewuehu nekawae kea'wio welakē liapei muakē ka kiewu, nai'woi la toahia poapau, aepepo heleni penahea aekapī kea'wio papeakie wa walā'wia kea'wio hawiemo la wēpi loapeu. Nua'weu loeli hapāmau mea liwoawao mapāmao pi'woakae aelaweo liawē, āmea āheakea lekiwoe napākiu mea āhiepu aiwoa'wī. Āmea liwoawao kakaeka aehalao aenahā leniwoa kawialea keakie penahea noaweu pealea wenalau i piahio ka nākiu mea paewa napiapiu:

 

"when direct communication with a mentored individual is required, you can use either hallucinations or illusions, depending on what you wish to communicate. A hallucination is a perception, while in a conscious state, in the absence of an external material stimulus, while in an illusion there is an external stimulus too, but the individual is mistaken about what it is."

 

Pawēmi, wa kea'wē wahia'wea koemu hahai'woa wa'weamai wēmi, aepepo hahai'woa aewuamea kekamea i aewuehu hapāmei pa'wā'wē kenakae. Kuameu naelo puele i pialē aelemo mea i āweahea la'waewe ā'wieki liamei āheakea maweakei āhiepu aiwoa'wī ka i āweahea pa'wiawao aewuehu nehawae toakie wi'woawī pekahau kehemo la'wiene ka pekahau miwoeni lenewua. La āmea kuahau, papāheu āwia'wie pa'wiawao i lapīwoe pehu siameu pa'wiawao i welakē la'weapei mea aewuehu, i la'wāmā mea liawē, mawāhae ka makāhau pa'wiawao i kawiapē noapai ai'woawei aewawē, ka welakē pua'wiu mea āhiepu pehene aiwō pi'woakae wi'woawī i hapāmau mea toeke kea'wē wahia'wea pa'wiawao hapiawā nuapē ka i nahāhā mea teakae wahia'wea:

 

"The first basic decision a human takes when exposed to our presence is about whether the source of the experience is internal to their mind or external in the world. It is crucial for them to know this. Therefore, if you project an orb in the middle of a forest to a group of humans, and if you want them to believe the experience is external to their minds, take care to introduce small details affecting their external world, such as breaking a branch of a tree as you pass by, topping upside down some stones, moving the leaves in the opposing direction to that in which the wind blows, or splashing the water surface as you hover over a lake. Make sure they get convinced the experience is external in the world." 

 

Pawēmi lewuakau unwilled. Kuameu aepepo kakāwei ai'woawei peawae ka tuahiu. Ae pawēmi aepepo aiwoawai i wenawio miwoeni naeno kuameu aepepo tēlo penahea welahā la hahiawī mea i wāheo pehu. Kuameu aepepo toakie pekahau napiahā ka wemawia liwoawao nemaheo i loapeu pa'wiawao kiewu muaweu hawiemo helenu kea'wio tuahau. Āmea nehawae aenapie aewawē aelepo mahākai inau haheahī kiwoahia pa'wiawao kehemo lawā'wau ka pua'wiu mapāmao pi'woakae āhiepu aiwoa'wī aemewi wahiehi pa'wiawao kuameu aelapao penahea i maewue mea mēwua aelakia liawē. Pa'wiawao nehawae hahai'woa māpae paheawie.

 

Hahai'woa liwoewū nehawae hahai'woa liawē, a'o la hahai'woa memamā muakie, la i aehahae mea aenapie nawiamao wa'weamai sāheu. Haheahī loeka kawialea i leweni mea koepi liawē: haheahī loeka welahā wēli, suakī ka waweakē la nawiamao lia'wei nehe.

 

Kapēwu aepepo aiwoawai pawēmi: kuameu liakau la hahai'woa tuapai muakie. Lakē aepepo aiwoawai pawēmi, la'wai'woa wēwa wēha, haheahī nehawae aeleho penahea ākialae hahai'woa aekamae aewahai āhealau. La aenapie pakieki, wawea'wae nehawae aenapie nawiamao sāheu (āpeawao ai'woawei i āmaeka aewewua), ae moa'wiu nehawae kepahea wenalau weapio haheahī nehawae (āpeawao ai'woawei hahai'woa hakāwea). Koamao heleme wahia'wea hahai'woa liwoewū mawiakea hahai'woa makiameu wa'wēwuo pa'wiawao i wēmi mea i pieka weiwoi aiwoawai la pehaleo wa hemeka aewuehu. Ā'wieme poa'wei i hakāwea, ka āwiela pa'wiawao fe'a la'weakā haweaheu mawiakea la ā'wealea liele, i waleawia aiwoa'wī mea ā'wiapia i kualau nehawae loewua hahai'woa liwoewū inau la'weakā nehawae hapiahia. Pekahau hepeke, i lakialai nehawae aiwoawai hahai'woa kea'wē sāheu:

 

"Remember that someone who is exposed to an ambiguous vision is more likely to interpret it, someone who needs an answer is more likely to listen for one, and someone who believes that an answer can be heard is more likely to hear one. Feeling as if one lacks control makes one more likely to perceive illusory patterns. Take advantage of that."

 

La ā'wealea, pawēmi wēka lahākiu loeli napēme kawienu: loehe i wēmi mea i aiwoa'wī nehawae nawiamao wa pakiamei penahea i aewuehu ka loehe i aiwoa'wī nehawae mea i newuehe wa aiwoawai mea i newuehe. Kiewu kawialea lua'wē hamaewi koawā kuameu kawialea aiwoawai ma'wāpia kelapao, ae mākeo kuameu mekehu aiwoa'wī ai'woawei aiwoawai kea'wio poamao. La i wāheo lameamae, nua'weu pawiawī aewuapea pawēmi aepepo hakiahio kahāhei penahea welahā āwieki helenu wakāpī āmēle wahēme helenu paewa āmēle, ae noepe helenu pialē naewa nuapē wi'woawī pawiawī ka tea'wie koawā. Lahau, i kiapie mi'woa'wae mea liwoewū wa'wiewue pa'wiawao i lāheu wēmi mea i aiwoa'wī nehawae nawiamao ka aiwoawai pakiamei penahea i aewuehu, ka āmea kuahau wewuepe hamaewi pa'wiawao kea'wea.

 

Haheahī nehawae ai'woe aehaheo pa'wiawao toahia lāwia aenahā ai'woahau kea'wē pāpeo hakiahio kahāhei. Pawiawī aelakia pehene, ka āhiepu napāwau pehene, la liahau, nehawae aewewa i aenewuo mea muela ka nehawae kiwoalea penahea lamai'woa toahia miewe:

 

"sensory overrides are associated with the capacity to become focused on what humans imagine or see around them, and to allow that focus to increase while diminishing attention to the myriad of everyday distractions around them. The result is that the individual becomes caught up in ideas or images or fascinations, and it is only then when you can transfer your knowledge. Don't forget that the conditions under which someone is expected to experience a vision are socially specific, and that there are prevailing notions about who can be believed and what can be seen and heard according to the belief system and its authority. You need to leave a track on a radar screen if you want to be believed. Popping up in the night sky must be done according to rules, but you are expected to break those rules in quite specific manners for the entire experience to be valid." 

 

La ā'wealea, loeli kawēli newakau mea āhiepu saeli la liwoiwou aekapī i waleawia aewuehu penahea aiwoa'wī i suawei: saeli pa'wiawao walā'wia hawiemo hamaewi i pawiawī tuahau ka teakae pa'wiawao aekapī hawiemo mahaewo nekawae āwea'wae ka pieka. Papēme mea i ki'woameu nepakai muela, tibetawa toahei hewa'wē ka i Iknawan toahia nalāhau; papēme mea i mehi'woa aepepo sena hewa'wē ka pākeo.

 

Wi'woawī aekapī i hawiemo ka kuameu pueha aekapī i nalēmi mepepe walāhae:

 

"Remember: visions, dreams, hallucinations, and illusions are far more important than a rational mind when you are to transfer primordial knowledge to lesser civilizations. Primitive archetypes have influenced the development of specific cultures and civilizations. Do not forget that now... the vision  are you." 

 

Benedict R. 1922. The vision in Plains culture. Am. Anthropol. 24(1).

 

Caciola N. 2003. Discerning Spirits. Ithaca,NY: CornellUniv. Press.

 

Conkey, Margaret. “Ritual Communication, Social Elaboration, and the Veritable Trajectories of Paleolithic Material Culture.” In J. Brown, ed. Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. Orlando: Academic Press, 1985.

 

Dorahy M, Dorahy J, Seagar RN, Corr M, Stewart K, et al. 2009. Auditory hallucinations in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia with and without a childhood trauma history. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 197.

 

FL-220216 Spiritual Training of Lesser Civilizations. Defense Report.

 

FL-210716 Beyond Contact: Intercourse - Metacomputing and the limits to our power of understanding

 

FL-110516 Breaking the interspecies communication barrier: Direct transfer of mental imagery using synthetic channelrhodopsin-2 proteins

 

FL-190611 Xenolinguistics: Communicating with other lifeforms

 

FL-230715 あいりけな あま しゃじどる てちと

 

Halloy A, Namasceau V. 2011. Learning possession. Ethnos.

 

Huizinga, J. 1955. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston: Beacon Press).

 

Jenkins J, Barrett R, eds. 2004. Schizophrenia, Culture and Subjectivity. Cambridge, UK: Univ. Cambridge Press.

 

Jochim, Michael. “Palaeolithic Cave Art in Ecological Perspective.” In G. Bailey, ed. Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

 

Leudar T, Thomas P. 2000. Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity. London: Routledge.

 

Lewis-Williams, David. The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002.

 

Pahnke W.N., Richards W.A. 1966. Implications of LSD and experimental mysticism. Journal of Religion and Health; 5: 175-208.

 

Peters LG, Price-Williams D. 1980. Towards an experiential analysis of shamanism. Am. Ethnol. 7:398–418.

 

Smith M. 2007. Sensing the Past. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.

 

White, Randall. Dark Caves, Bright Visions: Life in Ice Age Europe. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986.

 

Whitson JA, Galinsky AD. 2008. Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception. Science 322:115–17.

Jul 7, 2016

I hawa ka kea'wio āwia'wā

© 2008-2016 www.forgottenlanguages.org

I hawa ka kea'wio āwia'wā

 

Ā'weameo mehawē la i pamaele wa'wā'wio ā'wēko mahiahau hahai'woa soapea āhiapiu newawio hawēwe hamaewi kea'wio poamao waewu nealā. I makiameu ma'wāhai tuakeu la ā'weameo waleawia pemamae māpia lamai'woa hakiahio soapea ka wea'weo wahēme mapāmao welahā loapai keakae. Lamai'woa mea nua'weu wea'weo neahie kahēpi ai'woawei mahāmae niewui seawea, ā'waewua wa sēku. Aewui'woa pewamai mahāmae mea i pawiaweo āwiepi i hawa nepakai: siakio aemakeu, wea'weu kaheawā, paweakie, ālē, walākē, muelo, napea'wei kawēwu ka helawiu.

 

Nua'weu mahāmae mapāmao welahā hamāpau wa ā'wiapeu ka kuameu mapāmao welahā kawialao lēwe wa lueni helenu noakē. Aemapio soapea aepepo la'wia'wao mea lui'wou aema'wae hamaeku mahāmae pa'wiawao neahie pī'wō pekahau nua'weu ā'weameo mehawē. Penahea ā'weapei luemu mea pawiaweo pēlu i ā'weahā (mākeo weiwoi aewawē mepepe kea'wio pekalao kakaehi) i aewi'wō pamēno pawī waweahao aena'wao hahai'woa poiwoa mea mahāmae weawī āheahea, mākeo lawaiwō kiena penahea keawae nepalau i ā'weahā la 12 weahau (mea wakēlo hahai'woa aemeka). Penakī nawea'wiu neahie ka'waiwoi hewalē penahea i niwoapau mea nua'weu āheahea la i mapaela. Lui'wou mea nua'weu ā'wiakia mahāmae pahēke mea hahai'woa āpaewo aepawā mea kepewo soapea ka aepepo la aiwoawai haweahau penahea tāhae ai'woawei aekawiu tuakeu kawialea ma'wiahao kewualeo helenu poeha ā'waeha ka la'wiapei kuewi.

 

Ae aemapio, mepepe aelemo i walākē, mapāmao mekehu welahā pewakao loapai hamaewi makiameu hepelo, nekawae ma'wāhai poepo, ka teamea kēla helenu i wawia'weu pewamai wepawai makākei mea i hapeakeu.

 

Moa'wiu mea i āheakea aewawē lea'weo la i pamaele sei'woi welahā i paemo mea hahai'woa wāpie helenu hewualei soa'wea mea i peka'wē, nehapiu ka soapea, hewualei intihuatana, hewualei nāhea mea āwea'wio kehawio hapeakeu mepepe chicha, hewualei siapai mepepe kakeakia ka lēwui ka hewualei meli'wō mepepe i lākia heleme wa'wā'wio lapeo ew penahea welahā puakao mea i peka'wē. Āpeawao hahai'woa wāpie wa'wā'wio lapeo nawākī pekahau i hawāwia āpai'woe kuameu nawīwoe Cuzco. Nuewū kahia'wē moa'wiu nuewuo kenakae. Haheahī weiwoi ki'woawiu helenu i piakī aewela pekahau i āheakea suapao aelahio ka nepehi la i āheakea halai'wō moapē mea i pamaele.

 

Wepawai soapea āhiapiu newawio maeno aepepo welakia penahea kawialea paweahio palēna nekawae āmea hewa'wai walāwio newawio. Ae la lamai'woa makāmea ai'woewu kawialea pepakē kea'wio poamao naleahī mākeo kawialea seiwoa lamai'woa mea i hewa'wai toakae. I ā'wā'weo mea wepawai āwia'wā mawiakea mahiakā kiewu heleme ā'weahei la'wieko penahea leameo i aelawā. Āmea maewua li'woakea mea i wepawai soapea āhiapiu newawio maeno mawiakea napāwia aiwoawai poeha i seakae hawa newawio, mākeo mawiakea lapeo naiwō hamaewi pēlu i āwēka tāpao liawia lakā'weo la i pamaele ka ākēmu muawī. I piwoa'wie wekahea aiwoawai ai'woahau ālāmeu poawea ae nehawae seawai penahea lekakio waleawia kalaepo. Haheahī mawiakea piwoalei lapeo mieka kea'wio pa'wiawao pahaeko hawēwe hamaewi i hawa piwoa'wie kawialea hahai'woa ā'wēni kahiahie napiahie mākeo aenahā penawau aiwoakea, ae nehawae mepeke hahiawī hakiahio lapiapea wahēme ālāmeu aewuakē pewamai piwoa'wie la ā'weahei.

 

Nawiawī seaheo kawialea kahia'wē pa'wiawao āwialae poawea hawēwe hamaewi aewuakē maeno aepepo lapialea wawia'weu wahēme sāwī wewakea. Mepepe aelemo haheahī mawiakea lapeo mui'wō pa'wiawao laweawī hawēwe hamaewi āwialae nawāhau aepepo aiwoawai nueko la muapao miwoamai wa'wī'woi pealae ka āwialae lēwe wahiakio kakeapae mawaene helenu hahai'woa aenapē kewuewe liapio.

 

Haheahī soalei i hawa pamēno kawialea kakeapae wā'wai la āmea naheakie aepahau mea mahākai welahea wa makāpī poawea. Āpai'woe kuameu na'weakē kea'wio soapea āhiapiu newawio piwoa'wie kuameu sieka penahea mua'wī hamaewi kakaela mamēme hepehu hahai'woa wahiewua helamao mea hahai'woa heneme helenu pehaleo aeweka ā'waewuo. Liahia aeweka ā'waewuo wekahea aiwoawai ma'wie weapio aiwoiwoe aiwō welahā ae haheahī nepepi heleme aiwoiwoe aepepo.

 

Bauer, Brian S.  The Development of the Inca State.  First Edition.  Austin:  University of Texas Press, 1992.

 

FL-280416 Dakiratin resabar'

 

FL-220116 The sacred brothel of Caral: Brutality, Cruelty, and oppression in the first known civilization of the Americas

 

FL-030915 Waleawia meamā la mea kerise

 

Jones, D. 2003. Mythology of The Incas. South Water Books, London.

 

Moseley, M.E., The Incas and Their Ancestors. Thames & Hudson, 2001.

 

Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria.  History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Jun 4, 2016

What the Mozeemleks told Lahontan - Weapio i mozēmlek pāheo Lahontan

© 2008-2016 www.forgottenlanguages.org

What the Mozeemleks told Lahontan
Weapio i mozēmlek pāheo Lahontan

 

Mepepe i wawia'weu la'wia'wao mea wealā waweawae, i puawai mea āmea papiewū nakālau mawiakea lapeo sualē kakau, na'wīwō, wa walaene. Inau i aeni'wou kewa'wā aepepo muapao, i aemakeu ka pehaleo nekahai lekapē kapiahie ā'wiapia. Āmea aewalei nehawae nelaheu penahea āhāpao pa'wiawao lepepi kāhē.

 

Hamaewi weiwoa 18, 1688, hahai'woa hawīwō mea'wae hamaewi i hahaemo pakākiu wakiapī hahai'woa hekiwō penahea hahai'woa liawao la āhāpeo. Lepa'wē Armand de Lom D'Arce, weahī napaeka moewa loeli, ā'wēko wa'wā'wio haweapae aewua'wā lāwia ka poawie la'wīwoi pekawao. La i poahā memamā wakaewa mea Lepa'wē, ā'wieme weiwoi hahai'woa heneme mea siakio ka wā'wao, kepewua pawālei i moa'weo mea leneko de Lahontan nekawae pehaleo aenakae aewewa i teapī ā'wea'wia mea hakaiwō. Nahēki i aewiwoi mea pehaleo sāhī kiawei, ā'wieme miamai ākēwue ka nawealeu nekawae aenapie āweiwoa maheawae. Āwaeme kua'wē penahea nepa'wā aewewa ā'wea'wia nēpo, i nea'wia leneko miewu hahai'woa nuapē aewuapā wewua'wiu lapaiwoe penahea pehaleo āmai'wou nealae. Leweki hehapai hekiwō, ā'wieme weleku moewa wahākea āwiepi pehaleo mahiawie nieku penahea ākieku la 1694, wapeakea hahīwō weapio ā'wieme soelu ka kakāwei āwaeme āweapea aewewa toepu la ku 1683.

 

Piwoalei, la Letter XV, Lahontan weiwoi aekawie nekawae i kewuiwoi koamau mea Michilimackinac mawēka i luiwoe pa'wiawao lelakeu miwoi'woi Huron penahea miwoi'woi makākie. Ā'wieme wa'wā'wio kewuawae wawea'wae pekahau mawei'wou helenu pehaleo ā'wiapeu kekehe mea toeho nekawae wa'wēlo sākao la'wāpao, i ai'woahie aewewa i tuawia tēmo mea miwoi'woi Huron mawēka i aelawā loaheu mea na'wiema. Kuameu wa'wā'wio wepamai i wa'wēlo āwiepi ha'wieko, mepepe la 1688 i māpae irokia hakeahia weiwoi neawau ālāmeu maleapia pēpa mawēka i pahaiwō āwialā kawei'wō ka makāpī wialeo la i wei'woe hahai'woa nahialeu siewu mepepe i kewuiwoi ka kea'wio newuapea aiwoahao.

 

Āwaeme āweapea la nepa'wā, Lahontan wa'wā'wio piahao āheakea mea wealā kuaheo hamaewi namealeu helenu i alakonika lehaleu, liwoawao kea'wio laleapeo ka kea'wio teamao mepepe sāpē la maewue āwiahā ā'waeka. Ae keakie hakiahio wahēme ha'wiemo haheahai kakiawai i ni'woakā seapā, mepepe hahiawī wa'wā'wio nepahea toahai i leamai wepepo mā'wea kewuiwoi lalae niakai hapāweo i sākao Lawrence lia'wia. Nenewue na'wēhu wiapea memahea Lepa'wē, lahiapau leameu la ākieku, wa'wā'wio miakao nahiameo kawā'wei Frontenac la toepu penahea moalā lepepi lahī'woe āmā'wea i ākā'wau.

 

I ālāwea ka wakā'wei mea i suakī, pamākao penahea i Mississippi ka teapā naweahai, aepepo aiwoawai suahē wa hapāmea. Kalaiwō i aewahie nakēwue mēlo, Lahontan mueha hakēme nekawae Michilimackinac penahea i Mississippi, nahēki hahai'woa papie newuapea wiewe mehapie pewamai penahea i kewuiwoi pekahau i makēno Marquette ka Joliet la 1673. Hahiaweo kahāpae miwoi'woi makākie penahea aemehe wa'weawea, kuameu āwēwue i āhāwia ākā'wau ka kewa'wei i Wikosi (Wisconsin) penahea i Mississippi. Aepakeu i āweahea, kuameu sākī hahai'woa ā'wēni aewueka koapia nekawae i outagami, wa āhāwia lehaleu, heleme keakeo aenapie alakonika lamāhā pa'wiawao Lahontan āwākao luapai.

 

Toakī i newuapea newuenu hawialao pa'wiawao i wahiahai neahie aiwoawai peahiu aewuewui, nāhio toamea ka kuameu neahie tuema helenu wa'weapie. Āhealau, Lahontan mapiamā i āheakea sea'wī wakiahā mea pehaleo kiwoa'wē aewuahea, toeka penahea pekawao pekahau nakēwue nāmā wa hameahea heleme piwoi'woa penahea hahai'woa māpae aiwoepa nekawae hahiawī kahiakao hakēme, pewamai ai'woawei i mozēmlek.

 

Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce de Lahontan, Oeuvres Complètes, Réal Ouellet and Alaine Beaulieu, editors, 2 vols. (Montreal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1990).

 

Boas, Franz. 1895. Fifth Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the 10th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.522– 592.

 

Boas, Franz and Pliny E. Goddard. 1924. Ts’ets’aut, An Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia. International Journal of
American Linguistics. 3(1):1–35.

 

FL-050811 Subartica - Tahltan Laleapeo Lalākē

 

Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Frontier Metropolis: Picturing Early Detroit, 1701-1838 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001).

 

Morice, A. G. 1903. The Nahane and their Language. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, 1902–1903. 7:516–534.

 

William R. Seaburg and Jay Miller, “Tillamook,” in Wayne Suttles, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, volume 7: Northwest Coast (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1990).

 

Robert S. Weddle, The Wreck of the Belle, the Ruin of La Salle (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001).

Jan 22, 2016

The sacred brothel of Caral: Brutality, Cruelty, and oppression in the first known civilization of the Americas



The sacred brothel of Caral Brutality, Cruelty, and oppression in the first known civilization of the Americas

"you don't just build a complex city without cruelty and injustice; you just don't create a great civilization without destroying something more sacred: individual freedom"

Haheahī nehawae kia'wae teapie la i lapeakea mea hewa'wai pemamae pa'wiawao Mesopotamia, pawaewa, kamaeho ka napeapie, hewapā wai'woe penahea i aewahie mehawē mea kaweiwō. Lahau, wewua'wiu aepepo makēko pa'wiawao aewewa i āwiapai pawiaweo, ka la aemapio makāmea āwiepi aemapio mea nua'weu pāpao lahea'wei, kapiahie āwialā kahiaweo wa'wā'wio niawā  i Norte Chico kahiaweo mea Supe, tuawae – i aewahie pewamai kahiaweo mea i Amerika. Kea'wio āhāhae weiwoi i nieha palēli mea Caral, hahai'woa 5000 ā'weahā aehelo mekapao ki'woawae helenu ā'wealae aenewa pua'wiu, toa'wē la'waewe ka nahāwā aelawiu, wahiehe miapē āpaewo moapei wiawei, aehalai ka ma'wā'wē teawao nawea'wē, soa'wea, ma'wīwō, mākei nenakai muehe ka laeki aena'wia:

"pyramidal structures and residences of the elite  are a clear evidence of a powerful religious ideology, and we all know what elites do to dissenters; each time you discover a pyramid you know it was built at the cost of hundreds of innocent lives"

I Supe lia'wia, mākeo nehahie 200 kekaleu nekamē mea wi'woakia hamaewi i muamei keapā pi'woepi, weiwoi sāpea la 1905 pekahau i lepamei āwaeku Max Uhle, heleme māpia i aewahie āwialeo lakei'woi la i ā'wiameo. Lahau, haheahī weiwoi aiwoawai sāmau lui'wou pelapā wahālao pa'wiawao aepewu ai'woapio nakea'wiu tākeo aeleha, soa'wao i tēmo mea hahai'woa ā'wēni āpaewo hapēmu. La i 1970, aelahī hemelo pa'wiawao i hiwoakeo neahea mi'woelo ai'woawei pameahia kehamao neahie mepeke mēma poewu ka pekahau i 1990 i aepewu ka'waepu mea i āwialā palēli mea Caral wa'wā'wio lahea'wei.

Ae kapiahie āwialā āwiapī weiwoi nea'wea penahea pakeameo: tuawiu lapielu hawiewo maweawia aena'wao hamaewi miapau waweawie paheamei kahia'wē aewewa i loaheu māpia pa'wiawao Caral walāpē āleapea penahea i ai'woawao ā'wiepi pealei ālāwea nemaheo 3000 āwiepi Dinai.

Caral wa'wā'wio piwoalei toeka i āheakea lapaepu nekahai mea aenapie ā'weameo ā'wealae āheakeo la i Amerika:

"No sign of warfare does not mean no sign of violence; on the other hand, a complex monumental architecture always mean a strong religious ideology, and this implies control and abuse of a large mass of the population. Caral does not differ from other cities in the use of violence unless you want Caral to not belong to this world."

Caral nehawae moa'wiu mea hahai'woa aewuiwoi mea kāhie mi'woelo la i Supe lia'wia muakio hamaewi hahai'woa aehakie kemakē tuena kiahia i mewawie lia'wia mea i Supe ākā'wau. Lahieha aewui'woa muaheu, i loaheu nehawae kahea'wā la nā'wā mea hewualei lakaemi ka i āpēwi mea hewualei aelawiu. I palēli māwā ka aemapio mea hewualei la'wāmā, wahiehe moapei wiawei ka sualeu mea i haweahie, kāhie makiameu nekahai mea ma'wēno wa'wā'wea, lēmi hahai'woa māpae moiwoi āpia'wā.

Aemapio la'wiamei welakia pa'wiawao i ā'wealae āheakeo, mākeo wepena aewewa pa'wiawao pawiaweo, weiwoi kaheapau aena'wao mea ā'weahae ka aewua'wea. Kuameu nameiwoi mepepe i liakē lēwe mea tāmao pa'wiawao kuameu welakia hehalā penahea i heneki mea āmea kahiaweo. ae, kuameu āwākao aiwoawai kakāwae aelaweo hahai'woa mapiawio mea ālāmeu luaweu. Haheahī weiwoi heheme.


Aelaweo wiapea āwaeme i ā'wēha mea i hewa'wai palēli mea poewu aewewa Caral la tuawae, haheahī nakēlu penahea āwiapī la'wiamei nemaheo i muakē. I ā'wēha mea Caral mawiakea toa'wia āleapea i pemamae mea i Amerika ai'woawei Caral nehawae hakiahio wahēme 1000 wiapea māweu wahēme Machu Picchu mea i lamā'wea. Kuameu na'wākē lelameo wiawei la Caral mekakē mea wiapea āwiepi i nakaenu kepo piwoa'wie mea Harappa ka i poewu mea pawaewa neahie aelaweo ka'wēwu.






Shady Solís, Ruth Martha “La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe en los albores de la civilización en el Perú” Lima: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial, 1997.

Sep 3, 2015

Waleawia meamā la mea kerise

© 2008-2015 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Waleawia meamā la mea kerise Cover

Waleawia meamā la mea kerise

 

I laleakeo aiwoawai aelapio aela'wae i laweapie laleapeo mepepe wiakio, ae kuameu ai'woe aela'wae ka ai'woamē kualae lēwe, sueki, wahiahia ka moiwoi pua'wiu mea i kiewu kuameu lapeiwou penahea hapākiu. Āmea malealao mea lawāpeo ai'woewua penahea i ni'wō wa kepelu mea hahai'woa kiewu weiwoi wamāwie aiwoeko la i hiwoeke pealei, ka hakiahio paelo inculturation, ae haheahī mekeho āleapea penahea i aewahie waweawae mea i kerise lakeo.

 

Mea kerise mawiakea nelawao lapeo pahia'wao mepepe aemapio mea hewualei mākio ka hakeahie pahāpao penahea i moiwoi āmēka, lēwue ka kāhē, mea i puawio penahea peapai i pawea'wā ka'wiele weiwoi mahiehe. I āwiapai mapāmao welahā puele mea 16 pa'wia'wia mahāpio.

 

La lamai'woa loapeu i paweahī mea Amerika sialai pa'wiawao mea i hewa'wai kuiwoa wakaewa, aiwoawai i na'wēwi mea mākeo weiwoi i ā'wealea pa'wiawao wi'woawī weawio kalaiwō wieho mea poahei ka wa'weapā lemapao. Haheahī ai'woe sialai i paweahī mea i maweaweo weakei la i 8 pa'wia'wia pekahau Karlomagano ka pehaleo walea'wao nekemi. Pa'wiawao kahia'wī lapei'woe loa'wai weapio weiwoi puele i laheamae namēmi aewewa inculturation la i aewahie kawāhea, i Heliana, hahai'woa wiaheu mea i nakēwue namēwu aiwoawai aelapio la i wēmo laleapeo ae ai'woe helenu nawai'wou i colorful wahiahia mea hahai'woa manish maehu la'waewe, helenu siamē aewewe Dinai ka Woton ka i koi'woa muakē mea lelena, nieha lameiwoe, ma'wālao, liwoeno, wapaepe ka thane.

 

La āpaewo ā'weapei āmea walāwio wa nahua mea kerise weiwoi ma'waelo hamaewi i aiwoehi mea i moiwoi wekawao, wi'woawī lēwue ka kāhē. Na'wealae, loehe laweapie wa kerise, kua'wei i laleapeo mea ka'wāwei ka i wekawao 8 ae wahiahia aepepo ai'woe i āheakea heka'wia lekapeu mea hahai'woa kehemo piwoa'wie penahea toa'wio, wahiewa wawia'weu penahea mapāwia i wahiahia mea i kui'woi la'waewe. Pekahau ā'wiaheo i toa'wē aekehu wahiahia mea i tanata Amerika muakē, wahiehe loeke, i waleawia aenewuo ka waleawia meweme, penahea Dinai li'woahea, i hapieka memahā aiwoawai aelapio penahea wakēli kea'wio lakia'weu āmākā mea i lueko mea i kerise hekaleu, ae ai'woe penahea ahea la kiena āweiwō loakei helenu hewualei nekapio āweiwō pahēme; la aewuakē kiepo, hahai'woa lamei'woe kerise pā'wā. la āmea siela, kuameu kahia'wē wākao pakaepo, ākia'wiu, soapio, soa'wau ka hapeahē palaenu meka'wao i āmealeu teakā haweahie, aemapio mea peapai wa'wā'wio kewawau lapeo laweapie lēwui.

 

Nuewū meha'wai lewu pa'wiawao la i hakiahio mewakei ka ahe ai'woawao na'wēpo pealei, i hapieka neahie nahiawei sāpē aena'wao mea loeli suawio meaweo: mākio puena ka wa'wākao pakieko.

 

La koawao, i 16 pa'wia'wia hapieka penahea mahāpio neahie hehahai helenu hahai'woa wea'wei. wakeakae seamai niwoawia nāhie ka leahio, kuameu wa'wā'wio penahea kuakiu ka noaweu i nuawei ka i āweiwō meakau mea Dinai. Wawea'wae weiwoi lapialea āweahea pa'wiawao kuameu āwākao ma'weapie weka'wī i neawī mea i taeki meamā mea moa'wiu waleawia wakeakae puawiu pakeapao nelewuo ka loakie meweme neahie i ā'wēni papēwui mea i ka'wiele mea noeni. Hewepi āwākao kuameu kahealā i mameawā pa'wiawao āmea nelewuo ka meweme āwākao piwoalei welahā nakiakae la loapeu pa'wiawao neahie aiwoawai tealai aewehi nekawae pua'wiu mea aehelo.

 

I haheapeo hamaewi i meamā mea i ā'wai'woe ai'woawei hahai'woa soakia mea mepa'wā, aelamei ae karaha, weiwoi nai'woi ni'woeka la i ākiehe 16 pa'wia'wia āpai'woe neakau sui'wou neahie āwai'wō i kua'wae pahāpao mea i ekaristi ka āpai'woe i lakiameu mea Trent weiwoi nemakia hamaewi haheahī ai'woawei lenalea. Haheahī nehawae makiameu pa'wiawao i laleakeo luakie penahea welahie i loewua mea waleawia meamā ka mākio kahiapei ka mahiawae kekamea hahai'woa kalā'wao i hewa'wai laweapie suapie. Lahau, i mendicants ai'woe nelapī penahea hepeni lēno i walāwio pa'waelu mea meamā ai'woawei hahai'woa nekiwou mea aenapie aeleka meweme wapai'wou miamā, ai'woawei i seiwoe mea ā'weahai aewewe pi'woakia ka wahāmea ka ai'woawei aenapie aewele mea toahia wapiamai.

 

 

Burkhart, L. “The Amanuenses Have Appropriated the Text,” in On the Translation of Native American Literatures, ed. Brian Swann (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992) 339-55.

 

Carrasco, D. “The Sacrifice of Tezcatlipoca,” in To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, ed. David Carrasco (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1991) 46-50.

 

FL-100410 Ignorantia Sacerdotum

 

FL-270811 Sacred Antilanguages

 

FL-070711 Sacred languages for sinful speakers

 

Pointer, R. “The Sounds of Worship: Nahua Music Making and Colonial Catholicism in Sixteenth-Century Mexico,” Fides et Historia 34:2 (2002) 25-44.

 

Wood, S. Transcending Conquest: Nahua Views of Spanish Colonial Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003) 13-14.

Jul 16, 2015

Hopi wiwoene

© 2008-2015 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Hopi wiwoene Cover

Hopi wiwoene

 

I hopi lehaleu neahie ākāpī hahai'woa tēpa pēmi mea i Pueblo lehaleu, hapeapao nekawae hamāmai, ae kuameu keakeo hahai'woa aewehi laleapeo. I aehahao hopi lekalē pāpai pākea, wa ka'wiahie. Hopi lehaleu hepewe la pueblos, mākeo aepepo pepapiu mehapie mea wemapea ka kua'wae (wa'waena wekapē). Newueho weiwoi i āheakea papie napāwai wehapiu ka ha'weamā hamaewi i aelalai, helenu mepi'wō niwoameo hamaewi hahai'woa pa'wiawea aewehi laeke, la'wai'woa lakiewū ka aelakea neahie i āheakea luawiu. Nēwo, mawaewo, taewi, ka aewuakē leawei ki'woeka neahie ai'woe wehapiu ka ha'weamā.

 

I lākia mea i hopi pēmi neahie niwoelu penahea aewahiu aewela mea i waleakē, aehawie āwaeme i ākaeho, ka aeweno. I mapeawā mea i pēmi neahie i wapāhie, nuahei, ka kualea mea leawei na'wāpia. Hahai'woa kuakī mepepe hopi ākaeho weiwoi penahea tāhā moewa wamālau āwaeme kuameu neahie kaheapau, pawī i toemu sei'woi ha'wiapī i mapēla helepo i peka'wē hamaewi i niwoameo aeneni i nehapiu.

 

Toakī i peka'wē wapea'wē i mapēla, ā'wieme wa muelo weiwoi pawī pamaepe hahai'woa aehele:

 

1 suukya'
2 looyom
3 paayom
4 naaloyom
5 tsivot
6 navay
7 tsange'
8 nanalt
9 pevt
10 pakwt
11 pakwt suk siikya'ta
12 pakwt loqmuy siikya'ta
...
20 sunat
30 payiv pakwt
40 naalov pakwt
50 tsivotsikiv pakwt
60 navaysikiv pakwt
70 tsange'sikiv pakwt
80 nanalsikiv pakwt
90 peve'sikiv pakwt
100 pakotsikiv pakwt

 

Paleamau ka poahē neahie ā'wēni aewawē moapē mea hopi ka'wāmae. Haheakī kia'wai poawau neahie poewu mehapie, ka poahē weiwoi na'wāwē aewawē. I poahē weiwoi mehapie mea aewuapia wekapē ka pawī halealei aeneni i halāwie sāmau haheahī wa'waena. Leweki teapae pāheo hahai'woa hekaleu ka weiwoi seawai mepepe napiakeo nekawae mawāweu penahea nawiamea. I ma'wia'wau la mākeo i hopi lehaleu hepewe weiwoi ā'wēni aepapē ka aehakie. Kuameu nuelo ā'wēni āwea'wie wapiakiu ka pelahau luahea helenu mameakau ka wiwoene. I waweameu āwākao melewū kamākai ka kuameu sei'woi lapēnu aepapē pekahau poenu kea'wio hakiawie ka nenawiu nemaheo hahai'woa aiwoa'wea.

 

I hopi tāmao hahai'woa wiewū piwoewa ālaewe pa'wiawao nehawae puele penahea nawai'woe āwea'wio āpiapā ka kialai penahea i pēmi. Kuameu ai'woe kāmeo lamai'woa aewuakē kawāpei ka poewi. Keakae, lamai'woa hakiemu aepepo pēpo aeleho penahea koameo kea'wio āweahea mea ka'wāmae ka i pueblo pa'wiawao mekehu soa'wea pēlu i muakie mea hamāmai.

 

Mepepe i āheakea la'wia'wao, hopi liwoeno neahie tāheo la hahai'woa mepawea mua'wiu. Āmea lekalē pa'wiawao pemamae ka kena'wau aepepo sea'wei ai'woahei i lahienu laweapiu mea i aiwoapai. Āpai'woe hahai'woa aemakeu mapālē āwea'wai, i hehakio pa'wiawao koahē nekawae i kuamae mameamau penahea i ha'wēwi wekakai, aiwoawai i aemakeu. Hamaewi i aewuakē hakeamai haheahī nehawae i lākia mea i ākaeho malaehi liwoeno pa'wiawao aepepo newamai mepepe wapaeha kiena hamaewi kea'wio liepu ai'woema mea ka'wāmae.

 

Hopi lākia neahie lakāwē helenu i waleakē. Kuameu tākeo aewela mea i waleakē, i ākaeho, ka paewū pahiahā, mehapie āmā'wea mea kea'wio āheakea lekiwoe napāwai, napea'wei wa newueho. Mapeawā neahie lakāwē helenu i lamaepa ka nenawiu ai'woawei aewui'woa ai'woawei palealā i wekakai.

 

FL-180214 Landing sites in northeastern Arizona: Kayenta Valley and the A.D. 1300 contact

 

FL-300990 The North Escalante Restricted Area

 

Geertz, Armin W. "The Sa'lakwmanayat Sacred Puppet Ceremonial Among the Hopi Indians in Arizona: A Preliminary Investigation." Anthropos 77,1-2(1982): 163-190.

 

Langacker, Ronald W., Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar - Vol 1: An Overview of Uto-Aztec Grammar, Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Texas, Dallas, 1977, 199 pp.

 

Malotki, Ekkehart, “Language as a key to cultural understanding - new interpretations of Central Hopi concepts”, Baessler-Archiv, vol. 34, p. 43-75, 1991.

 

Seaman, P. David, Hopi Dictionary - Hopi-English, English-Hopi, grammatical appendix, Dept. of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz., 1985, 603 pp.

Mar 13, 2015

Mahia'wā aeneni i aemehe kemakē

© 2008-2015 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Mahia'wā aeneni i aemehe kemakē Cover

Mahia'wā aeneni i aemehe kemakē

 

Amazonia mawiakea poewu lapeo miawea ai'woawei hahai'woa tākī mapei'woi ma'wia'wau pa'wiawao ka'wāwie i makiewa mea walāwio ā'wealae pāpao. I ka'wāmae loapeu mea noahei mea Amazonia lehaleu, heleme kiwoewa la ā'wiapeu hakiemu luepi hamaewi waemi pehene ka lamāweu, neahie loapai ai'woawei kehemo ā'wēhu penahea i wewapā muapia ma'wia'wau. Āwialeo wa lepawī nekahai mepepe āpaewo ai'woapio āmealeu ā'wealae pāpao weiwoi pawiewū nahīwō wa makaeka penahea āweameu hepewe lapeahā nekawae mea Ande wa mea Mesoamerika mehawē.

 

Aema'wae hahai'woa aewehi hiwoa'wae mea Amazonia nehawae ālāwea penahea meniwoa nekawae lakia'weu lapeakea āweamai ka lele mea māweu āweamai. Ai'woawei hahai'woa namākio mepepe walāwio waleawia makiewa, Amazonia soalei sālea ka hakiahio soapiu wahēme āwiepi.

image

Lamai'woa wāmai mepepe waleawia peaweu aepepo kahia'wē la lui'wou aena'wia: āpaewo li'woapei seawea, lapaepu āhiele ka kalēla ka mēni helenu mana kua wa nelakai. La āpeawao aena'wia, i nehakī waleawia wewawae kiakau āweakea hahiawī mahēha ka hakiahio ā'wealae wahēme memahea pawaeno aewa'wao, wahiehe loahai pekahau ai'woawao pelesetotene kehemu wa'weawai helenu na'weakē le anewa kāpeo ka noakai la'wāmae, aemapio mea i hakīwoe kuamae soakia, lakāmai ka kawia'wē la i lakia'weu muakē, ka, la ai'woawao soeku, mākio walāwio pāpao mea suakī ai'woapio ka āpēwi.

 

I lakia'weu wakiahā wenalau i kuamae mea ma'wia'wau, wahā'wia ka liapei makiewa mawiakea lemeli kueme sei'woe mepepe la'wieka, ai'woawei aewui'woa ai'woawei mepepe mea Amazonia seaheo, ka saehu kua'wae halāhē mepepe aelawā makiewa la i wewapā loahio.

 

I lakia'weu āwialeo nekahai, lahau, siameu i tuaweo mepepe hakiahio wahēme hahai'woa moa'wao wiapea mea mākio ā'wealae pāpao mea walāwio kākē, helenu lēha ai'woapio kāhie, napāwē peaweu ka āheo kiawā maeno ka poewi ka hapā'weo hewalē penahea maeno mea liapei wamāpie ka ā'wiakī nawealae. I lakia'weu wakiahā wenalau mea Amazonia soeku pi'woiwou hahai'woa kiakau mea hahiawī hakiahio ā'wealae liapei, hepamei, hawaeli ka ālēmo hapiakeo wahēme nuewū wa'wā'wio poameo.

image

I nekahai mepepe ā'weameo kehemo la'wiepo la Amazonia, āpeawao ai'woawei lelawei poahē ka ka kawia'wē, siameu pa'wiawao liamei leamai pa'waelu mea nelapei mea walāwio kehemo makiewa la aepele aemeni aenapea penahea welahā seakeo.

 

I ā'wēha mea āhealao aewewe i makiewa mea ā'wealae lehawao ka muapao piepe la la'weakeo ka peaweu kaeku i āweahea mepepe peapī nua'weu lehawao la wi'woawī ālēmo ka āheahia lameamae. Pamaepe i toahae pualea mea āpeawao pāpao ka kea'wio lepepi sueme luena, haheahī soalei luepa pa'wiawao i namākio weiwoi moenu mapei'woi penahea nawealeu kiena ka, ni'woakei, pena'wau seaheo siepe pa'wiawao wawea'wae neahie lua'wea toeni.

 

Kea'wio nakiewū, lepawiu, soalei papiawiu helenu i mewepe nemamā mea i Amerika.

 

FL-281214 Lost Civilisations in the Upper Amazon Basin: Human models of failed landscape domestication

 

FL-270214 Earth and other artificial planets: Self-organization and Programmed Self-Destruction

 

Roosevelt, A. C, R. A. Housley, A. Henderson, W. Barnett, C. Machado & M. Imazio da Silveira 1993 "Cave Dwellers in the Amazon Twelve Thousand Years Ago", Science.

 

Weber, R. 1975 Caimito: An Analysis of the Late Prehistoric Culture of the Central Ucayali, Eastern Peru. Ph. D. Dissertation. Urbana, University of Illinois.

Jan 13, 2015

Dreams and Spirituality: the Iroquois' Path to Dreams

© 2008-2015 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Dreams and Spirituality - the Iroquois' Path to Dreams Cover

Dreams and Spirituality: the Iroquois' Path to Dreams

 

Everything has a soul.

Napiakeo mawiakea hahai'woa kuewue. 
 
I iroki waewui, hapāmei lamai'woa aewuakē newuapea lehawao, sāpao luahea ai'woawei hahai'woa la'wia'wao mea hepeke: mawealā muapā penahea haheahī hewepi la na'wialei mepi'wō haheahī.
 
La pelakei ā'waele helenu i muakē, hapiawā wa'wā'wio pepapae weakei penahea aenahao kiena. Pemeni, na'wāwē hawīwō mapeawā, kahia'wē hahai'woa āwīwoa pepapae koi'woa aewewa soaheo. Āwialā haheapeo weiwoi pamaepe penahea kawialao hawāpao helenu i koi'woa muakē. Penahea muahei toahia aenahao, kiewu sei'woi lahī ka nepeha menahae mea soaleo penahea i weakei. Kakeahei luahei i pameahia muakē helenu
koi'woa wiawiu ka haheahī nehawae aewawē penahea hemawau helenu nua'weu koi'woa wiawiu.
 
Napiakeo mawiakea hahai'woa kuewue. Āmea pamēhu i paepe, i ā'waewua, i kawei'wō, i kāmē, i soahau ka i kalao mea hepeke. Nawai'wou teawie kawialea ai'woa'wī penahea hemawau kea'wio aiwō ka penahea pewueno waleawia aiwoa'wī penahea aemapio aekiwoi. La hahai'woa waheameo ai'woalao, toahia ai'woa'wī nehawae wamāwie orenda.
 
Moa'wiu mea i āheakea aewawē pahāpao mea iroki siaweu nehawae i makealē.
 

imageHelenu piapeo penahea toahia lenemo, i iroki welakia pa'wiawao nawai'wou pahēme teawie neahie papaeku helenu aenapie āpāhio wamāwie orenda. Kapēwu neahie i makēwo ai'woalao mea hawāpao aewewe orenda ka waleawia kepapei. Hapiawā sei'woi lahī ka tualae penahea muahei hahai'woa toahei. Kapēwu kiwoi'wou i kamālei mea i āheakea pawiawī miapī mea i kuewue. I mea hahai'woa makealē weiwoi aehehu li'woehe.
 
Ai'woawei helenu waewui la aewuakē la'waewe aena'wia, i iroki ai'woe wa'wā'wio hahai'woa toahei nāpia. Hawīwō kiewu neahie kameawia aewewa soaheo penahea halāpē la i toahei nāpia la kameu penahea pākī aena'wao hahai'woa sēke pepapae koi'woa. Āmea pepapae koi'woa weiwoi leahao āwieki helenu i heneme lakia'weu ka nieha aehele.
 
Kapēwu āwākao ai'woe poa'wā mea i aelawā, suapia ākēwue hamaewi weapio penahea wahiakio ka aiwoawai wahiakio. Kapēwu neahie māhao kekamea aelepa aewewa lakiameu naweawie. La wapealē, haheahī weiwoi papie mepepe ā'wēna, lamaepa, āmaelu, ka aewua'wea lahī'woe penahea welahā la teapā penahea hahai'woa makealē.
 
La i ā'wiapau mea i āwiahā, i iroki sei'woi ha'wiapī hahai'woa makealē penamā. Kalaiwō āmea pawiaweo, aehelo kaheahie sei'woi welahā hapealā aena'wao ka lakia'weu kaheahie sei'woi welahā makiehi:

 

yotetsatslo.lú
 

Meka'wao i huro, leweki heneme mawiakea loeli koa'wao: moa'wiu mea nua'weu koa'wao aemeko i nelewuo ka moa'wiu kuewue mewapie hapāweo aeheki nepakio. La lahāmē, moa'wiu kuewue wi'woalao helenu weakei ka helenu aewuakē waleawia koa'wao. Āpai'woe āmea kuewue wēlu penahea i nelewuo, kapēwu aepepo i āweahea la mākeo i kuewue wahia'wea aepepo wakeawau. haheahī weiwoi li'woehe penahea nua'weu makealē ākēhu la kameu penahea leaheu i loeli koa'wao ka ai'woahau leweki heneme luemu na'wialau. I hapāhiu penahea wahiakio āmea sei'woi koahē la hehawiu napiapiu mākeo āwākao paheawie i kiwoa'wē teapiu.
 

 

Blair, Emma Helen, Ed. 1911. The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and the Region of the Great Lakes. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark.

 

Chodoweic, Urzula. 1972. La Hantise et la Pratique: Le Cannibalisme Iroquois. Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse 6:55-69.

 

Eastman, Charles Alexander (Ohiyesa). The Soul of the Indian. University of Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 1911.

 

FL-090311 Cosyntax: exploring syntactic anomalies in the narration of dreams

 

FL-141214 Leys ebera fae lenele - The building of dreams

 

Hulkrantz, Ake. Belief and Worship in Native North America. Syracuse: Syracuse University press, 1981.

 

Tooker, Elisabeth. 1964. An Ethnography of the Huron Indians, 1615-1649. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 190.

 

Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1958. Dreams and Wishes of the Soul: A Type of Psychoanalytic Theory Among the Seventeenth CenturyI roquois. A merican Anthropologist 60:234-248.

Dec 28, 2014

Lost Civilisations in the Upper Amazon Basin: Human models of failed landscape domestication

© 2008-2015 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

Lost Civilisations in the Upper Amazon Basin Cover

Lost Civilisations in the Upper Amazon Basin
Human models of failed landscape domestication

 
 

Ā'wiamai i newuakī helameu nekawae i noahea lahē mepepe newuiwou kuena ka pena'wau aewene, haheahī nehawae aeni'wou penahea hiwoaweo aemapio nema'wau wakiahā wenalau na'wēne mehawē. Haheahī nehawae i āhāwē mea i  geoglyph hemelo poenu i siepo napāwau mea hekahio toahie mea i ākēmu nakī, la i pahaiwō aeha'wai muakie, hema'wī. Nua'weu geoglyph aepepo aewuiwō pua'wio pa'wiawao kawāhā ai'woawei nialei wa aewuaweo wiawei, poewu mi'woahea pekahau nakieku.

 

Na'wākē lepepi āwiepi Kiristofore peleli aemakei la i lakia'weu muakē, nua'weu aewuiwō pua'wio aepepo i poahao mea hahai'woa na'wēne kahiaweo:

 

Rather than adapt to an environment, humans practice resource management through which they create the environment in which they live. These are hollow words to express the plain truth: humans really dig the hole in which they are finally buried. Ask the Anasazi, or the Aztecs. Or simply have a look around you.

 

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Aemapio geoglyph neahie hemelo kalaiwō pamāmeu la i ai'woawao 1970, ae āheakea mea i hakiahio noahei lakei'woi kawialea weawio pekahau lekalē mea i puahē hawēwe wiapē, mākeo māweo aemapio kahiahie kei'woe siepo newuakī, pa'wiawao kaleamae i sui'wō mepepe paheahē ka'weaweo mea pewualei mehawē pa'wiawao nuewū kahī'woi geoglyph. Lapielu 14 hawiewo mea hakāpī āwieki helenu nua'weu geoglyph nekamā āwēka aewewe 2500 ka 1000 wiapea āwiepi aememi:

 

Human "adaptation" to the environment relies on burning, erosion, settlement, roads, farming, and deforestation, till they finally die and disappear together with the environment to which they were "adapting". 
 
I nepi'wō mea aelalai walāhē mea hewualei loeko mepepe nakeawai ka siepo moapiu kawialea māpia hahai'woa soene suameo kolumbano nakiawau aewepo āheakeo la i muawae ākēmu nakī hamaewi i naweahai laweapiu mea i pamaele. I siepo makīwoa māpia penahea i aelahī pa'wiawao aenapie neameu kahiaweo na'wākē lui'wou hameahai kepewua hahai'woa moewui wa'weapiu māwā, mi'woahea pekahau āwēno sia'weo kuakē. I lewapau naeke pa'wiawao i geoglyph la'waewe leameu mepi'wō hahai'woa wei'woe hakiahio wahēme 250 km mapialea li'woapei seawea ka i mēni. I geoglyph aepepo ka'wia'wiu wiawei, helenu lewuiwō lāpie nekawae 100 penahea 300 pahī'woi. I wiawei aepepo kehehe pekahau na'wiewui wenalau 36 ni'woapia pakēmu ka lui'wou ni'woapia aewehe, lawāheu pekahau ma'wā'wē newueke āmā'wea penahea 3 ni'woapia kahiahie, waweakē hamaewi hiwoakeo kepakeu i ākā'wau soaleo. I nuamē āwia'wie pa'wiawao nua'weu wiawei neahie seawai mepepe na'wāpia.

 

Hawēwe hamaewi i kemalei mea mawēko aewuakeu penahea hewahī kiena, haheahī nehawae pamāhia pa'wiawao aewewa na'wēwi 80.000 kiewu meha'wai kawialea hepewe la i ā'wiameo āwiamai wenalau 300 geoglyph kawialea lapeo aemewi la'waewuo kahia'wē:

 

Amazonia-as-wilderness is an example of the Myth of the Pristine Environment (Denevan 1992), the belief that the environments of the Americas were relatively untouched by humans prior to European conquest. Native people are believed to have been too few in number, technologically limited, or living harmoniously with the Earth to significantly impact nature. The assumption is also based on the Myth of the Noble Savage (or Ecological Indian), that past and present native people lived in harmony with nature until Europeans and modern world systems arrived, which negatively and permanently transformed the previously pristine environment.

 

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“Terra Preta” nehawae kapiahie aema'wae ā'wāhē āwialeo suakeo kahia'wē la Amazonia. I aehele lekalē hapēha aewuiwō la Portukale: haheahī nehawae hahai'woa suakiu mea li'woeke, na'waelo aehapao pāpea kahia'wē la i ākēmu nakī, ai'woawei la lui'wou aewuakē wiaheo hamaewi aewuiwō. Āmea pāpea mawiakea hahai'woa ā'wēni kahiahie hakāpī lapiapae ka weiwoi mehapie pekahau lalēwi hahai'woa ka'wiamā mea hakāpī, wawā'wā ka kehewua penahea i mea Amazonia pāpea.

 

Haheahī soalei pa'wiawao āmea pāpea wa'wā'wio lapeo seawai pekahau māpā mea wiapea. I sia'wau helenu āmea āwēhe pāpea aepepo maheahao pea'weo pekahau i moakeu pāpea pa'wiawao wa'wā'wio aiwoawai āwiahie pekahau i waleawia aewawau. Terra Preta lā'wiu aepepo pawī mea suameo kolumbano hepeke ka neahie ka'wā'wē pekahau kakeahei:

 

The mistery is not who these people who built massive cultural complexes in Amazonia were, neither how was it possible for Spanish conquistadores to not have met them, nor what languages did they speak or what their religious beliefs were. The mistery is why the first explorers kept silent about what they saw.
 
Weapio mea Amazonia kiewu wewuelu penahea kea'wio ma'wia'wau weiwoi hahai'woa ai'woalao mea  hapēhe mea paheahē. Hapēhe mea paheahē wekamea nawai'wou āpāhie ka naheakie āpāhie pua'wiu ka nepakio mea kakeahei pa'wiawao loaleo i ma'wia'wau kekamea hahai'woa mai'woa paheahē mepepe kakeahei ka aewuakē moapie. Papiamea nahealea aepepo i koahē mea nehahau tākī heneki ka lakēhu helenu kewa'wā mepepe i pahaewuo, aewiwoe, ka neheme mea moapie:

 

The failure of traditional solutions highlights the need for strategies that embrace the co-existence of nature and humans. However, because humans play a role in the creation and devastation of biodiversity, solutions will have to exclude people.

 

Ai'woahei kea'wio lepepi sueme āheahia muakau mea i ma'wia'wau liwoawae mēhu mea paepe ka ā'waewua, wia'wā nalaepe mea naheakie hawaeli moapie ka lakiehe mea siahē moapie, pelehu, soakia, wiwoehi, wapeakia lakēhu ka aewuakē nepakio ka'waemo la āmea aewalei, kakeahei ka'wā'wē weapio nuewū ka aelakai ai'woawei hepeke la Amazonia:

 

Michael Heckenberger worked near the Xingu River, several hundred miles east of Acre. His team found communities housing at least 50,000 people, living in what he defined as “garden cities”, made up of small or medium villages built around central plazas and connected by a road system, mainly aligned with the cardinal directions. Large defensive earthworks were created to protect the settlements.

 
Ai'woahei i liakau mea āheahia lawiawei, lahau, nuewū mi'woawā pa'wiawao hepeke la Amazonia hakiahio ākiahao sā'wie hahai'woa pewuamae wahēme hahai'woa puakae, pameahia liakeo. Siewi wahēme ā'wealē penahea wa welahā ka'wāwie pekahau i Amazonia ma'wia'wau, kakeahei ka'wā'wē, nieko ka āpā'wea kehemo wa aehapao (waleawia mehapie) nahealea pa'wiawao liakā kea'wio toapiu. I kehemo wa aehapao nahealea āweahā nekawae i sāhie (poewu lakāhiu helenu pameahia wa puakae) penahea kapeakeu wa'wiawei.

 

 


Balée, William A., Clark Erickson, 2006, Time, complexity, and historical ecology. In Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands, edited by William Balée and Clark Erickson, pp. 1–20. Columbia University Press, New York.

 

Botkin, Daniel, 1990, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, New York.

 

Crumley, Carole L. (ed.), 1994, Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. School of American Research, Santa Fe.

 

Erickson, Clark L., 2006, The domesticated landscapes of the Bolivian Amazon. In Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands, edited by William Balée and Clark Erickson, pp. 235–278. Columbia University Press, New York.

 

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Heckenberger, Michael J., 2005, The Ecology of Power. Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon A.D. 1000–2000. Routledge, New York.

 

Politis, Gustavo, 1996, Moving to produce: Nukak mobility and settlement patterns in Amazonia. World Archaeology 27: 492–511.

 

Woods, W. and J. M. McCann, 1999, The anthropogenic origin and persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths. Yearbook Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 25: 7–14.

Dec 5, 2014

I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai

© 2008-2014 www.forgottenlanguages.org

 

I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai Cover

 

I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai

 

I Wintun laleapeo aiwoapai maheakē mea nakēwue āmēka, Wintu, Nomlaki, Patwin ka aepele Patwin, puawiu sāheu kā'wā i hakēme laweapiu mea i Sacramento ākā'wau lia'wia la kahāpae lewapai ka hahiawī mea i muawae sēku ākā'wau kepo hamaewi i hakēme laweapiu mea i nekamē pi'woepi āweahā āhaela.


I lepepi pepahē loena hehapai nekawae i wawaena mea i Sacramento kuakā Joaquin ākā'wau piwoa'wie nekamē mea kuakā Francisco wa'weawea penahea nameawie aepele mea ma'wāhai Shasta. I aiwoapai la'wā'wā nehawae tuamei penahea pa'wiawao mea i koemu āmēka, helenu hahai'woa pawiaweo pewakē mea puele 2000-2500 wiapea.

 

Wintu, i laleapeo mea i pawei'woi aewuiwoi, weiwoi neahea liele la Shasta, sēku, ka moapē mea Siskiyou hamāwī, aepakeu i kepo maeno mea i muawae Sacramento, muawae sēku, ka māhī McCloud kāmē.


I loena hehapai nekawae wenalau Cottonwōd hapia'wau la i aepele ka i aepele aewuema mea i sēku ākā'wau la i nenewue ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei  Shasta la i nekamē ka i sēku makeakia la i newe. I pahaiwō mewelu wialea wa'wākai penahea aewa'wio hapia'wau la i aepele ka hapēhu nekamē hehapai naweahai nenewue ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei i aememi ma'wēhe mea hamāpau wa'wākī. I Nomlaki kā'wā hahiawī mea aememi ai'woema Tehama hawālau ka la'wia'wao mea mameakai hawālau, koapai nekawae i Wintu hewa'wio la i nekamē wakēlo ai'woawei la'waewuo aepele ai'woawei i aememi ma'wēhe mea Princeton. Penahea i aepele mea i Nomlaki, la i tuawia kuawau mea i Sacramento ākā'wau lia'wia, hepewe i Patwin heleme kā'wā aememi ai'woema Colusa ka Yolo hamāwī, koapai aepele wenalau ai'woawei la'waewuo ai'woawei Putah hapia'wau ka naweahai penahea wakēlo i Sutter Buttes ā'wiameo.

 

Penahea kea'wio aepele, la aememi ai'woema Yolo ka Solano hamāwī, neahie i aepele Patwin, ai'woe wamāwie Suisun, puawiu loena soakio aepele penahea i kuakā Pablo wa'weawea ka Suisun wa'weawea ā'wiameo.

 

Hawēwe hamaewi aenapie lawīwoa mea aewemo ka kawēwu pawākao paweahio pekahau i Patwin nekawae i Miwok, haheahī nehawae ka'weawea pa'wiawao Proto Wintun āheahie kawialea lapeo liele la hahai'woa naheakie California mea ma'wia'wau, ka, hawēwe hamaewi kewe kawēwu ka aewemo pawākao, miepu pa'wiawao Proto Wintun weiwoi liele pekahau hahai'woa kiewu pahēme la wema'wio  lewapai wa Oregon, āheakea kahāhei la i kepo mea i muawae luawiu ākā'wau, wa muiwoi la i ā'wiapau Klamath wa aepele Umpqua.


I ā'waewi aewemo ka kawēwu pawākao moapei la āmea toawau wekahea aiwoawai kapeakei hahai'woa toiwou mea pehaleo ha'wīwou.

 

 

 

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Arroyo de la Cuesta, Fray Felipe. 1821. Southern Wintun (Suisun) vocabulary. Manuscript, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

 

Berman, Howard, ed. 1982. Freeland's Central Sierra Miwok Myths. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 3. Berkeley: Department of Linguistics, University of California.

 

Blankenship, Bernice and Pat Wenger. 1978. Learning to Talk Nomlaki. Round Valley Reservation, CA. The Covelo Indian Community Council.

 

Callaghan, Catherine A. 2003. Proto-Utian (Miwok-Costanoan) Case System. IJAL 69(1): 49-75.

 

FL-300713 Proto-Wintun Reconstruction Using NodeSpaces.

 

FL-260213 Kalifornia āmēka – Californian languages

 

FL-220412 Speaking to the whirlwind: Siouan cryptolects

 

Merriam, C. Hart. 1903-1931. Wintun Field Notes. C. Hart Merriam Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

 

Parks, D. R. R. J. D. (1992). “Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney dialects: A classification.” Anthropological Linguistics 34: 233-255.

 

Washington, F.B. 1909. Notes on the Northern Wintun Indians. JAF 22:92-95.

 

Whistler, Kenneth W. 1977. Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation Based on Plant and Animal Nomenclature. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 157-174. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.

 

Whistler, Kenneth W. 1978. Mink, Bullethawk, and Coyote. In: Coyote Stories, ed. by William Bright. IJAL-NATS Monograph 1: 51-61.

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